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Jounaki K, Makhmalzadeh BS, Feghhi M, Heidarian A. Topical ocular delivery of vancomycin loaded cationic lipid nanocarriers as a promising and non-invasive alternative approach to intravitreal injection for enhanced bacterial endophthalmitis management. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:105991. [PMID: 34517103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin (VCM) is a drug of choice for treating infections caused by Staphylococcus species, reported being the most causative agent of bacterial endophthalmitis. However, the ocular bioavailability of topically applied VCM is low due to its high molecular weight and hydrophilicity. The current study sought to explore whether the nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) fabricated via cold homogenization technique could improve ocular penetration and prolong the ophthalmic residence of VCM. A 23 full factorial design was adopted to evaluate the influence of different process and formulation variables on VCM-loaded NLC formulae. The optimized formula with the particle size of 96.4 ± 0.71 nm and narrow size distribution showed spherical morphology obtained by AFM and represented sustained drug release up to 67% in 48 h fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with probably non-Fickian diffusion kinetic. FTIR studies visualized the drug-carrier interactions in great detail. High encapsulation of VCM (74.8 ± 4.3% w/w) in NLC has been established in DSC and PXRD analysis. The optimal positively charged (+ 29.7 ± 0.47 mV) colloidal dispersion was also stable for 12 weeks at both 4 °C and 25 °C. According to in vivo studies, incorporation of VCM in NLC resulted in a nearly 3-fold increase in the intravitreal concentration of VCM after eye-drop instillation over control groups. Besides, microbiological evaluation admitted its therapeutic effect within five days is comparable to intravitreal injection of VCM. Further, the optimized formula was found to be nonirritant and safe for ophthalmic administration in RBC hemolytic assay. Also, fluorescent tracking of NLCs on rabbit's cornea showed an increase in corneal penetration of nanoparticles. Thus, it is possible to infer that the evolved NLCs are promising drug delivery systems with superior attainments for enhanced Vancomycin ophthalmic delivery to the eye's posterior segment and improved bacterial endophthalmitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Jounaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Behzad Sharif Makhmalzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Feghhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Asghar Heidarian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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2
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Neubauer D, Jaśkiewicz M, Bauer M, Olejniczak-Kęder A, Sikorska E, Sikora K, Kamysz W. Biological and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Arginine-Rich Peptide Gemini Surfactants with Lysine and Cystine Spacers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3299. [PMID: 33804887 PMCID: PMC8036666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrashort cationic lipopeptides (USCLs) and gemini cationic surfactants are classes of potent antimicrobials. Our recent study has shown that the branching and shortening of the fatty acids chains with the simultaneous addition of a hydrophobic N-terminal amino acid in USCLs result in compounds with enhanced selectivity. Here, this approach was introduced into arginine-rich gemini cationic surfactants. l-cystine diamide and l-lysine amide linkers were used as spacers. Antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm cultures of ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) strains and Candida sp. as well as hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were examined. Moreover, antimicrobial activity in the presence of human serum and the ability to form micelles were evaluated. Membrane permeabilization study, serum stability assay, and molecular dynamics were performed. Generally, critical aggregation concentration was linearly correlated with hydrophobicity. Gemini surfactants were more active than the parent USCLs, and they turned out to be selective antimicrobial agents with relatively low hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. Geminis with the l-cystine diamide spacer seem to be less cytotoxic than their l-lysine amide counterparts, but they exhibited lower antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities in serum. In some cases, geminis with branched fatty acid chains and N-terminal hydrophobic amino acid resides exhibited enhanced selectivity to pathogens over human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Neubauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Marta Bauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Agata Olejniczak-Kęder
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Emilia Sikorska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Karol Sikora
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
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In vivo biocompatibility and efficacy of dexamethasone-loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermogel in an alkali-burn induced corneal neovascularization disease model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:190-198. [PMID: 32871195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Challenges of ophthalmic drug delivery arise not only from the limited solubility of hydrophobic therapeutics, but also the restricted permeability and fast clearance of drugs due to the complex anatomy and physiology of eyes. Excellent biocompatibility of a thermosensitive polymer, PLGA-PEG-PLGA (1800-1500-1800, LA:GA ratio = 3:1), as an ophthalmic delivery system was demonstrated in our previous work. In this study, delivery of dexamethasone using this thermogel via a single subconjunctival injection for prolonged treatment was evaluated with corneal neovascularization using an alkali-burn diseased model in rat. Solubility of dexamethasone in the polymeric solution was increased by 5.2-fold and the resulting drug-loaded solution formed in situ rigid gel at body temperature. Prolonged in vitro release of dexamethasone from the gel structure was noted. Dexamethasone gel formulation was demonstrated to be more effective in reducing the burn stimulus and neovascularization in the rat diseased model. The findings suggest the PLGA-PEG-PLGA in situ gelling system can be applied for ophthalmic drug delivery to achieve sustained drug release and improved efficacy.
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Joondan N, Jhaumeer Laulloo S, Caumul P. Amino acids: Building blocks for the synthesis of greener amphiphiles. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1421085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nausheen Joondan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | | | - Prakashanand Caumul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
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5
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Fang P, Bai Y, Wang W, Ma X, Tai X, Wang G. Properties of ABA and BA polysiloxane amphiphiles modified by polyether. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1380531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiao Fang
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Surfactant Key Laboratory, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Yanyun Bai
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Surfactant Key Laboratory, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Wanxu Wang
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Surfactant Key Laboratory, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ma
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Surfactant Key Laboratory, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - XiuMei Tai
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Surfactant Key Laboratory, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Guoyong Wang
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Surfactant Key Laboratory, Taiyuan, P. R. China
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6
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Akram M, Anwar S, Ansari F, Bhat IA, Kabir-ud-Din KUD. Bio-physicochemical analysis of ethylene oxide-linked diester-functionalized green cationic gemini surfactants. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of oxy-diester-functionalized gemini surfactants (Cm-E2O-Cm) were synthesized and a comprehensive analysis of their biophysicochemical properties was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Akram
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Sana Anwar
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Farah Ansari
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
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7
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Fatma N, Panda M, Ansari WH, Kabir-ud-Din. Environment-friendly ester bonded gemini surfactant: Mixed micellization of 14-E2-14 with ionic and nonionic conventional surfactants. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Efficacy Study of Broken Rice Maltodextrin in In Vitro Wound Healing Assay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:687694. [PMID: 26436094 PMCID: PMC4578839 DOI: 10.1155/2015/687694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maltodextrins that contain both simple sugars and polymers of saccharides have been widely used as ingredients in food products and pharmaceutical delivery systems. To date, no much work has been reported on the applications of maltodextrin from broken rice (RB) sources. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the in vitro wound healing efficacy of RB maltodextrin at different conditions. Wounds treated with lower dextrose equivalent (DE) range (DE 10–14) of maltodextrins at a concentration of 10% obtained from RB were found to be able to heal the wounds significantly faster (p < 0.01) than maltodextrin with higher DE ranges (DE 15–19 and DE 20–24) and concentrations of 5% and 20%. The findings from both BrdU and MTT assay further confirmed its wound healing properties as the NIH 3T3 fibroblast wounded cells were able to proliferate without causing cytotoxic effect when wounded cell was treated with maltodextrin. All these findings indicated that the RB maltodextrin could perform better than the commercial maltodextrin at the same DE range. This study showed that RB maltodextrins had better functionality properties than other maltodextrin sources and played a beneficial role in wound healing application.
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Tang Y, Wang R, Wang Y. Constructing Gemini-Like Surfactants with Single-Chain Surfactant and Dicarboxylic Acid Sodium Salts. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-014-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Gemini surfactants from natural amino acids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 205:134-55. [PMID: 24238395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we report the most important contributions in the structure, synthesis, physicochemical (surface adsorption, aggregation and phase behaviour) and biological properties (toxicity, antimicrobial activity and biodegradation) of Gemini natural amino acid-based surfactants, and some potential applications, with an emphasis on the use of these surfactants as non-viral delivery system agents. Gemini surfactants derived from basic (Arg, Lys), neutral (Ser, Ala, Sar), acid (Asp) and sulphur containing amino acids (Cys) as polar head groups, and Geminis with amino acids/peptides in the spacer chain are reviewed.
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11
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Łuczyński J, Frąckowiak R, Włoch A, Kleszczyńska H, Witek S. Gemini ester quat surfactants and their biological activity. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:89-101. [PMID: 23271433 PMCID: PMC6275804 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic gemini surfactants are an important class of surface-active compounds that exhibit much higher surface activity than their monomeric counterparts. This type of compound architecture lends itself to the compound being easily adsorbed at interfaces and interacting with the cellular membranes of microorganisms. Conventional cationic surfactants have high chemical stability but poor chemical and biological degradability. One of the main approaches to the design of readily biodegradable and environmentally friendly surfactants involves inserting a bond with limited stability into the surfactant molecule to give a cleavable surfactant. The best-known example of such a compound is the family of ester quats, which are cationic surfactants with a labile ester bond inserted into the molecule. As part of this study, a series of gemini ester quat surfactants were synthesized and assayed for their biological activity. Their hemolytic activity and changes in the fluidity and packing order of the lipid polar heads were used as the measures of their biological activity. A clear correlation between the hemolytic activity of the tested compounds and their alkyl chain length was established. It was found that the compounds with a long hydrocarbon chain showed higher activity. Moreover, the compounds with greater spacing between their alkyl chains were more active. This proves that they incorporate more easily into the lipid bilayer of the erythrocyte membrane and affect its properties to a greater extent. A better understanding of the process of cell lysis by surfactants and of their biological activity may assist in developing surfactants with enhanced selectivity and in widening their range of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Łuczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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12
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Wilk KA, Frckowiak R, uczynski J, Warszynski P. Cleavable Gemini Cationic Surfactants: Experimental and Theoretical Description of Adsorption. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Piotr Warszynski
- Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science
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13
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Membrane-destabilizing activity of pH-responsive cationic lysine-based surfactants: role of charge position and alkyl chain length. Amino Acids 2011; 43:1203-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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Nogueira DR, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Vinardell MP. Comparative sensitivity of tumor and non-tumor cell lines as a reliable approach for in vitro cytotoxicity screening of lysine-based surfactants with potential pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:51-8. [PMID: 21871545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are used as additives in topical pharmaceuticals and drug delivery systems. The biocompatibility of amino acid-based surfactants makes them highly suitable for use in these fields, but tests are needed to evaluate their potential toxicity. Here we addressed the sensitivity of tumor (HeLa, MCF-7) and non-tumor (3T3, 3T6, HaCaT, NCTC 2544) cell lines to the toxic effects of lysine-based surfactants by means of two in vitro endpoints (MTT and NRU). This comparative assay may serve as a reliable approach for predictive toxicity screening of chemicals prior to pharmaceutical applications. After 24-h of cell exposure to surfactants, differing toxic responses were observed. NCTC 2544 and 3T6 cell lines were the most sensitive, while both tumor cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of surfactants. IC(50)-values revealed that cytotoxicity was detected earlier by MTT assay than by NRU assay, regardless of the compound or cell line. The overall results showed that surfactants with organic counterions were less cytotoxic than those with inorganic counterions. Our findings highlight the relevance of the correct choice and combination of cell lines and bioassays in toxicity studies for a safe and reliable screen of chemicals with potential interest in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rubert Nogueira
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Nogueira DR, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Vinardell MP. The role of counterions in the membrane-disruptive properties of pH-sensitive lysine-based surfactants. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2846-56. [PMID: 21421083 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are among the most versatile and widely used excipients in pharmaceuticals. This versatility, together with their pH-responsive membrane-disruptive activity and low toxicity, could also enable their potential application in drug delivery systems. Five anionic lysine-based surfactants which differ in the nature of their counterion were studied. Their capacity to disrupt the cell membrane was examined under a range of pH values, concentrations and incubation times, using a standard hemolysis assay as a model for endosomal membranes. The surfactants showed pH-sensitive hemolytic activity and improved kinetics at the endosomal pH range. Low concentrations resulted in negligible hemolysis at physiological pH and high membrane lytic activity at pH 5.4, which is in the range characteristic of late endosomes. With increasing concentration, the surfactants showed an enhanced capacity to lyse cell membranes, and also caused significant membrane disruption at physiological pH. This observation indicates that, at high concentrations, surfactant behavior is independent of pH. The mechanism of surfactant-mediated membrane destabilization was addressed, and scanning electron microscopy studies were also performed to evaluate the effects of the compounds on erythrocyte morphology as a function of pH. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the surfactants was assessed by MTT and NRU assays with the 3T3 cell line. The influence of different types of counterion on hemolytic activity and the potential applications of these surfactants in drug delivery are discussed. The possibility of using pH-sensitive surfactants for endosome disruption could hold great promise for intracellular drug delivery systems in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Nogueira
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Pinazo A, Pons R, Pérez L, Infante MR. Amino Acids as Raw Material for Biocompatible Surfactants. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1014348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Pinazo
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, CSIC Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Pons
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, CSIC Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Pérez
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, CSIC Barcelona, Spain
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Altenbach HJ, Ihizane R, Jakob B, Lange K, Schneider M, Yilmaz Z, Nandi S. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Surfactants: Combination Products of Fatty Acids, Hydroxycarboxylic Acids and Alcohols. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-010-1185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of mono and diacylglycerol amino acid-based surfactants. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3837-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Mitjans M, Infante MR, Vinardell MP. Human hemoglobin denaturation as an alternative to the draize test for predicting eye irritancy of surfactants. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of individuals in contact with a wide variety of substances designed for industrial, pharmaceutical or cosmetic use. The Draize rabbit eye and skin irritancy tests have been used for 60 years to attempt to predict the human ocular and dermal irritation of such products. The Draize test has been the standard for ocular and dermal safety assessments for decades. However, several aspects of the test have been criticised. These include: the subjectivity of the method; the overestimation of human responses; and the method's cruelty. The inadequacies of the Draize test have led to several laboratories over the last 20 years making efforts to develop in vitro assays to replace it. Protocols that use different types of cell cultures and other methods have been devised to study eye and skin irritation. Different commercial kits have also been developed to study eye and skin irritation, based on the action of chemicals on these tissues. This article presents a review of the main alternatives developed to replace the use of animals in the study of chemical irritation. Particular attention is paid to the reproducibility of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vinardell
- Department of Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Castillo JA, Infante MR, Manresa A, Vinardell MP, Mitjans M, Clapés P. Chemoenzymatic synthesis and antimicrobial and haemolytic activities of amphiphilic bis(phenylacetylarginine) derivatives. ChemMedChem 2007; 1:1091-8. [PMID: 16972292 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel bis(N(alpha)-phenylacetyl-L-arginine)-alpha,omega-alkanediamide dihydrochloride (bis(PhAcArg)) derivatives with antimicrobial activity were designed and synthesised by a chemoenzymatic strategy. The new structures consist of two N(alpha)-phenylacetyl-L-arginine moieties connected by an alkanediamine spacer chain of 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 methylene units through amide bonds. The key step in the chemoenzymatic strategy is the double aminolysis of the N(alpha)-phenylacetyl-L-arginine methyl ester by the corresponding alpha,omega-alkanediamine catalyzed by papain in ethanolic media. The compounds synthesised were tested as antimicrobials against 15 bacterial and 8 fungal species. The antimicrobial activity and selectivity depend strongly on the spacer chain length. The bis(PhAcArg) derivative with the spacer chain of 12 methylene groups gave the lowest MIC values against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas that with 14 methylene units was the best against Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, these novel compounds showed enhanced antibacterial activity relative to the lead compound, bis(N(alpha)-caproyl-L-arginine)-1,3-propanediamide dihydrochloride (C(3)(CA)(2)), and moderate antifungal activity. Moreover, tests of haemolytic activity toward human erythrocytes revealed that haemolysis increases with spacer chain length. Importantly, the compounds were classified as not irritating to eyes, with the exception of the compound with the spacer chain of 14 methylene groups, which was a slight eye irritant.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Castillo
- Institute for Chemical and Environmental Research, CSIC c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain
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Castillo JA, Calveras J, Casas J, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP, Parella T, Inoue T, Sprenger GA, Joglar J, Clapés P. Fructose-6-phosphate Aldolase in Organic Synthesis: Preparation ofd-Fagomine,N-Alkylated Derivatives, and Preliminary Biological Assays. Org Lett 2006; 8:6067-70. [PMID: 17165931 DOI: 10.1021/ol0625482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] D-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) mediates a novel straightforward two-step chemo-enzymatic synthesis of D-fagomine and some of its N-alkylated derivatives in 51% isolated yield and 99% de. The key step is the FSA-catalyzed aldol addition of simple dihydroxyacetone (DHA) to N-Cbz-3-aminopropanal. The use of FSA greatly simplifies the enzymatic procedures that used dihydroxyacetonephosphate or DHA/esters. Some N-alkyl derivatives synthesized elicited antifungal and antibacterial activity as well as enhanced inhibitory activity, and selectivity against beta-galactosidase and alpha-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Castillo
- Institute for Chemical and Environmental Research (IIQAB)-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Martinez V, Corsini E, Mitjans M, Pinazo A, Vinardell MP. Evaluation of eye and skin irritation of arginine-derivative surfactants using different in vitro endpoints as alternatives to the in vivo assays. Toxicol Lett 2006; 164:259-67. [PMID: 16472949 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-derivative surfactants constitute a novel class of surfactants, which can be regarded as an alternative to conventional surfactants. Prior to human exposure, it is necessary to assess their irritation potential. The classical in vivo evaluation of the irritancy potential via the Draize test has been extensively criticized. In that regard, a great number of in vitro alternatives have been developed. Erythrocytes were chosen as the target cells for eye irritation assessment and hemolysis and hemoglobin denaturation were selected as appropriate endpoints. For skin irritancy assessment, the keratinocyte cell line NCTC 2544 was used and different in vitro endpoints were measured: two cytotoxicity assays (NRU and MTT) and the synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1alpha. The eye and skin Draize tests were also performed for comparative purposes. The results point out that, according to in vivo and in vitro assays, the new arginine-derivative surfactants have lower eye and skin irritation potential than the synthetic surfactant SDS. Furthermore, in vitro methods were also able to detect differences in irritancy among the new surfactants not noticeable by the Draize tests, indicating that in vitro methods can be more sensitive than the in vivo test, offering the opportunity to detect subtle differences in irritancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Martinez
- Dept. Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmacia (UB), Av Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Aparicio RM, José García-Celma M, Pilar Vinardell M, Mitjans M. In vitro studies of the hemolytic activity of microemulsions in human erythrocytes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:1063-7. [PMID: 16054795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes as alternative to in vivo testing was used as a potential screening method to evaluate irritant potential of microemulsions for possible application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Microemulsions were prepared by mixing surfactants and oil and slowly titrating the mixtures with aliquots of phosphate buffer saline or water. All microemulsions were characterized by dynamic light scattering to determine both the mean droplet size and droplet distribution. Microemulsion droplet size decreased as aqueous component increased. No differences in droplet size were observed between formulations containing phosphate buffered saline or water. The hemolytic activity was measured photometrically by the RBC assay, based in the cell membrane lysis, to estimate the potential irritation of both surfactants and microemulsions selected with water or PBS as aqueous component. The most hemolytic microemulsions corresponded to those containing the surfactant Labrasol, with or without butyl lactate, and no differences were found between the hemolytic activity between these components and microemulsions containing them. The highest hemolytic activity of microemulsions in this study may be attributed to the excipient used in the formulations. We should avoid the use of high amounts of Labrasol and butyl lactate in microemulsions because they may be potential irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Aparicio
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Unitat de Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Sanchez L, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Vinardell MP. Potential irritation of lysine derivative surfactants by hemolysis and HaCaT cell viability. Toxicol Lett 2005; 161:53-60. [PMID: 16135402 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants represent one of the most common constituents in topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications or cleansers. Since adverse skin and ocular reactions can be caused by them, it is important to evaluate damaging effects. Amino acid-based surfactants deserve particular attention because of their low toxicity and environmental friendly properties. New lysine derivative surfactants associated with heavy and light counterions were tested. The ocular irritancy was assessed by hemolysis, and photohemolysis was employed to evaluate their phototoxicity. Cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells was determined by neutral red uptake and MTT assay to predict skin irritation. All lysine derivative surfactants were less hemolytic and thus less eye-irritating than the commercial surfactants used as model irritants. No phototoxic effects were found. All surfactants presented cytotoxic effects as demonstrated by decrease of neutral red uptake and reduction of MTT salt, with clear concentration-effect profiles. However, the rates of cytotoxicity on HaCaT for the new surfactants suggested that they were less cytotoxic and then, less skin-irritating than the reference ones; surfactants with heavy counterions were the less cytotoxic. The anionic surfactants investigated in the present work may constitute a promising class of surfactants given their low irritancy potential for pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Spain
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Benavides T, Martínez V, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Moran C, Clapés P, Clothier R, Vinardell MP. Assessment of the potential irritation and photoirritation of novel amino acid-based surfactants by in vitro methods as alternative to the animal tests. Toxicology 2004; 201:87-93. [PMID: 15297023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ultraviolet-A radiation damage effects on skin and eyes will be increased by phototoxic compounds which could be present in pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations. Great efforts have been made in the last years to find surfactants to replace those with phototoxic potential in commercial use. Series of different in vitro models for phototoxicity, included to validated neutral red uptake (NRU) 3T3 phototoxicity assay are useful screening tools. The phototoxic effects of a novel family of glycerol amino acid-based surfactant compounds were examined via these assays. Human red blood cells and two immortalised cell lines, murine fibroblast cell line 3T3, and one human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, were the in vitro models employed to predict potential photoirritation. The phototoxic end-points assessed were hemolysis (human red blood cell test) and resazurin transformation to resorufin and NRU in cell culture methods. The results suggest that no phototoxic effects by any new amino acid derived-surfactants, could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Benavides
- Departament Fisiologia-Farmàcia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (BCN), Avinguda Joan XXIII s/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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