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Zhang Y, Xie L, Jiao X, Yue X, Xu Y, Wang C, Li Y, Yang X, Yang G, Xu S, Wang Y, Weng X, Gou Z. Preferentially Biodegradable Gypsum Fibers Endowing Invisible Microporous Structures and Enhancing Osteogenic Capability of Calcium Phosphate Cements. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1077-1089. [PMID: 38301150 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
It is known that hydroxyapatite-type calcium phosphate cement (CPC) shows appreciable self-curing properties, but the phase transformation products often lead to slow biodegradation and disappointing osteogenic responses. Herein, we developed an innovative strategy to endow invisible micropore networks, which could tune the microstructures and biodegradation of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP)-based CPC by gypsum fibers, and the osteogenic capability of the composite cements could be enhanced in vivo. The gypsum fibers were prepared via extruding the gypsum powder/carboxylated chitosan (CC) slurry through a 22G nozzle (410 μm in diameter) and collecting with a calcium salt solution. Then, the CPCs were prepared by mixing the α-TCP powder with gypsum fibers (0-24 wt %) and an aqueous solution to form self-curing cements. The physicochemical characterizations showed that injectability was decreased with an increase in the fiber contents. The μCT reconstruction demonstrated that the gypsum fiber could be distributed in the CPC substrate and produce long-range micropore architectures. In particular, incorporation of gypsum fibers would tune the ion release, produce tunnel-like pore networks in vitro, and promote new bone tissue regeneration in rabbit femoral bone defects in vivo. Appropriate gypsum fibers (16 and 24 wt %) could enhance bone defect repair and cement biodegradation. These results demonstrate that the highly biodegradable cement fibers could mediate the microstructures of conventional CPC biomaterials, and such a bicomponent composite strategy may be beneficial for expanding clinical CPC-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lijun Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University & Rui'an People's Hospital, Rui'an 325200, China
| | - Xusong Yue
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University & Rui'an People's Hospital, Rui'an 325200, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xianyan Yang
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guojing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University & Rui'an People's Hospital, Rui'an 325200, China
| | - Sanzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhongru Gou
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kroczek K, Turek P, Mazur D, Szczygielski J, Filip D, Brodowski R, Balawender K, Przeszłowski Ł, Lewandowski B, Orkisz S, Mazur A, Budzik G, Cebulski J, Oleksy M. Characterisation of Selected Materials in Medical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081526. [PMID: 35458276 PMCID: PMC9027145 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of science that has developed very intensively in recent years. The first part of this review describes materials with medical and dental applications from the following groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Both positive and negative sides of their application are presented from the point of view of medical application and mechanical properties. A variety of techniques for the manufacture of biomedical components are presented in this review. The main focus of this work is on additive manufacturing and 3D printing, as these modern techniques have been evaluated to be the best methods for the manufacture of medical and dental devices. The second part presents devices for skull bone reconstruction. The materials from which they are made and the possibilities offered by 3D printing in this field are also described. The last part concerns dental transitional implants (scaffolds) for guided bone regeneration, focusing on polylactide–hydroxyapatite nanocomposite due to its unique properties. This section summarises the current knowledge of scaffolds, focusing on the material, mechanical and biological requirements, the effects of these devices on the human body, and their great potential for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Kroczek
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Paweł Turek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (Ł.P.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Damian Mazur
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Jacek Szczygielski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (J.S.); (K.B.); (B.L.); (S.O.); (A.M.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Damian Filip
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Robert Brodowski
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Fryderyk Chopin Clinical Voivodeship Hospital No.1 in Rzeszow, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Balawender
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (J.S.); (K.B.); (B.L.); (S.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Łukasz Przeszłowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (Ł.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Bogumił Lewandowski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (J.S.); (K.B.); (B.L.); (S.O.); (A.M.)
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Fryderyk Chopin Clinical Voivodeship Hospital No.1 in Rzeszow, 35-055 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Orkisz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (J.S.); (K.B.); (B.L.); (S.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Artur Mazur
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (J.S.); (K.B.); (B.L.); (S.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Grzegorz Budzik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (Ł.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Józef Cebulski
- Institute of Physics, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Oleksy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Preparation, Properties and Mechanisms of Carbon Fiber/Polymer Composites for Thermal Management Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13010169. [PMID: 33466509 PMCID: PMC7796458 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, heat dissipation has become a major challenge. The traditional printed polymer circuit board can no longer meet the heat dissipation demands of microelectronic equipment. If the heat cannot be removed quickly and effectively, the efficiency of the devices will be decreased and their lifetime will be shortened. In addition, the development of the aerospace, automobiles, light emitting diode (LED{ TA \1 "LED; lightemitting diode" \s "LED" \c 1 }) and energy harvesting and conversion has gradually increased the demand for low-density and high thermal conductive materials. In recent years, carbon fiber (CF{ TA \1 "CF; carbon fiber" \c 1 }) has been widely used for the preparation of polymer composites due to its good mechanical property and ultra-high thermal conductivity. CF materials easily form thermal conduction paths through polymer composites to improve the thermal conductivity. This paper describes the research progress, thermal conductivity mechanisms, preparation methods, factors influencing thermal conductivity and provides relevant suggestions for the development of CF composites for thermal management.
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Lodoso-Torrecilla I, van den Beucken J, Jansen J. Calcium phosphate cements: Optimization toward biodegradability. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:1-12. [PMID: 33065287 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics represent the most widely used biomaterials for bone regenerative treatments due to their biological performance that is characterized by bioactivity and osteoconductive properties. From a clinical perspective, injectable CaP cements (CPCs) are highly appealing, as CPCs can be applied using minimally invasive surgery and can be molded to optimally fill irregular bone defects. Such CPCs are prepared from a powder and a liquid component, which upon mixing form a paste that can be injected into a bone defect and hardens in situ within an appropriate clinical time window. However, a major drawback of CPCs is their poor degradability. Ideally, CPCs should degrade at a suitable pace to allow for concomitant new bone to form. To overcome this shortcoming, control over CPC degradation has been explored using multiple approaches that introduce macroporosity within CPCs. This strategy enables faster degradation of CPC by increasing the surface area available to interact with the biological surroundings, leading to accelerated new bone formation. For a comprehensive overview of the path to degradable CPCs, this review presents the experimental procedures followed for their development with specific emphasis on (bio)material properties and biological performance in pre-clinical bone defect models.
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Kucko NW, Petre DG, de Ruiter M, Herber RP, Leeuwenburgh SC. Micro- and macromechanical characterization of the influence of surface-modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers on the reinforcement of calcium phosphate cements. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 109:103776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Boehm AV, Meininger S, Gbureck U, Müller FA. Self-healing capacity of fiber-reinforced calcium phosphate cements. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9430. [PMID: 32523063 PMCID: PMC7287135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem concerning the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cements (CPC) is related to their inherent brittleness, which limits their applicability to non-load bearing bone defects. In this work the preparation of a damage tolerant CPC is presented, where the incorporation of functionalized carbon fibers facilitates steady state flat crack propagation with crack openings below 10 µm. A subsequent self-healing process in simulated body fluid, that mimics the in vivo mineralization of bioactive surfaces, closes the cracks and completely restores the mechanical properties. Hereby, two pathways of self-healing are presented: i) intrinsic healing that bases on the inherent bioactive properties of the cement matrix and chemically treated fibers, and ii) capsule based extrinsic healing, where H2PO4- is released as an initiator for the apatite formation. Such damage tolerant CPCs with self-healing capacity are of particular interest to increase the lifetime of implants as well as in the field of load-bearing bioceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V Boehm
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Meininger
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry (FMZ), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry (FMZ), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank A Müller
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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7
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Montoya LD, Gadde HK, Champion WM, Li N, Hubler MH. PM2.5 generated during rapid failure of fiber-reinforced concrete induces TNF-alpha response in macrophages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:209-216. [PMID: 31288112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Failure of large, concrete structures can lead to the generation of very small fragments, including aerosols in the fine fraction, which have aerodynamic diameters of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5). These aerosols can persist in the environment, pose exposure risks, and potentially cause negative health effects. New trends in construction favor the use of concrete reinforced with steel fibers, but little is known about the nature of the fragments generated during its failure. This study investigated the fragmentation of several steel-fiber reinforced concrete formulations using dynamic compression testing. The release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), an inflammatory marker widely used in both human and animal studies, was then analyzed to determine the effects of the fragments in the aerosol fine fraction on mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7). All concrete formulations studied showed statistically increased TNF-α release, which was inversely correlated with fiber length and fiber content (% weight). In addition, results from a select set of concrete formulations also showed a clear dose-response relationship. This paper postulates the fracture mechanisms by which concrete parameters (i.e., fiber length and content) lead to the generation of PM2.5, producing the observed TNF-α release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupita D Montoya
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, ECOT 441, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Harish K Gadde
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, ECOT 441, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wyatt M Champion
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, ECOT 441, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, CVM, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mija H Hubler
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, ECOT 441, UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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8
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Petre DG, Nadar R, Tu Y, Paknahad A, Wilson DA, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Thermoresponsive Brushes Facilitate Effective Reinforcement of Calcium Phosphate Cements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26690-26703. [PMID: 31246399 PMCID: PMC6676411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate ceramics are frequently applied to stimulate regeneration of bone in view of their excellent biological compatibility with bone tissue. Unfortunately, these bioceramics are also highly brittle. To improve their toughness, fibers can be incorporated as the reinforcing component for the calcium phosphate cements. Herein, we functionalize the surface of poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers with thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes of tunable thickness to improve simultaneously fiber dispersion and fiber-matrix affinity. These brushes shift from hydrophilic to hydrophobic behavior at temperatures above their lower critical solution temperature of 32 °C. This dual thermoresponsive shift favors fiber dispersion throughout the hydrophilic calcium phosphate cements (at 21 °C) and toughens these cements when reaching their hydrophobic state (at 37 °C). The reinforcement efficacy of these surface-modified fibers was almost double at 37 versus 21 °C, which confirms the strong potential of thermoresponsive fibers for reinforcement of calcium phosphate cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela-Geta Petre
- Department
of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University
Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Nadar
- Department
of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University
Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Department
of Systems Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of
New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ali Paknahad
- Department
of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University
Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Computational Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Department
of Systems Chemistry, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of
New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department
of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University
Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kucko NW, de Lacerda Schickert S, Sobral Marques T, Herber RP, van den Beuken JJJP, Zuo Y, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Tough and Osteocompatible Calcium Phosphate Cements Reinforced with Poly(vinyl alcohol) Fibers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2491-2505. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W. Kucko
- Department of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- CAM Bioceramics B.V., Zernikedreef 6 2333 CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sónia de Lacerda Schickert
- Department of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomás Sobral Marques
- Department of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf-Peter Herber
- CAM Bioceramics B.V., Zernikedreef 6 2333 CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. J. P. van den Beuken
- Department of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Zuo
- Research Center for Nano Biomaterials, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University 610064 Chengdu, China
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25 6525 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kihlström Burenstam Linder L, Birgersson U, Lundgren K, Illies C, Engstrand T. Patient-Specific Titanium-Reinforced Calcium Phosphate Implant for the Repair and Healing of Complex Cranial Defects. World Neurosurg 2018; 122:e399-e407. [PMID: 30342265 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reconstruction of complex cranial defects is challenging and is associated with a high complication rate. The development of a patient-specific, titanium-reinforced, calcium phosphate-based (CaP-Ti) implant with bone regenerative properties has previously been described in 2 case studies with the hypothesis that the implant may improve clinical outcome. OBJECTIVE To identify whether the introduction of CaP-Ti implant has the potential to improve clinical outcome. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients having undergone CaP-Ti cranioplasty was conducted. Comprehensive clinical data were collected from the hospital computer database and patient records. Bone formation and osseointegration were analyzed in a single retrieval specimen. RESULTS Fifty patients, with 52 cranial defects, met the inclusion criteria. The patient cohort displayed a previous failure rate of 64% (32/50) with autologous bone, alloplastic materials, or both. At a median follow-up time of 25 months, the explantation rate due to either early postoperative infection or persistent wound dehiscence was 1.9% (1/53) or 3.8% (2/53), respectively. Surgical intervention with local wound revision was required in 2 patients without the need of implant removal. One patient had a brain tumor recurrence, and the implant was explanted 31 months after implantation. Histologic examination showed that the entire implant was partly yet evenly transformed into vascularized compact bone. CONCLUSION In the present study the CaP-Ti implant appears to have improved the clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients with a high rate of previous cranioplasty failures. The bone regenerative effect may in particular have an impact on the long-term success rate of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kihlström Burenstam Linder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrik Birgersson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kalle Lundgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Unit for Craniofacial diseases, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Illies
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Engstrand
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Garoushi SK, He J, Vallittu PK, Lassila LVJ. Effect of discontinuous glass fibers on mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement. ACTA BIOMATERIALIA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2018; 4:72-80. [PMID: 30083578 PMCID: PMC6070992 DOI: 10.1080/23337931.2018.1491798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the reinforcing effect of discontinuous glass microfibers with various loading fractions on selected mechanical properties of self-cure glass ionomer cement (GIC). Method: Experimental fiber reinforced GIC (Exp-GIC) was prepared by adding discontinuous glass microfiber (silane/non-silane treated) of 200–300 µm in length to the powder of self-cure GIC (GC Fuji IX) with various mass ratios (15, 20, 25, 35, and 45 mass%) using a high speed mixing device. Flexural strength, flexural modulus, work of fracture, compressive strength and diametral tensile strength were determined for each experimental and control materials. The specimens (n = 8) were wet stored (37 °C for one day) before testing. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer was used to analysis the surface of silanized or non-silanized fibers after treated with cement liquid. The results were analyzed with using multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA. Results: Fiber-reinforced GIC (25 mass%) had significantly higher mechanical performance of flexural modulus (3.8 GPa), flexural strength (48 MPa), and diametral tensile strength (18 MPa) (p < .05) compared to unreinforced material (0.9 GPa, 26 MPa and 8 MPa). No statistical significant difference in tested mechanical properties was recorded between silanized and non-silanized Exp-GIC groups. Compressive strength did not show any significant differences (p > .05) between the fiber-reinforced and unreinforced GIC. Conclusion: The use of discontinuous glass microfibers with self-cure GIC matrix considerably increased the all of the studied properties except compressive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan K Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jingwei He
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pekka K Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,City of Turku Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, Turku, Finland
| | - Lippo V J Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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The Mechanical Properties of Biocompatible Apatite Bone Cement Reinforced with Chemically Activated Carbon Fibers. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11020192. [PMID: 29373487 PMCID: PMC5848889 DOI: 10.3390/ma11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a well-established bone replacement material in dentistry and orthopedics. CPC mimics the physicochemical properties of natural bone and therefore shows excellent in vivo behavior. However, due to their brittleness, the application of CPC implants is limited to non-load bearing areas. Generally, the fiber-reinforcement of ceramic materials enhances fracture resistance, but simultaneously reduces the strength of the composite. Combining strong C-fiber reinforcement with a hydroxyapatite to form a CPC with a chemical modification of the fiber surface allowed us to adjust the fiber-matrix interface and consequently the fracture behavior. Thus, we could demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties of CPC in terms of bending strength and work of fracture to a strain of 5% (WOF5). Hereby, the strength increased by a factor of four from 9.2 ± 1.7 to 38.4 ± 1.7 MPa. Simultaneously, the WOF5 increased from 0.02 ± 0.004 to 2.0 ± 0.6 kJ∙m-2, when utilizing an aqua regia/CaCl₂ pretreatment. The cell proliferation and activity of MG63 osteoblast-like cells as biocompatibility markers were not affected by fiber addition nor by fiber treatment. CPC reinforced with chemically activated C-fibers is a promising bone replacement material for load-bearing applications.
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Enhanced bone formation in sheep vertebral bodies after minimally invasive treatment with a novel, PLGA fiber-reinforced brushite cement. Spine J 2017; 17:709-719. [PMID: 27871820 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Injectable, brushite-forming calcium phosphate cements (CPC) show potential for bone replacement, but they exhibit low mechanical strength. This study tested a CPC reinforced with poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) fibers in a minimally invasive, sheep lumbar vertebroplasty model. PURPOSE The study aimed to test the in vivo biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of a PLGA fiber-reinforced, brushite-forming CPC in a sheep large animal model. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING This is a prospective experimental animal study. METHODS Bone defects (diameter: 5 mm) were placed in aged, osteopenic female sheep, and left empty (L2) or injected with pure CPC (L3) or PLGA fiber-reinforced CPC (L4; fiber diameter: 25 µm; length: 1 mm; 10% [wt/wt]). Three and 9 months postoperation (n=20 each), the structural and functional CPC effects on bone regeneration were documented ex vivo by osteodensitometry, histomorphometry, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and biomechanical testing. RESULTS Addition of PLGA fibers enhanced CPC osteoconductivity and augmented bone formation. This was demonstrated by (1) significantly enhanced structural (bone volume/total volume, shown by micro-CT and histomorphometry; 3 or 9 months) and bone formation parameters (osteoid volume and osteoid surface; 9 months); (2) numerically enhanced bone mineral density (3 and 9 months) and biomechanical compression strength (9 months); and (3) numerically decreased bone erosion (eroded surface; 3 and 9 months). CONCLUSIONS The PLGA fiber-reinforced CPC is highly biocompatible and its PLGA fiber component enhanced bone formation. Also, PLGA fibers improve the mechanical properties of brittle CPC, with potential applicability in load-bearing areas.
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Anitha A, Joseph J, Menon D, Nair SV, Nair MB. Electrospun Yarn Reinforced NanoHA Composite Matrix as a Potential Bone Substitute for Enhanced Regeneration of Segmental Defects. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:345-358. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Anitha
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, India
| | - John Joseph
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, India
| | - Deepthy Menon
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, India
| | - Shantikumar V. Nair
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, India
| | - Manitha B. Nair
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin, India
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Bonda DJ, Manjila S, Selman WR, Dean D. The Recent Revolution in the Design and Manufacture of Cranial Implants: Modern Advancements and Future Directions. Neurosurgery 2015; 77:814-24; discussion 824. [PMID: 26171578 PMCID: PMC4615389 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large format (i.e., >25 cm) cranioplasty is a challenging procedure not only from a cosmesis standpoint, but also in terms of ensuring that the patient's brain will be well-protected from direct trauma. Until recently, when a patient's own cranial flap was unavailable, these goals were unattainable. Recent advances in implant computer-aided design and 3-dimensional (3-D) printing are leveraging other advances in regenerative medicine. It is now possible to 3-D-print patient-specific implants from a variety of polymer, ceramic, or metal components. A skull template may be used to design the external shape of an implant that will become well integrated in the skull, while also providing beneficial distribution of mechanical force in the event of trauma. Furthermore, an internal pore geometry can be utilized to facilitate the seeding of banked allograft cells. Implants may be cultured in a bioreactor along with recombinant growth factors to produce implants coated with bone progenitor cells and extracellular matrix that appear to the body as a graft, albeit a tissue-engineered graft. The growth factors would be left behind in the bioreactor and the graft would resorb as new host bone invades the space and is remodeled into strong bone. As we describe in this review, such advancements will lead to optimal replacement of cranial defects that are both patient-specific and regenerative.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Bonda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sunil Manjila
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Warren R. Selman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - David Dean
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Ave., 10th Floor, Rm. 1004, Columbus, OH 43210
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Abstract
Calcium phosphate biocements based on calcium phosphate chemistry are well-established biomaterials for the repair of non-load bearing bone defects due to the brittle nature and low flexural strength of such cements. This article features reinforcement strategies of biocements based on various intrinsic or extrinsic material modifications to improve their strength and toughness. Altering particle size distribution in conjunction with using liquefiers reduces the amount of cement liquid necessary for cement paste preparation. This in turn decreases cement porosity and increases the mechanical performance, but does not change the brittle nature of the cements. The use of fibers may lead to a reinforcement of the matrix with a toughness increase of up to two orders of magnitude, but restricts at the same time cement injection for minimal invasive application techniques. A novel promising approach is the concept of dual-setting cements, in which a second hydrogel phase is simultaneously formed during setting, leading to more ductile cement–hydrogel composites with largely unaffected application properties.
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17
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Maenz S, Kunisch E, Mühlstädt M, Böhm A, Kopsch V, Bossert J, Kinne RW, Jandt KD. Enhanced mechanical properties of a novel, injectable, fiber-reinforced brushite cement. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 39:328-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Ishikawa K. Calcium Phosphate Cement. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-53980-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Engstrand J, Persson C, Engqvist H. Influence of polymer addition on the mechanical properties of a premixed calcium phosphate cement. BIOMATTER 2013; 3:27249. [PMID: 24270588 DOI: 10.4161/biom.27249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Premixed calcium phosphate cements can reduce handling complications that are associated with the mixing of cements in the operating room. However, to extend the clinical indication of ceramic cements their mechanical properties need to be further improved. The incorporation of a polymeric material with intrinsically high tensile properties could possibly assist in increasing the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cement. In this study polymer microparticles made from poly(lactid-co-glycolide) plasticised with poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PLGA/PEG microparticles) were added in amounts of up to 5 wt% to a premixed acidic calcium phosphate cement. The PLGA/PEG microparticles added undergo a shape transformation at 37 °C, which could give a better integration between polymer microparticles and ceramic cement compared with polymer microparticles lacking this property. The results showed that the incorporation of 1.25 wt% PLGA/PEG microparticles increased the compressive strength by approximately 20% up to 15.1 MPa while the diametral tensile strength was kept constant. The incorporation of PLGA/PEG microparticles increased the brushite to monetite ratio after setting compared with pure ceramic cements. In conclusion, small amounts of PLGA/PEG microparticles can be incorporated into premixed acidic calcium phosphate cement and increase their mechanical properties, which could lead to increased future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Engstrand
- Division of Applied Materials Science; Department of Engineering Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Division of Applied Materials Science; Department of Engineering Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Division of Applied Materials Science; Department of Engineering Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
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Dorozhkin SV. Self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations. J Funct Biomater 2013; 4:209-311. [PMID: 24956191 PMCID: PMC4030932 DOI: 10.3390/jfb4040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In early 1980s, researchers discovered self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements, which are bioactive and biodegradable grafting bioceramics in the form of a powder and a liquid. After mixing, both phases form pastes, which set and harden forming either a non-stoichiometric calcium deficient hydroxyapatite or brushite. Since both of them are remarkably biocompartible, bioresorbable and osteoconductive, self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations appear to be promising bioceramics for bone grafting. Furthermore, such formulations possess excellent molding capabilities, easy manipulation and nearly perfect adaptation to the complex shapes of bone defects, followed by gradual bioresorption and new bone formation. In addition, reinforced formulations have been introduced, which might be described as calcium orthophosphate concretes. The discovery of self-setting properties opened up a new era in the medical application of calcium orthophosphates and many commercial trademarks have been introduced as a result. Currently such formulations are widely used as synthetic bone grafts, with several advantages, such as pourability and injectability. Moreover, their low-temperature setting reactions and intrinsic porosity allow loading by drugs, biomolecules and even cells for tissue engineering purposes. In this review, an insight into the self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations, as excellent bioceramics suitable for both dental and bone grafting applications, has been provided.
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21
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Fiber reinforced calcium phosphate cements – On the way to degradable load bearing bone substitutes? Biomaterials 2012; 33:5887-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Alge DL, Bennett J, Treasure T, Voytik-Harbin S, Goebel WS, Chu TMG. Poly(propylene fumarate) reinforced dicalcium phosphate dihydrate cement composites for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1792-802. [PMID: 22489012 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cements have many desirable properties for bone tissue engineering, including osteoconductivity, resorbability, and amenability to rapid prototyping-based methods for scaffold fabrication. In this study, we show that dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) cements, which are highly resorbable but also inherently weak and brittle, can be reinforced with poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) to produce strong composites with mechanical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering. Characterization of DCPD-PPF composites revealed significant improvements in mechanical properties for cements with a 1.0 powder to liquid ratio. Compared with nonreinforced controls, flexural strength improved from 1.80 ± 0.19 MPa to 16.14 ± 1.70 MPa, flexural modulus increased from 1073.01 ± 158.40 MPa to 1303.91 ± 110.41 MPa, maximum displacement during testing increased from 0.11 ± 0.04 mm to 0.51 ± 0.09 mm, and work of fracture improved from 2.74 ± 0.78 J/m(2) to 249.21 ± 81.64 J/m(2) . To demonstrate the utility of our approach for scaffold fabrication, 3D macroporous scaffolds were prepared with rapid prototyping technology. Compressive testing revealed that PPF reinforcement increased scaffold strength from 0.31 ± 0.06 MPa to 7.48 ± 0.77 MPa. Finally, 3D PPF-DCPD scaffolds were implanted into calvarial defects in rabbits for 6 weeks. Although the addition of mesenchymal stem cells to the scaffolds did not significantly improve the extent of regeneration, numerous bone nodules with active osteoblasts were observed within the scaffold pores, especially in the peripheral regions. Overall, the results of this study suggest that PPF-DCPD composites may be promising scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Alge
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47908, USA
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Abstract
To improve the physicochemical properties of calcium phosphate cement (CPC), silk fibroin (SF) in the different forms were added into CPC. The structure of the composites was studied by X-ray diffraction. The setting time was investigated by ISO Cement Standard Consistency Instrument. Scanning Electron Microscope was used to observe the surface morphology. Mechanical properties of samples were tested by Instron Universal Testing Machine. The results indicated that acicular crystal of hydroxyapatite (HA) was formed in the hardening body of both CPC with SF and the pure CPC. Addition of SF had no significant effect on the structure of SF/CPC composite. The setting time of CPC with SF was significantly shorter than that of the pure CPC (30.3 mins). The setting time of CPC by adding silk fibroin powder I (SFP) and silk fibroin fiber (SFF) was greatly shortened, which was only 11.7 minutes. The setting time of CPC with SFP decreased approximately by 1/3, while the setting time of the CPC with SFF decreased nearly by 1/2. With the adding of SF, the compressive strength of CPC increased significantly. There was a distinct increase in the work-of-compressive of CPC with the adding of SFF.
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24
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Alge DL, Chu TMG. Calcium phosphate cement reinforcement by polymer infiltration and in situ curing: a method for 3D scaffold reinforcement. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:547-55. [PMID: 20186776 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a novel method of calcium phosphate cement reinforcement based on infiltrating a pre-set cement with a reactive polymer and then cross-linking the polymer in situ. This method can be used to reinforce 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds, which we demonstrate using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a model reinforcing polymer. The compressive strength of a 3D scaffold comprised of orthogonally intersecting beams was increased from 0.31 +/- 0.06 MPa to 1.65 +/- 0.13 MPa using PEGDA 600. In addition, the mechanical properties of reinforced cement were characterized using three PEGDA molecular weights (200, 400, and 600 Da) and three cement powder to liquid (P/L) ratios (0.8, 1.0, and 1.43). Higher molecular weight increased reinforcement efficacy, and P/L controlled cement porosity and determined the extent of polymer incorporation. Although increasing polymer incorporation resulted in a transition from brittle, cement-like behavior to ductile, polymer-like behavior, maximizing polymer incorporation was not advantageous. Polymerization shrinkage produced microcracks in the cement, which reduced the mechanical properties. The most effective reinforcement was achieved with P/L of 1.43 and PEGDA 600. In this group, flexural strength increased from 0.44 +/- 0.12 MPa to 7.04 +/- 0.51 MPa, maximum displacement from 0.05 +/- 0.01 mm to 1.44 +/- 0.17 mm, and work of fracture from 0.64 +/- 0.10 J/m(2) to 677.96 +/- 70.88 J/m(2) compared to non-reinforced controls. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our novel reinforcement method, as well as its potential for fabricating reinforced 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds useful for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Alge
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47908, USA
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25
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New processing approaches in calcium phosphate cements and their applications in regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2863-73. [PMID: 20123046 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The key feature of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) lies in the setting reaction triggered by mixing one or more solid calcium phosphate salts with an aqueous solution. Upon mixture, the reaction takes place through a dissolution-precipitation process which is macroscopically observed by a gradual hardening of the cement paste. The precipitation of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals at body or room temperature, and the fact that those materials can be used as self-setting pastes, have for many years been the most attractive features of CPCs. However, the need to develop materials able to sustain bone tissue ingrowth and be capable of delivering drugs and bioactive molecules, together with the continuous requirement from surgeons to develop more easily handling cements, has pushed the development of new processing routes that can accommodate all these requirements, taking advantage of the possibility of manipulating the self-setting CPC paste. It is the goal of this paper to provide a brief overview of the new processing developments in the area of CPCs and to identify the most significant achievements.
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26
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Dental Glass Ionomer Cements as Permanent Filling Materials? – Properties, Limitations and Future Trends. MATERIALS 2009. [PMCID: PMC5510173 DOI: 10.3390/ma3010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are clinically attractive dental materials that have certain unique properties that make them useful as restorative and luting materials. This includes adhesion to moist tooth structures and base metals, anticariogenic properties due to release of fluoride, thermal compatibility with tooth enamel, biocompatibility and low toxicity. The use of GICs in a mechanically loaded situation, however, has been hampered by their low mechanical performance. Poor mechanical properties, such as low fracture strength, toughness and wear, limit their extensive use in dentistry as a filling material in stress-bearing applications. In the posterior dental region, glass ionomer cements are mostly used as a temporary filling material. The requirement to strengthen those cements has lead to an ever increasing research effort into reinforcement or strengthening concepts.
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27
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Fabrication and in Vitro Evaluation of Calcium Phosphate Combined with Chitosan Fibers for Scaffold Structures. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911509103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid prototyping and rapid tool technique-based method was developed to fabricate chitosan fiber calcium phosphate cement composites (CF/CPC) for bone tissue engineering scaffold applications. The products were characterized and the in vitro performance with canine bone marrow stem cells (BMCs) on CF/CPC scaffold with controlled fiber structures evaluated. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that about 91% of the inorganic part of the CF/CPC scaffold was hydroxyapatite (HA) and the variation in CF had little effect on the percentage of HA content. The results from in vitro study demonstrated that the interconnected macropores rapidly formed inside the CF/CPC scaffolds and that the patterns were related to the fiber structures used. The differences in the fiber structures altered the morphology of the BMCs without affecting the proliferation of the BMCs.
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Abstract
In early 1980s, researchers discovered self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements, which are a bioactive and biodegradable grafting material in the form of a powder and a liquid. Both phases form after mixing a viscous paste that after being implanted, sets and hardens within the body as either a non-stoichiometric calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) or brushite, sometimes blended with unreacted particles and other phases. As both CDHA and brushite are remarkably biocompartible and bioresorbable (therefore, in vivo they can be replaced with newly forming bone), calcium orthophosphate cements represent a good correction technique for non-weight-bearing bone fractures or defects and appear to be very promising materials for bone grafting applications. Besides, these cements possess an excellent osteoconductivity, molding capabilities and easy manipulation. Furthermore, reinforced cement formulations are available, which in a certain sense might be described as calcium orthophosphate concretes. The concepts established by calcium orthophosphate cement pioneers in the early 1980s were used as a platform to initiate a new generation of bone substitute materials for commercialization. Since then, advances have been made in the composition, performance and manufacturing; several beneficial formulations have already been introduced as a result. Many other compositions are in experimental stages. In this review, an insight into calcium orthophosphate cements and concretes, as excellent biomaterials suitable for both dental and bone grafting application, has been provided.
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29
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Boskey AL, DiCarlo E, Paschalis E, West P, Mendelsohn R. Comparison of mineral quality and quantity in iliac crest biopsies from high- and low-turnover osteoporosis: an FT-IR microspectroscopic investigation. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:2031-8. [PMID: 16088360 PMCID: PMC1457020 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-1992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) allows analysis of mineral content, mineral crystal maturity and mineral composition at approximately 10-micron spatial resolution. Previous FTIRM analyses comparing 4-micron thick sections from non-decalcified iliac crest biopsies from women with post-menopausal osteoporosis, as contrasted with iliac crest tissue from individuals without evidence of metabolic bone disease, demonstrated significant differences in average mineral content (decreased in osteoporosis) and mineral crystal size/perfection (increased in osteoporosis). More importantly, these parameters, which vary throughout the tissue in relation to the tissue age in healthy bone, showed no such variation in bone biopsies from patients with osteoporosis. The present study compares the spatial and temporal variation in mineral quantity and properties in trabecular bone in high- and low-turnover osteoporosis. Specifically, six biopsies from women (n=5) and one man with high-turnover osteoporosis (age range 39-77) and four women and two men with low turnover osteoporosis (age range 37-63) were compared to ten "normal" biopsies from three men and seven woman (age range: 27-69). "High turnover" was defined as the presence of increased resorptive surface, higher than normal numbers of osteoclasts and greater than or equal to normal osteoblastic activity. "Low turnover" was defined as lower than normal resorptive surface, decreased osteoclast number and less than normal osteoblastic activity. Comparing variations in FTIR-derived values for each of the parameters measured at the surfaces of the trabecular bone to the maximum value observed in multiple trabeculae from each person, the high-turnover samples showed little change in the mineral: matrix ratio, carbonate: amide I ratio, crystallinity and acid phosphate content. The low-turnover samples also showed little change in these parameters, but in contrast to the high-turnover samples, the low-turnover samples showed a slight increase in these parameters, indicative of retarded, but existent resorption and formation. These data indicate that FTIR microspectroscopy can provide quantitative information on mineral changes in osteoporosis that are consistent with proposed mechanisms of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Boskey
- Mineralized Tissue Laboratory Program in Musculoskeletal Integrity, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Xu HHK, Takagi S, Quinn JB, Chow LC. Fast-setting calcium phosphate scaffolds with tailored macropore formation rates for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 68:725-34. [PMID: 14986327 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is highly promising for craniofacial and orthopedic repair because of its ability to self-harden in situ to form hydroxyapatite with excellent osteoconductivity. However, its low strength, long hardening time, and lack of macroporosity limit its use. This study aimed to develop fast-setting and antiwashout CPC scaffolds with high strength and tailored macropore formation rates. Chitosan, sodium phosphate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were used to render CPC fast-setting and resistant to washout. Absorbable fibers and mannitol porogen were incorporated into CPC for strength and macropores for bone ingrowth. Flexural strength, work-of-fracture, and elastic modulus were measured vs. immersion time in a physiological solution. Hardening time (mean +/- SD; n = 6) was 69.5 +/- 2.1 min for CPC-control, 9.3 +/- 2.8 min for CPC-HPMC-mannitol, 8.2 +/- 1.5 min for CPC-chitosan-mannitol, and 6.7 +/- 1.6 min for CPC-chitosan-mannitol-fiber. The latter three compositions were resistant to washout, whereas the CPC-control paste showed washout in a physiological solution. Immersion for 1 day dissolved mannitol and created macropores in CPC. CPC-chitosan-mannitol-fiber scaffold had a strength of 4.6 +/- 1.4 MPa, significantly higher than 1.2 +/- 0.1 MPa of CPC-chitosan-mannitol scaffold and 0.3 +/- 0.2 MPa of CPC-HPMC-mannitol scaffold (Tukey's). The strength of CPC-chitosan-mannitol-fiber scaffold was maintained up to 42 days and then decreased because of fiber degradation. Work-of-fracture and elastic modulus showed similar trends. Long cylindrical macropore channels were formed in CPC after fiber dissolution. The resorbable, fast-setting, anti-washout and strong CPC scaffold should be useful in craniofacial and orthopedic repairs. The novel method of combining fast- and slow-dissolution porogens/fibers to produce scaffolds with high strength and tailored macropore formation rates to match bone healing rates may have wide applicability to other biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hockin H K Xu
- Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Xu HHK, Simon CG. Self-hardening calcium phosphate cement-mesh composite: Reinforcement, macropores, and cell response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 69:267-78. [PMID: 15057999 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) self-hardens to form hydroxyapatite, has excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement ability, and is promising for craniofacial and orthopedic repair. However, its low strength limits CPC to only nonstress repairs. This study aimed to reinforce CPC with meshes to increase strength, and to form macropores in CPC for bone ingrowth after mesh dissolution. A related aim was to evaluate the biocompatibility of the new CPC-mesh composite. Absorbable polyglactin meshes, a copolymer of poly(glycolic) and poly(lactic) acids, were incorporated into CPC to provide strength and then form interconnected cylindrical macropores suitable for vascular ingrowth. The composite flexural strength, work-of-fracture, and elastic modulus were measured as a function of the number of mesh sheets in CPC ranging from 1 (a mesh on the tensile side of the specimen) up to 13 (mesh sheets throughout the entire specimen), and as a function of immersion time in a physiological solution from 1 to 84 days. Cell culture was performed with osteoblast-like cells and the cell viability was quantified using an enzymatic assay. The strengths (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of CPC containing 13 or 6 meshes were 24.5 +/- 7.8 and 19.7 +/- 4.3 MPa, respectively, not significantly different from each other; both were significantly higher than 8.8 +/- 1.9 MPa of CPC without mesh (Tukey's at 0.95). The work-of-fracture of CPC with 13 or 6 meshes was 3.35 +/- 0.80 and 2.95 +/- 0.58 kJ/m(2), respectively, two orders of magnitude higher than 0.021 +/- 0.006 kJ/m(2) of CPC without mesh. Interconnected macropores were formed in CPC at 84 days' immersion. The new CPC-mesh formulation supported the adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and viability of osteoblast-like cells in vitro. In conclusion, absorbable meshes in CPC increased the implant strength by three-fold and work-of-fracture by 150 times; interconnected macropores suitable for bone ingrowth were created in CPC after mesh dissolution. The higher strength may help extend the use of CPC to larger stress-bearing repairs, and the macropores may facilitate tissue ingrowth and integration of CPC with adjacent bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hockin H K Xu
- Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Lohbauer U, Walker J, Nikolaenko S, Werner J, Clare A, Petschelt A, Greil P. Reactive fibre reinforced glass ionomer cements. Biomaterials 2003; 24:2901-7. [PMID: 12742729 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements used in restorative dentistry reinforced by chopped glass fibres were investigated. Reactive glass fibres with a composition in the system SiO(2)-Al(2)O(3)-CaF(2)-Na(3)AlF(6) and a thickness of 26 microm were drawn by a bushing process. The manufacturing parameters were optimized with respect to maximum strength of the glass fibre reinforced ionomer cements. Powder to liquid ratio, pre-treatment of the glass, grain size distribution and fibre volume fraction were varied. Glass fibre and cement were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The highest flexural strength of the reinforced cement (15.6 MPa) was found by compounding 20 vol% reactive fibres and extending the initial dry gelation period up to 30 min. Microscopic examination of the fractured cements indicated a distinct reactive layer at the fibre surface. A pronounced fibre pull out mode gives rise to an additional work-of-fracture contributed by pulling the fibres out of the fracture surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lohbauer
- Policlinic for Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 11, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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Xu HHK, Quinn JB. Calcium phosphate cement containing resorbable fibers for short-term reinforcement and macroporosity. Biomaterials 2002; 23:193-202. [PMID: 11763861 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets to form hydroxyapatite and has been used in medical and dental procedures. However, the brittleness and low strength of CPC prohibit its use in many stress-bearing locations, unsupported defects, or reconstruction of thin bones. Recent studies incorporated fibers into CPC to improve its strength. In the present study, a novel methodology was used to combine the reinforcement with macroporosity: large-diameter resorbable fibers were incorporated into CPC to provide short-term strength, then dissolved to create macropores suitable for bone ingrowth. Two types of resorbable fibers with 322 microm diameters were mixed with CPC to a fiber volume fraction of 25%. The set specimens were immersed in saline at 37 degrees C for 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56d, and were then tested in three-point flexure. SEM was used to examine crack-fiber interactions. CPC composite achieved a flexural strength 3 times, and work-of-fracture (toughness) nearly 100 times, greater than unreinforced CPC. The strength and toughness were maintained for 2-4 weeks of immersion, depending on fiber dissolution rate. Macropores or channels were observed in CPC composite after fiber dissolution. In conclusion, incorporating large-diameter resorbable fibers can achieve the needed short-term strength and fracture resistance for CPC while tissue regeneration is occurring, then create macropores suitable for vascular ingrowth when the fibers are dissolved. The reinforcement mechanisms appeared to be crack bridging and fiber pullout, the mechanical properties of the CPC matrix also affected the composite properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hockin H K Xu
- Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Health Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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