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Birkley EL, Eckhardt CI, Dykstra RE. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Intimate Partner Violence, and Relationship Functioning: A Meta-Analytic Review. J Trauma Stress 2016; 29:397-405. [PMID: 27644053 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was the first study of which we are aware to investigate the association between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) PTSD symptom clusters and parent, child, family, and marital/partner functioning problems (e.g., intimate partner violence [IPV] and intimacy). Of the 23 studies that met inclusion criteria, the sample was predominantly male (83.8%), Caucasian (65.0%), and from the military (98.9%). The average age was 43.65 years old (SD = 6.27); the average sample size was 397.4 (SD = 416.9; total N = 9,935). PTSD symptom clusters were assessed primarily by self-report (87.0%), with 8.7% using a rating by a clinician. We used fixed analysis following Fisher's r to z transformation and an unbiased weighing and summing of effect sizes within samples and across studies. We found a small association between hyperarousal and IPV (z = .20). We also found two moderate associations for the emotional numbing and avoidance symptom clusters: (a) with parent, child, and family functioning (z = .32, z = .28, respectively); and (b) with intimacy problems (z = .35, z = .42, respectively). We found two large associations for emotional numbing: marital and parent problems (z = .47) and parent, child, and family functioning problems (z = .32, respectively). Our findings suggested that treatments aim to lessen the effect on those who have close relationships with the individual with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Birkley
- Trauma Recovery Center, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Rita E Dykstra
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Bardhoshi G, Erford BT, Duncan K, Dummett B, Falco M, Deferio K, Kraft J. Choosing Assessment Instruments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screening and Outcome Research. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerta Bardhoshi
- Division of Counseling and Psychology in Education; University of South Dakota
- Now at Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education; University of Iowa
| | | | - Kelly Duncan
- Division of Counseling and Psychology in Education; University of South Dakota
- Now at School of Education; Northern State University
| | - Beth Dummett
- Education Specialties Department; Loyola University Maryland
| | - Michelle Falco
- Education Specialties Department; Loyola University Maryland
| | - Katie Deferio
- Education Specialties Department; Loyola University Maryland
| | - Jennifer Kraft
- Education Specialties Department; Loyola University Maryland
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Renshaw KD, Caska CM. Relationship distress in partners of combat veterans: the role of partners' perceptions of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behav Ther 2012; 43:416-26. [PMID: 22440076 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Partners of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder report elevated relationship and psychological distress, but little is known about the mechanisms by which such distress develops. In two separate samples, we examined partners' perceptions of veterans' PTSD symptoms, with a specific focus on the simultaneous associations of partners' distress with their perceptions of veterans' reexperiencing, withdrawal/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters. The first sample consisted of 258 partners of Operation Enduring- and Iraqi Freedom-era veterans who completed questionnaires. The second sample consisted of 465 partners of Vietnam-era veterans who completed interviews as part of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. In both samples, path analyses revealed that, when examined simultaneously, partners' perceptions of withdrawal/numbing symptoms were associated with greater distress, but perceptions of reexperiencing symptoms were unrelated to psychological distress and significantly associated with lower levels of relationship distress. Given the cross-sectional nature of the data in both samples, there are multiple plausible interpretations of the results. However, the pattern is consistent with an attributional model of partner distress, whereby partners are less distressed when symptoms are more overtly related to an uncontrollable mental illness. Potential clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Renshaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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Kirby AC, Beckham JC, Calhoun PS, Roberts ST, Taft CT, Elbogen EB, Dennis MF. An examination of general aggression and intimate partner violence in women with posttraumatic stress disorder. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2012; 27:777-92. [PMID: 23155726 PMCID: PMC3584340 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.27.5.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Research has documented significant relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), aggression, and intimate partner violence (IPV). Most of these studies have focused on men and measured violence by self-report. This study examined (a) the association between PTSD and general aggression among women, (b) the association between IPV and PTSD among married and/or cohabitating couples, and (c) the concordance between self and collateral reports of IPV. One hundred twenty participants provided information about PTSD symptoms and general aggression toward others, and 43 married and/or cohabitating couples provided information about PTSD and IPV. Women with PTSD reported more general aggression, IPV perpetration, and IPV victimization. Collateral informants of those with and without PTSD did not differ significantly in their report of IPV. Concordance between participants and spouses or partners was low to moderate. These results are discussed within the context of extant IPV literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Kirby
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, North Carolina VA Mid-Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA.
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Skopp NA, Reger MA, Reger GM, Mishkind MC, Raskind M, Gahm GA. The role of intimate relationships, appraisals of military service, and gender on the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following Iraq deployment. J Trauma Stress 2011; 24:277-86. [PMID: 21547955 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine risk and protective factors for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms reported by soldiers (n = 2,583) at postdeployment. Positive appraisals of military service related negatively, OR = 0.86, 95% CI [0.83, 0.89], to screening positive for presumed PTSD at postdeployment. Decreases in perceived intimate relationship strength from predeployment to postdeployment were positively associated with presumed PTSD at higher, but not lower, levels of combat exposure; this effect, OR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.08, 3.39], was found only for female soldiers. Overall risk for postdeployment presumed PTSD was found to be nearly 2.5 times greater for women, as compared to men. In addition, positive screening rates of anxiety, depression, hazardous alcohol use, and PTSD increased from predeployment to postdeployment, with the most prominent increase found for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Skopp
- National Center for Telehealth and Technology, Tacoma, Washington 98431-1100, USA.
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Renshaw KD, Rodebaugh TL, Rodrigues CS. Psychological and marital distress in spouses of Vietnam veterans: importance of spouses' perceptions. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:743-50. [PMID: 20541905 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spouses of combat veterans with PTSD have greater psychological and marital distress than spouses of veterans without PTSD; however, few studies have examined how variables related to the spouses (e.g., cognitions) may play a role in their own distress. The current study examined spouses' perceptions of combat veterans' PTSD symptom severity in 465 spouses of veterans from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Spouses' perceptions of veterans' symptom severity were positively associated with spouses' psychological and marital distress; furthermore, spouses' perceptions fully mediated the effects of veterans' self-reported PTSD severity on spouses' distress. Additionally, for spouses who provided complete data with regard to their perceptions of veterans' PTSD, distress was highest when they perceived high levels of symptoms but veterans reported low levels. These results highlight the importance of interpersonal perceptions in intimate relationships and provide preliminary groundwork for future research on cognitions in spouses of combat veterans with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Renshaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA.
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Gold JI, Taft CT, Keehn MG, King DW, King LA, Samper RE. PTSD Symptom Severity and Family Adjustment Among Female Vietnam Veterans. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08995600701323368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I. Gold
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine , University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, and Childrens Hospital , Los Angeles
| | - Casey T. Taft
- b Behavioral Science Division, Department of Psychiatry , National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, and Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Molly G. Keehn
- c Women's Health Sciences Division , National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System
| | - Daniel W. King
- d Behavioral Science Division, Department of Psychology and Psychiatry , National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University
| | - Lynda A. King
- e Women's Health Sciences Division, Department of Psychology and Psychiatry , National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System, and Boston University
| | - Rita E. Samper
- f Women's Health Sciences Division , National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System
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Rothbaum BO, Ruef AM, Litz BT, Han H, Hodges L. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy of Combat-Related PTSD: A Case Study Using Psychophysiological Indicators of Outcome. J Cogn Psychother 2003. [DOI: 10.1891/jcop.17.2.163.57438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the treatment by exposure therapy of a Vietnam veteran for PTSD related to his war experiences. There are several unique features of this particular treatment and case report. One, the exposure treatment was delivered in conjunction with virtual reality. The patient was exposed to two virtual Vietnam environments, a virtual Huey helicopter and a virtual landing zone, while engaging in exposure to his most traumatic Vietnam memories. Two, the nature of several of these traumatic memories included guilt over acts that the patient committed in Vietnam, which is often times not considered a good candidate for exposure therapy. Three, psychophysiological monitoring occurred throughout the treatment as well as at pretreatment and posttreatment. His responses to treatment, in terms of guilt, anger, and anxiety, standardized symptom measures at pretreatment and post-treatment and follow-ups of 3 months and 6 months, and psychophysiological responding, are discussed.
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Biddle D, Elliott P, Creamer M, Forbes D, Devilly GJ. Self-reported problems: a comparison between PTSD-diagnosed veterans, their spouses, and clinicians. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:853-65. [PMID: 12074378 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated self-reported problems in a sample of help-seeking Vietnam veterans, comparing the veteran's own view with clinician and spouse perspectives, with the aim of examining convergence in reports across different informants. Veterans with PTSD (N = 459) were asked to list and rate their five most serious problems. Spouses and treating clinicians completed the same questionnaire in relation to the veteran. Rates of endorsement for each problem area, and levels of agreement between raters, were calculated. Veterans, spouses, and clinicians were all likely to rate anger as a high priority, with veterans also likely to nominate anxiety and depression. Spouses were likely to nominate more observable behavioural problems such as interpersonal difficulties and avoidance, while clinicians were likely to nominate indications of psychopathology, such as anxiety, depression, and intrusive thoughts. Agreement across raters was generally high, although interpretation of agreement levels was complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biddle
- Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, West Heidelberg, Melbourne, Vic.
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Calhoun PS, Beckham JC, Feldman ME, Barefoot JC, Haney T, Boswort HB. Partners' ratings of combat veterans' anger. J Trauma Stress 2002; 15:133-6. [PMID: 12013064 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014808008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spouse reports may serve as an important source of collateral information in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated behavioral problems. This study examined the concordance of anger reports among 94 combat veterans and their partners. Veterans' scores on subscales of the Multidimensional Anger Inventory were compared with scores on a parallel version completed by partners to assess veterans' anger symptomatology. The study examined whether the concordance between veteran and partner-reported anger is moderated by whether the veteran suffers from PTSD. There was moderate agreement between veterans and their partners on reports of anger and little evidence to suggest that PTSD diagnosis affected the convergence between partner and veteran scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Calhoun
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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