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Bonnedahl J, Berg C, Andersson DI, Söderlund R, Vågsholm I, Olsen B. Occurrence of Yersinia rohdei among feral reindeer ( Rangifer t. tarandus) and kelp gulls ( Larus dominicanus) on the Sub-Antarctic island South Georgia. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018; 8:1517582. [PMID: 31105907 PMCID: PMC6509991 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1517582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: During a research expedition in 2012, faecal samples were collected from feral reindeer and kelp gulls on the main island of South Georgia in the Sub-Antarctic region of the Atlantic. The samples were analysed for bacteria of the genus Yersinia with the aim of identifying isolates to the species level. Materials and Methods: A total of 11 reindeer samples and 26 Kelp Gull samples were retrieved from the location of Stromness, kept refrigerated and cultivated for gram-negative bacteria. Results: Three of the samples showed growth of Yersinia rohdei, as confirmed by biochemical typing, MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing. The isolates were indistinguishable from each other by 16S sequencing, and differed by a single base pair from the type strain of Y. rohdei. Discussion: The Yersinia genus contains well-known pathogens of significance to both human and veterinary medicine, but the public health and animal health relevance of Y. rohdei is unknown. Although it is clear that Y. rhodei is present in the south Georgian biotope, its importance and relevance for biological diversity is unknown, as is if this presence is merely a reflection of human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bonnedahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Council, Linköping University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Berg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Dan I Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Söderlund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivar Vågsholm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sánchez Romano J, Mørk T, Laaksonen S, Ågren E, Nymo IH, Sunde M, Tryland M. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): microbiological study of clinically affected and unaffected animals with special reference to cervid herpesvirus 2. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:15. [PMID: 29338721 PMCID: PMC5771138 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is one of the most common ocular diseases in ruminants worldwide. In addition to keratitis and conjunctivitis, animals with IKC can develop uveitis, corneal ulcer, and in severe cases, blindness. The bacteria Moraxella spp. has been described as the primary causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in cattle (Bos taurus), while Chlamydia spp. and Mycoplasma conjunctivae are considered the main causative agents of IKC in sheep (Ovis aries). Previous studies indicated cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) as the primary causative agent of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and prevalence of potential pathogens for IKC in reindeer, and compare the ocular microbiota of animals with IKC, with apparently healthy animals. Results Semi-domesticated reindeer (n = 341), with (n = 108) or without (n = 113) ocular clinical signs, or with no information on clinical status (n = 120), were sampled in Norway, Sweden and Finland in 2010–2014. Seroprevalence was 37.4% for alphaherpesvirus (95/254), 3.8% for gammaherpesvirus (8/211) and 7.1% for pestivirus (15/211) (ELISA). PCR analyses of conjunctival swab samples revealed a prevalence of 28.5% for CvHV2 (57/200), 11.9% for Chlamydiaceae (16/135) and 1.0% for M. conjunctivae (2/197). Bacteriological cultivation of 202 conjunctival swab samples revealed bacterial growth from 75.2% of the samples, with Moraxella spp. being isolated from 21.6% (11/51) of the animals with and 5.6% (5/84) without ocular clinical signs. A significant association (p < 0.001) existed between the presence of clinical signs of IKC and CvHV2 DNA in the affected eyes, an association that was not present for other microorganisms. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that CvHV2 is the primary agent of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer in Fennoscandia, with Moraxella bovoculi being a secondary candidate, since it was isolated in two different outbreaks of IKC. Further studies should be carried out to better understand the infection biology and the pathogenesis of IKC in reindeer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez Romano
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Infection Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Stakkevollveien 23, 9010, Tromsø, Norway. .,UiT - Arctic University of Norway, Arctic Infection Biology, Stakkevollveien 23, 9010, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Torill Mørk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Stakkevollveien 23, 9010, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sauli Laaksonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Ågren
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, Swedish National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingebjørg H Nymo
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Infection Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Stakkevollveien 23, 9010, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Stakkevollveien 23, 9010, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marianne Sunde
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Tryland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Infection Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Stakkevollveien 23, 9010, Tromsø, Norway.
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Zweifel C, Fierz L, Cernela N, Laaksonen S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Stephan R. Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Slaughtered Reindeer from Northern Finland. J Food Prot 2017; 80:454-458. [PMID: 28207302 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fecal samples collected from 470 slaughtered reindeer 6 to 7 months of age were screened by real-time PCR (after enrichment) for Shiga toxin genes (stx) and then for Escherichia coli serogroup O157. Shiga toxin genes were found frequently (>30% of samples), and serogroup O157 was detected in 20% of the stx-positive samples. From these samples, a total of 25 E. coli O157:H- isolates (nonmotile but PCR positive for fliCH7) were obtained. Twenty-four of these E. coli O157:H- isolates did not ferment sorbitol and originated from one geographic area. These 24 isolates belonged to the multilocus sequence type 11, typical for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7 and O157:H-, and harbored genes stx1a, stx2c, eae, and hlyA; the stx2c subtype has been associated with high virulence. In contrast, one E. coli O157:H- isolate (multilocus sequence type 11) did ferment sorbitol, lacked Shiga toxin genes, but was positive for eae, hlyA, and sfpA. This isolate closely resembled an STEC that has lost its Shiga toxin genes. Additional examination revealed that reindeer can be colonized by various other STEC isolates; 21 non-O157 STEC isolates belonged to four multilocus sequence types, harbored stx1a (8 isolates) or stx2b (13 isolates), and in the stx2b-positive isolates the recently described new allelic variants (subAB2-2 and subAB2-3) for subtilase cytotoxin were identified. Hence, slaughtered semidomesticated Finnish reindeer might constitute a little known reservoir for STEC O157:H7/H- and other serogroups, and the risk of direct or indirect transmission of these pathogens from reindeer to humans and domestic livestock must not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zweifel
- 1 Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Fierz
- 1 Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Cernela
- 1 Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sauli Laaksonen
- 2 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- 3 Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger Stephan
- 1 Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Laaksonen S, Oksanen A, Julmi J, Zweifel C, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Stephan R. Presence of foodborne pathogens, extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in slaughtered reindeer in northern Finland and Norway. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:2. [PMID: 28049493 PMCID: PMC5209846 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various food-producing animals were recognized in recent years as healthy carriers of bacterial pathogens causing human illness. In northern Fennoscandia, the husbandry of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) is a traditional livelihood and meat is the main product. This study determined the presence of selected foodborne pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy semi-domesticated reindeer at slaughter in northern Finland and Norway. RESULTS All 470 reindeer fecal samples tested negative for Salmonella spp., whereas L. monocytogenes was detected in 3%, Yersinia spp. in 10%, and Shiga toxins genes (stx1 and/or stx2) in 33% of the samples. Listeria monocytogenes isolates belonged to the serotype 1/2a (14/15) and 4b, Yersinia spp. were identified mainly as Y. kristensenii (30/46) and Y. enterocolitica (8/46), and stx2 predominated among the Shiga toxin genes (stx2 alone or in combination with stx1 was found in 25% of the samples). With regard to the frequency and distribution of stx1/stx2, striking differences were evident among the 10 different areas of origin. Hence, reindeer could constitute a reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), but strain isolation and characterization is required for verification purposes and to assess the potential human pathogenicity of strains. On the other hand, the favorable antibiotic resistance profiles (only 5% of 95 E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more of the tested antibiotics) and the absence of MRSA and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (when applying selective methods) suggest only a limited risk of transmission to humans. CONCLUSIONS Healthy semi-domesticated reindeer in northern Finland and Norway can be carriers of certain bacterial foodborne pathogens. Strict compliance with good hygiene practices during any step of slaughter (in particular during dehiding and evisceration) is therefore of central importance to avoid carcass contamination and to prevent foodborne pathogens from entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauli Laaksonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Wazama, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Research and Laboratory Department, Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jérôme Julmi
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Zweifel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zielińska S, Kidawa D, Stempniewicz L, Łoś M, Łoś JM. DNA extracted from faeces as a source of information about endemic reindeer from the High Arctic: detection of Shiga toxin genes and the analysis of reindeer male-specific DNA. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Toxinotyping ofClostridium perfringensFecal Isolates of Reintroduced Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in China. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:942-5. [DOI: 10.7589/2013-05-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Szymczak B, Szymczak M, Sawicki W, Dąbrowski W. Anthropogenic impact on the presence of L. monocytogenes in soil, fruits, and vegetables. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:23-9. [PMID: 23775320 PMCID: PMC3889501 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria sp. and Listeria monocytogenes in soil samples with reference to type of fertilizers (natural and artificial) and distance from places intensively exploited by men, as well as to determine the relationship between the presence of L. monocytogenes in the soil and in fruits and vegetables. The examined 1,000 soil samples originated from 15 different areas, whilst 140 samples of fruits and 210 samples of vegetables were collected from those areas. L. monocytogenes was isolated only from 5.5 % of all soil samples coming exclusively from meadows intensively grazed by cattle (27.8 %) and areas near food processing plants (25 %) and wild animal forests (24 %). Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes were not present on artificially fertilized areas and wastelands. L. monocytogenes was detected in 10 % of samples of strawberry, 15 % of potato samples, and 5 % of parsley samples. Our data indicate that Listeria spp. and particularly L. monocytogenes were found in the soil from (1) arable lands fertilized with manure, (2) pasture (the land fertilized with feces of domestic animals), and (3) forests (again, the land fertilized with feces of animals, not domestic but wild). The bacteria were not detected in the soil samples collected at (1) artificially fertilized arable lands and (2) wastelands (the lands that were not fertilized with manure or animal feces). Moreover, a correlation was determined in the presence of L. monocytogenes between soil samples and samples of the examined fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Szymczak
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Papieża Pawła VI 3, 71-459, Szczecin, Poland,
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Paulsen P, Smulders F, Hilbert F. Salmonella in meat from hunted game: A Central European perspective. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fujita S, Kageyama T. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Clostridium perfringens in feces from captive and wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. J Med Primatol 2007; 36:25-32. [PMID: 17359463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For veterinary management of non-human primates in captivity, and conservation of wild-living primates, management of their health risks is necessary. Incidences of pathogenic bacteria in the fecal specimens are considered as one of the useful indicators for non-invasive health monitoring. METHODS We carried out the detection of Clostridium perfringens in feces from captive and wild chimpanzees by the rapid polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS The bacterium was detected in most fecal specimens (80%) in captive chimpanzees. Contrarily, the detection rate in the wild chimpanzees was low, with 23% (n = 12) of 53 fecal samples from the Bossou group, Guinea, and 1.2% (1/81) in the Mahale group, Tanzania. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the intestinal microflora differs between Pan populations under various living conditions, being influenced by their diet and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Fujita
- Laboratory of Research Resource, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Arnold T, Neubauer H, Ganter M, Nikolaou K, Roesler U, Truyen U, Hensel A. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Goat Herds from Northern Germany. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:382-6. [PMID: 17010042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica isolates in livestock farming is of paramount interest. Raw goat milk has been proposed as a source of human yersiniosis; however, no data on the prevalence of human strains of Y. enterocolitica in goat herds are available. Therefore, fecal samples (n = 575) were collected from 24 goat herds from Lower Saxony, northern Germany. Pre-enrichment in peptone, sorbitol and bile salts broth was followed by plating on cefsuloidin irgasan novobiocin agar. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 17 (3%) samples of five (21%) goat herds. All isolates were biovar 1A, but represented various serovars. PCR assays targeting Yersinia adhesin (yad) gene and the yopT gene, both associated with pathogenicity, produced no amplification products. Therefore, the isolates can be regarded as opportunistic apathogenic bacteria. Consequently, milk, cheese or meat from goats should not be considered as an important source for human yersiniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arnold
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den, Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kemper N, Aschfalk A, Höller C. Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., and Cryptosporidium oocysts in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Northern Finland and Norway. Acta Vet Scand 2006; 48:7. [PMID: 16987403 PMCID: PMC1563470 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-48-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific aim of this study was to assess the faecal shedding of zoonotic enteropathogens by semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) to deduce the potential risk to human health through modern reindeer herding. In total, 2,243 faecal samples of reindeer from northern regions of Finland and Norway were examined for potentially enteropathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter species, Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Yersinia species) and parasites (Cryptosporidium species) in accordance with standard procedures. Escherichia coli were isolated in 94.7%, Enterococcus species in 92.9%, Yersinia species in 4.8% of the samples and Campylobacter species in one sample only (0.04%). Analysis for virulence factors in E. coli and Yersinia species revealed no pathogenic strains. Neither Salmonella species nor Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected. The public health risk due to reindeer husbandry concerning zoonotic diseases included in this study has to be considered as very low at present but a putative epidemiological threat may arise when herding conditions are changed with respect to intensification and crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kemper
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Aschfalk
- Senate Department for Health, Social Services and Consumer Protection, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Höller
- Bavarian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Oberschleiβheim, Germany
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Lillehaug A, Bergsjø B, Schau J, Bruheim T, Vikøren T, Handeland K. Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., verocytotoxic Escherichia coli, and antibiotic resistance in indicator organisms in wild cervids. Acta Vet Scand 2005; 46:23-32. [PMID: 16108210 PMCID: PMC2202784 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-46-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecal samples were collected, as part of the National Health Surveillance Program for Cervids (HOP) in Norway, from wild red deer, roe deer, moose and reindeer during ordinary hunting seasons from 2001 to 2003. Samples from a total of 618 animals were examined for verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC); 611 animals for Salmonella and 324 animals for Campylobacter. A total of 50 samples were cultivated from each cervid species in order to isolate the indicator bacterial species E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis / E. faecium for antibiotic resistance pattern studies. Salmonella and the potentially human pathogenic verocytotoxic E. coli were not isolated, while Campylobacter jejuni jejuni was found in one roe deer sample only. Antibiotic resistance was found in 13 (7.3%) of the 179 E. coli isolates tested, eight of these being resistant against one type of antibiotic only. The proportion of resistant E. coli isolates was higher in wild reindeer (24%) than in the other cervids (2.2%). E. faecalis or E. faecium were isolated from 19 of the samples, none of these being reindeer. All the strains isolated were resistant against one (84%) or more (16%) antibiotics. A total of 14 E. faecalis-strains were resistant to virginiamycin only. The results indicate that the cervid species studied do not constitute an important infectious reservoir for either the human pathogens or the antibiotic resistant microorganisms included in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lillehaug
- Section for Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Trondheim, Norway
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