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Kumar B, Manjunathachar HV, Ghosh S. A review on Hyalomma species infestations on human and animals and progress on management strategies. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05675. [PMID: 33319114 PMCID: PMC7726666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hyalomma species of ticks have gained additional attention due to their role in the transmission of Theileria annulata infection in animals and the Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus in humans. Apart from these, many other pathogens viz., other species of Theileria, a few species of Babesia, Rickettsia and viruses are either maintained or transmitted by this tick species. The medium to large size species with longer proboscis has inflicted additional burden on the overall impact of tick infestations. Being a multi-host species, management of the species is very challenging. Presently, the traditional method of tick management using chemical acaricides is found insufficient and unsustainable. Henceforth, the overall burden of tick infestations and tick-borne diseases are increasing gradually. After the successful development of vaccines against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, the anti-Hyalomma vaccine is considered a feasible and sustainable management option. In the recent past research on herbal acaricides and its possible application for tick control seems promising. Other eco-friendly methods are still under experimental stage. The present review is focused on impact of Hyalomma species infestation on human and animal health with special emphasis on progress on its sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh 362001, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, 243122, Bareilly, India
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Kumar B, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Immune responses against rHaa86 in cross-bred cattle. J Parasit Dis 2015; 39:292-7. [PMID: 26064021 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick vaccines are important component of integrated pest management for sustainable control of tick and tick born diseases. Immune responses against rHaa86 (homologue of Bm86) recombinant Hyalomma tick antigen were determined in experimental crossbred calves. The humoral antibody responses of the calves were measured against rHaa86 in an optimized ELISA format. The expression of the interferon gamma (IFN-γ), was also evaluated in the culture supernatant of blood culture from blood samples of the experimental calves. The expression patterns were studied after stimulating the blood cells in vitro with rHaa86 antigen and subsequently optical density was measured against IFN-γ. The results were expressed as stimulation indices. All the rHaa86 immunized animal showed strong humoral antibody response just after 1st vaccination and reach to pick after 2nd booster and thereafter maintained up to days 120 from post primary immunization. The humoral antibody response was dominated by IgG1 against IgG2 throughout the period of antibody monitoring. The standard graph of bovine recombinant IFN-γ was plotted which showed a significant difference in SI and OD value up to 200 pg/ml. The lowest detectable value of IFN-γ was 20 pg/ml and SI at this level is 1.16 which is greater than maximum SI calculated from individual calf. The IFN-γ response never reached at significant level and the IgG1 response was dominated over IgG2 response throughout the period of experiment. Since IgG2 and IFN-γ are interlinked, the present study established the Th2 response as a possible mode of mechanism of conferring antibody mediated protection against challenged ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India ; Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, 362001 Gujarat India
| | - D D Ray
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
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Mondal D, Sarma K, Saravanan M. Upcoming of the integrated tick control program of ruminants with special emphasis on livestock farming system in India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ibelli A, Ribeiro A, Giglioti R, Regitano L, Alencar M, Chagas A, Paço A, Oliveira H, Duarte J, Oliveira M. Resistance of cattle of various genetic groups to the tick Rhipicephalus microplus and the relationship with coat traits. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:425-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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El Hakim AE, Shahein YE, Abdel-Shafy S, Abouelella AM, Hamed RR. Evaluation of glycoproteins purified from adult and larval camel ticks (Hyalomma dromedarii) as a candidate vaccine. J Vet Sci 2011; 12:243-9. [PMID: 21897098 PMCID: PMC3165153 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify antigens that can help prevent camel tick infestations, three major glycoproteins (GLPs) about 97, 66 and 40 kDa in size were purified from adult and larval Egyptian ticks, Hyalomma (H.) dromedarii, using a single-step purification method with Con-A sepharose. The purified GLPs were evaluated as vaccines against camel tick infestation in rabbits. The rabbits received three intramuscular inoculations of GLPs (20 µg/animal) on days 0, 14, and 28. In the immunoblot analysis, Sera from the immunized rabbits recognized the native GLPs and other proteins from larval and adult H. dromedarii ticks along with those from other tick species such as Rhipicephalus sanguineus but not Ornithodoros moubata. The effects of immunity induced by these GLPs were determined by exposing rabbits to adult H. dromedarii ticks. These results demonstrated that GLP immunization led to a slightly decreased reproductive index and significantly reduced rates of egg hatchability. These results demonstrated that immunization with the purified GLPs can provide protection against infestation by H. dromedarii and some other tick species. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of immunization with GLPs against other tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr E El Hakim
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Immunoaffinity chromatographic analysis for purification of specific diagnostic antigens of Paramphistomum epiclitum. J Parasit Dis 2011; 34:57-61. [PMID: 21526036 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-010-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide profile of somatic antigen of Paramphistomum epiclitum (PSAg) and Gastrothylax crumenifer (GSAg) was studied by SDS-PAGE. PSAg and GSAg showed 14 and 19 polypeptides in the range of 14.9-95.5 and 13.7-129.6 kDa with six common polypeptides of mol wt 16.8, 21.8, 23.7, 35.5, 43.4 and 70.8 kDa. P. epiclitum experimentally infected sheep sera were used for identification of specific immuno-dominant peptide in the range of 37-40 kDa against P. epiclitum by western blotting. Hyperimmune sera (HIS) was raised in rabbit against the identified polypeptide, IgG was separated from HIS and an immunoaffinity column was constructed with a binding percentage of 83.74 of IgG with CNBr activated Sepharose 4B. Purification of somatic antigen (PSAg) was done with immunoaffinity chromatography and 37-40 kDa protein antigen was isolated in pure form with recovery percentage of 2.97%. This purified fraction of somatic antigen can be used as a candidate antigen for development of serological assay for early diagnosis of paramphistomosis among livestock.
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Effect of various levels of dietary Jatropha curcas seed meal on rabbits infested by the adult ticks of Hyalomma marginatum marginatum I. Animal performance, anti-tick feeding and haemogram. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:347-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kumar A, Garg R, Yadav CL, Vatsya S, Kumar RR, Sugumar P, Chandran D, Mangamoorib LN, Bedarkar SN. Immune responses against recombinant tick antigen, Bm95, for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:119-24. [PMID: 19625129 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses against Bm95 recombinant cattle tick antigen and its protective efficacy for control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks were determined in experimental crossbred cow calves. Anti-Bm95 antibody titers, as assessed by indirect ELISA, in immunized calves ranged from 196.1+/-13.7 on day 0 to 7979.9+/-312.5 on day 110 post-primary immunization. The rise in antibody titer was statistically significant (p<0.01) throughout the study period. Besides this, constantly higher lymphoproliferative response (LPR), as assessed by lymphocyte stimulation test, was observed from 10 days post-immunization, but a positive LPR of antigen stimulated cells in immunized animals was recorded only on day 50 and day 70 post-immunization. Following challenge of immunized calves with larvae of R. microplus, significant increase (p<0.01) in rejection percentage, mean number of damaged ticks, mean percentage of dead ticks, and decrease in engorgement weight were recorded in immunized animals. Also, there were significant differences (p<0.01) in preoviposition period, oviposition period, egg mass weight and percent hatchability between the immunized and control calves. The percent reduction in number of adult females in vaccinated calves, reduction in mean weight of egg masses, percent reduction in mean weight and reduction in fertility of engorged females collected from vaccinated calves were determined and the efficacy of Bm95 recombinant cattle tick antigen was 81.27%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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Ghosh S, Ray D, Vanlahmuaka, Das G, Singh N, Sharma J, Azhahianambi P. Progress in development of vaccine against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum—Indian scenario. Vaccine 2008; 26 Suppl 6:G40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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AZHAHIANAMBI P, DE LA FUENTE J, SURYANARAYANA VVS, GHOSH S. Cloning, expression and immunoprotective efficacy of rHaa86, the homologue of the Bm86 tick vaccine antigen, from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Parasite Immunol 2008; 31:111-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abdel-Shaf S, . MSM, . MMAA. Evaluation of Crude and Fractionated Gut Extract Antigens for Protection Against Camel Tick Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/je.2008.91.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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El Hakim AE, Shahein YE, Abouelella AM, Selim ME. Purification and characterization of two larval glycoproteins from the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus. J Vet Sci 2007; 8:175-80. [PMID: 17519572 PMCID: PMC2872717 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to identify new target immunogenic molecules from the larval stage of the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae). Two specific larval glycoproteins (GLPs) were isolated by two-step affinity chromatography. The larval immunogens were first purified with CNBr-Sepharose coupled to rabbit anti-larval immunoglobulins, and the glycoproteins were then purified with Con-A Sepharose. These glycoproteins have molecular weights of approximately 32 and 15 kDa with isoelectric points between 6.8 and 7.2. Antibodies against the two GLPs, labeled I and II, were detected in the anti-whole tick, -whole larval, and -gut antigens through immunoblot analysis. These results suggest that these GLPs are good immunogens and can be useful in the vaccination of cattle against tick infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr E El Hakim
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Ghosh S, Azhahianambi P. Laboratory rearing of Theileria annulata-free Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2007; 43:137-46. [PMID: 17851768 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-007-9100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum is a three-host tick which transmits Theileria annulata infection in Indian cattle. Laboratory rearing of ixodid ticks is an essential requirement of any laboratory engaged with research on ticks and tick borne diseases. The Entomology laboratory of Indian Veterinary Research Institute is fully equipped with all the facilities and skilled manpower to maintain a homogenous H. a. anatolicum population throughout the year. The continuous supply of eggs, larvae and adults of H. a. anatolicum is maintained to meet out the demand of different experiments viz., preparation of tick antigens for immunization of animals, experimental challenge, isolation of genomic DNA and RNA. Maintenance of a H. a. anatolicum colony free of T. annulata infection is imperative for the experimental challenge infestation on cross-bred (Bos indicus x B. taurus) calves, in order to prevent the transmission of T. annulata infection to the experimental animals. A system has been developed in the laboratory in which the larvae of H. a. anatolicum were fed on New Zealand white rabbits and the dropped fed nymphs molted to adults are fed on cross-bred calves free of T. annulata infection. This synthetic cycle prevents the transstadial transmission of T. annulata as the rabbits are unsusceptible to T. annulata infection and only the adults were fed on cross-bred animals. Moreover, absence of transovarial transmission of T. annulata prevents the chance of carry over infection to experimental animals in the next cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP 243122, India.
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Ghosh S, Azhahianambi P, de la Fuente J. Control of ticks of ruminants, with special emphasis on livestock farming systems in India: present and future possibilities for integrated control--a review. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2006; 40:49-66. [PMID: 17004030 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-006-9022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
India is predominantly an agricultural country with about 70% of her population dependent on income from agriculture. Although India accounts for a significant share of world's livestock resources, livestock production is greatly affected by ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs). Therefore, India represents a particularly interesting scenario for the study of TTBDs. Herein, we review the problems and opportunities for the integrated control of ticks of ruminants with special emphasis on livestock farming systems in India. Developments discussed in the review in the area of tick vaccines and other tick control measures should have an impact on the future of Indian livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
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Ghosh S, Singh NK, Das G. Assessment of duration of immunity in crossbred cattle immunized with glycoproteins isolated from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus. Parasitol Res 2005; 95:319-26. [PMID: 15700177 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To develop immunoprophylactic measures against multi-tick infestation, two glycoproteins of 34 and 29 kDa were isolated from the larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus, respectively, and assessed for their efficacy against experimental challenge infestations. The synergistic effect of the antigens in the presence of incomplete Freund's adjuvant was found to confer protection (DT%) in animals against 56.48% of larvae and 52% of adults of H. a. anatolicum, while the effect was 40% against adults of B. microplus. The efficacy (E%) of the antigens in combination against larvae and adults of H. a. anatolicum was calculated as 70% and 64.3%, respectively, and 63% against adults of B. microplus. A direct correlation between anti-glycoprotein antibody response and protection against infestation was observed. Western blot analysis detected specific antigen in the sera of animals of group A. The antigens in combination with incomplete Freund's adjuvant could protect animals from H. a. anatolicum and B. microplus infestations for at least 30 weeks. The possibility of employing the vaccination strategy in Indian conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, UP, India.
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