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Ren Y, Meng X, Zhang X, He Y, Gao G, Wang P, Gu Y, Ding Y, Jiang W. Potential for selective oxidation of aniline in soil washing effluent by active chlorine and testing its practicality. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137082. [PMID: 36336015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of surfactants in the soil washing effluent (SWE) can significantly reduce the cost of the soil washing (SW) technology. This paper consists of two parts experiments. The first part constructed a selective oxidation system of active chlorine by electrochemical technology to treat SWE. Three factors, current density, NaCl concentration and TW 80 to aniline concentration ratio (T/A), were set up for a total of nine sets of experiments after orthogonal design. The results of ANOVA analysis and visual analysis showed that the NaCl concentration greatly affected the aniline removal efficiency (ARE) and the TW 80 retention efficiency (TW 80 RE), and the effects were in opposite directions. The biotoxicity of the SWE decreased as the experiment progressed, and at the end of the experiment, 30%-45% of TW 80 was still present in each set. And the oxidation group quenching experiments determined that the degradation of aniline was mainly contributed by active chlorine. Because active chlorine slowed the loss rate of TW 80, the electrochemical treatment of SWE + soil in-situ sequential batch recirculation washing method was designed, and 50% of aniline in the soil was washed out after 125h. At the end of the experiment, the less biotoxic SWE was collected where no aniline and TW 80 were present, and only small organic acids were present after the GC-MS test. The method has a great potential to be applied as it shows good results in the treatment of soil pollution incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiangxin Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yuhai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Guangfei Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Pengqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yawei Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
| | - Yue Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Wenqiang Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
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2
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Biswas B, Goel S. Electrocoagulation and electrooxidation technologies for pesticide removal from water or wastewater: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134709. [PMID: 35489460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are known to be threats to the environment and human health. Excessive use of pesticides in agricultural practice can contaminate water bodies, leading to cancer, asthma, neurological disorders, reproductive defects, and hormonal disruption. Electrochemical methods such as electrocoagulation and electrooxidation can be used for pesticide removal due to their numerous advantages such as high efficiency, less sludge production, and low operational cost. During electrocoagulation, dissolution of anode metals results in metal hydroxide complexes, which precipitate with the contaminant present in the reactor. Simultaneously, electro-flotation occurs at the cathode and results in the evolution of hydrogen gas bubbles, leading to flotation of floc to the top surface of the reactor. This review focuses on the removal mechanisms, kinetics, modeling, effects of influencing factors, and sludge characterization of pesticide removal using electrocoagulation and electrooxidation. Major influencing factors include cell configuration, electrode material, current density, pH, supporting electrolyte concentration. In general, aluminum and iron are the most common electrodes used for pesticide removal using electrocoagulation, while boron-doped diamond was used to a far greater extent as the electrode in electrooxidation studies. Greater than 99% removal efficiency was observed in both processes. Overall, this review summarizes the use of electrochemical methods for pesticide removal and offers valuable information to researchers in this area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwatma Biswas
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudha Goel
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Hu J, Chen S, Liang X. Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation for the Degradation of Aniline in Aqueous Solution by Persulfate Activated with CuFe
2
O
4
/Activated Carbon Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Mei Long Road 130 Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Mei Long Road 130 Shanghai 200237 PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Mei Long Road 130 Shanghai 200237 PR China
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4
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Zhu X, Hu W, Feng C, Chen N, Chen H, Kuang P, Deng Y, Ma L. Electrochemical oxidation of aniline using Ti/RuO 2-SnO 2 and Ti/RuO 2-IrO 2 as anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128734. [PMID: 33143899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic properties of anode and the electrolyte composition are important parameters influence the degradation efficiency for aniline wastewater. Ti/RuO2-SnO2 and Ti/RuO2-IrO2 have been fabricated using thermal decomposition method and experiments in electrolyte containing 0.05 M Na2SO4, 0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M Na2SO4+0.005 M FeSO4 at different current density were conducted to study the influence on aniline degradation. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) showed that Ti/RuO2-SnO2 had higher oxygen evolution potential and degrade aniline through electrochemical transformation and electrochemical combustion while Ti/RuO2-IrO2 degrade aniline mainly through electrochemical transformation. The study showed that Ti/RuO2-SnO2 had higher electrocatalytic activity towards the degradation of aniline than Ti/RuO2-IrO2 anode in 0.05 M Na2SO4 and in 0.05 M NaCl electrolyte. The maximum TOC removal efficiency for Ti/RuO2-SnO2 was 64.2% at 40 mA cm-2 in Na2SO4 electrolyte while the average MCE was 1.6% and the average ECTOC was 1.51 kWh (g TOC)-1. On the contrary, the maximum TOC removal efficiency for Ti/RuO2-IrO2 was 63.1% at 40 mA cm-2 in NaCl electrolyte while the average MCE was 1.6% and the average ECTOC was 1.95 kWh (g TOC)-1. The presence of Fe2+ in Na2SO4 electrolyte would decrease the TOC removal efficiency except at low current density (20 mA cm-2) for Ti/RuO2-SnO2. These results indicated that Ti/RuO2-SnO2 and Ti/RuO2-IrO2 anode were suitable in Na2SO4 and NaCl electrolyte, respectively, while the presence of Fe2+ would inhibit aniline degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiwu Hu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; The Journal Center, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Peijing Kuang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No.29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
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5
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Ahmadi MF, da Silva ÁRL, Martínez-Huitle CA, Bensalah N. Understanding the electro-catalytic effect of benzene ring substitution on the electrochemical oxidation of aniline and its derivatives using BDD anode: Cyclic voltammetry, bulk electrolysis and theoretical calculations. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Impact of Active Chlorines and •OH Radicals on Degradation of Quinoline Using the Bipolar Electro-Fenton Process. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline is a typical nitrogenous heterocyclic compound, which is carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic to organisms, and its wastewater is difficult to biodegrade directly. The bipolar electro-Fenton process was employed to treat quinoline solution. The process/reaction conditions were optimized through the single factor experiment. The degradation kinetics of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was analyzed. To get the degradation mechanism and pathways of quinoline, the intermediate products were identified by gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). By using sodium chloride as supporting electrolyte in the electro-Fenton reaction system with initial pH 3.0, conductivity 15,800 µs/cm, H2O2 concentration 71 mmol/L, current density 30.5 mA/cm2, and applied voltage 26.5 V, 75.56% of COD was decreased by indirect oxidation with electrogeneration of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and active chloric species in 20 min. The COD decrease of quinoline solution followed the first order reaction kinetic model. The main products of quinoline degradation were 2(1H)-quinolinone, 4-chloro-2(1H)-quinolinone, 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, and 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline. Furthermore, two possible degradation pathways of quinoline were proposed, supported with Natural charge distribution on quinoline and intermediates calculated at the theoretical level of MN15L/6-311G(d).
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7
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Liu Y, Gao G, Vecitis CD. Prospects of an Electroactive Carbon Nanotube Membrane toward Environmental Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2892-2902. [PMID: 33170634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid population growth and industrialization have driven the emergence of advanced electrochemical and membrane technologies for environmental and energy applications. Electrochemical processes have potential for chemical transformations, chloralkali disinfection, and energy storage. Membrane separations have potential for gas, fluid, and chemical purification. Electrochemical and membrane technologies are often used additively in the same unit process, e.g., the chloroalkali process where a membrane is used to separate cathodic and anodic products from scavenging each other. However, to access the maximal potential requires intimate hybridization of the two technologies into an electroactive membrane. The combination of the two discrete technologies results in a range of synergisms such as reduced footprint, increased processing kinetics, reduced fouling, and increased energy efficiency.Due to their high specific surface area, excellent electric conductivity, and desirable robustness, 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold promise for many applications over a range of industry sectors such as a base material for electrodes and membranes. Importantly, CNT morphology and surface chemistry can be rationally modified and fine-tuning of these CNT physicochemical properties can enhance their functionality toward practical applications. The CNT 1D form allows assembly of a stable thin-film fibrous network by a variety of facile techniques. These CNT networks have pore sizes in the range of 10-500 nm (dpore ∼ 6-8dCNT) and thicknesses of 10-200 μm, both similar to those of classical polymer membranes, thus allowing for straightforward incorporation into commercial membrane devices modified for electroactivity inclusion.In this Account, CNTs and their composites are used as model electroactive porous materials to exemplify the design strategies and environmental applications of emerging electroactive membrane technology. The Account begins with a brief summary of the electroactive membrane design principles and flow processes developed by our groups. After the methodology section, a detailed discussion is provided on the underlying physical-chemical mechanisms that govern the electroactive membrane technology. Then we summarize our findings on the rational design of several flow-through electrochemical CNT filtration systems focused on either anodic oxidation reactions or cathodic reduction reactions. Subsequently, we discuss a recently discovered electrochemical valence-state-regulation strategy that is capable to detoxify and sequester heavy metal ions. Finally, we conclude the Account with our perspectives toward future development of the electroactive membrane technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Liu
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Guandao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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8
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Castro SV, Silva CV, Stefano JS, Richter EM, Munoz RA. Voltammetric determination of traces of 4-chloroaniline in antiseptic samples on a cathodically-treated boron-doped diamond electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Shang H, Xia Y, Zhou Y, Liu G, Hu X. Removal of aniline from wastewater by electro-polymerization with superior energy efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109931. [PMID: 32781323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Removal of toxic aniline from wastewater is of great importance in industrial manufacture. Traditional electrochemical methods encounter obstacles such as high energy consumption in mineralization and severe electrode passivation in electro-polymerization. In this paper, we report a practical electro-polymerization method by using Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 anode to treat high concentration aniline wastewater. The cyclic voltammetric experiment was conducted and the problem of electrode passivation was solved by increasing the electrode potential. In the experiments of treating aniline wastewater, the produced solid polymer can separate from water rather than sticking to electrode surface. Elemental analysis shows that oxygen is incorporated in the polymer. Experiments were conducted under different conditions, including current density, pH and initial concentration of aniline and Na2SO4. The electro-polymerization route accounts for nearly 50% contribution in the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Our electro-polymerization method gives an apparent current efficiency (ACE) of 232.15% and an energy consumption (Ep) of 0.008658 kWh g-1COD-1 when half of COD is removed at a current density of 15 mA cm-2, pH of 7.0, initial aniline concentration of 1.2 g L-1 and Na2SO4 concentration of 4 g L.-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shang
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yan Xia
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yuanquan Zhou
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China.
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China.
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10
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Chen WS, Shih YC. Mineralization of aniline in aqueous solution by sono-activated peroxydisulfate enhanced with PbO semiconductor. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124686. [PMID: 31494321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation of aniline in aqueous solution was performed by the sono-activated peroxydisulfate coupled with PbO process, wherein a dramatic synergistic effect was found. Experiments were carried out in the batch-wise mode to investigate the influence of various operation parameters on the sonocatalytic behavior, such as ultrasonic power intensity, peroxydisulfate anion concentrations and PbO dosages. According to the scavenging effect of ethanol, methanol and tert-butyl alcohol, the principal oxidizing agents were presumed to be sulfate radicals descended from peroxydisulfate anions, activated via ultrasound or sonocatalysis of PbO. Based on the results attained from gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, it was hypothesized that aniline was initially oxidized into iminobenzene radicals, followed with formation of nitrosobenzene, p-benzoquinonimine and nitrobenzene respectively. Condensation of nitrosobenzene with aniline generated azobenzene. Phenol was detected as one of degradation intermediates, which was sequentially converted into hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 640, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Cheng Shih
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 640, Taiwan
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11
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Adsorptive square wave voltammetric determination of amitraz in Argentine honeys with a microwave-assisted sample treatment. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Espinoza LC, Aranda M, Contreras D, Henríquez A, Salazar R. Effect of the sp
3
/sp
2
Ratio in Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes on the Degradation Pathway of Aniline by Anodic Oxidation. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Carolina Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica del Medio Ambiente. Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología.Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Casilla 40 Santiago Chile
| | - Mario Aranda
- Laboratorio de Estudios Avanzados en Fármacos y Alimentos, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad de Concepción, UdeC Av. Víctor Lamas 1290 Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile
| | - David Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción, UdeC Av. Víctor Lamas 1290 Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile
| | - Adolfo Henríquez
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción, UdeC Av. Víctor Lamas 1290 Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile
| | - Ricardo Salazar
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica del Medio Ambiente. Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología.Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Casilla 40 Santiago Chile
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13
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Duan X, Chen Y, Liu X, Chang L. Synthesis and characterization of nanometal-ordered mesoporous carbon composites as heterogeneous catalysts for electrooxidation of aniline. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Ejigu A, Kinloch IA, Dryfe RAW. Single Stage Simultaneous Electrochemical Exfoliation and Functionalization of Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:710-721. [PMID: 27936538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Development of applications for graphene are currently hampered by its poor dispersion in common, low boiling point solvents. Covalent functionalization is considered as one method for addressing this challenge. To date, approaches have tended to focus upon producing the graphene and functionalizing subsequently. Herein, we describe simultaneous electrochemical exfoliation and functionalization of graphite using diazonium salts at a single applied potential for the first time. Such an approach is advantageous, compared to postfunctionalization of premade graphene, as both functionalization and exfoliation occur at the same time, meaning that monolayer or few-layer graphene can be functionalized and stabilized in situ before they aggregate. Furthermore, the N2 generated during in situ diazonium reduction is found to aid the separation of functionalized graphene sheets. The degree of graphene functionalization was controlled by varying the concentration of the diazonium species in the exfoliation solution. The formation of functionalized graphene was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The functionalized graphene was soluble in aqueous systems, and its solubility was 2 orders of magnitude higher than the nonfunctionalized electrochemically exfoliated graphene sheets. Moreover, the functionalization enhanced the charge storage capacity when used as an electrode in supercapacitor devices with the specific capacitance being highly dependent on the degree of graphene functionalization. This simple method of in situ simultaneous exfoliation and functionaliztion may aid the processing of graphene for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andinet Ejigu
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Materials, and §National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Ian A Kinloch
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Materials, and §National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Robert A W Dryfe
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Materials, and §National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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15
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Benito A, Penadés A, Lliberia JL, Gonzalez-Olmos R. Degradation pathways of aniline in aqueous solutions during electro-oxidation with BDD electrodes and UV/H 2O 2 treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:230-237. [PMID: 27697712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it has been studied the mineralization of aniline, a toxic substance of low biodegradability typically found in many industrial wastewaters, through electro-oxidation using boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes and photo-oxidation (UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 treatments). It was observed that in electro-oxidation and UV/H2O2, it was feasible to reach aniline mineralizations higher than 85%. Two different degradation routes have been observed during the aniline oxidation in these two treatments. The first route was the mineralization pathway, in which aniline was oxidized to CO2, water and nitrate. The second route was the polyaniline pathway in which polyanilines of high molecular weight are formed. The intermediate compounds involved in both degradation routes are different depending on the treatment used. In the electro-oxidation, denitrification processes were also observed. From an economical point of view, electro-oxidation of aniline using BDD electrodes is more interesting than UV/H2O2 due it has an 87% lower operational cost. So, electro-oxidation using BDD electrodes seems to be a more suitable technique for the mineralization of wastewater containing aniline than UV or H2O2 based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Benito
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Penadés
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lluis Lliberia
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Li X, Xu H, Yan W. Electrochemical oxidation of aniline by a novel Ti/TiOxHy/Sb-SnO2 electrode. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(16)62555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Jardak K, Dirany A, Drogui P, El Khakani MA. Electrochemical degradation of ethylene glycol in antifreeze liquids using boron doped diamond anode. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Li X, Xu H, Yan W, Shao D. Electrocatalytic degradation of aniline by Ti/Sb–SnO2, Ti/Sb–SnO2/Pb3O4 and Ti/Sb–SnO2/PbO2 anodes in different electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Espinoza JDG, Drogui P, Zolfaghari M, Dirany A, Ledesma MTO, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P, Buelna G. Performance of electrochemical oxidation process for removal of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12164-12173. [PMID: 26971515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most detected and concentrated plasticizer in environment and wastewaters, worldwide. In this study, different operating parameters such as current intensity, treatment time, type of anodes, and supporting electrolytes were tested to optimized the electro-oxidation process (EOP) for the removal of DEHP in the presence of methanol as a dissolved organic matter. Among the anodes, the Nb/BDD showed the best degradation rate of DEHP, at low current intensity of 0.2 A after 90 min of treatment time with a percentage of degradation recorded of 81 %, compared to 70 % obtained with the Ti/IrO2-RuO2. Furthermore, due to the combination of direct and indirect oxidation, the removal of DEHP in the presence of 1 g/L Na2SO4 was higher than NaBr, even though the oxidant production of NaBr was 11.7 mmol/L against 3.5 mmol/L recorded in the presence of sulfate at 0.5 A and after 60 min of electrolysis time. Under optimal condition (current intensity = 0.5 A, time = 120 min, using Nb/BDD anode and Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte), the removal of 87.2 % of DEHP was achieved. The total cost of 0.106 US$/m(3) of treated water was achieved based on economical optimization of reactor with current intensity of 0.2 A and 1 g/L Na2SO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Daniel García Espinoza
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, México City, D.F., México
| | - Patrick Drogui
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Mehdi Zolfaghari
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Ahmad Dirany
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Maria Teresa Orta Ledesma
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, México City, D.F., México
| | - Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Dirección de Recursos Naturales, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
| | - Gerardo Buelna
- Industrial research center of Quebec, 333 rue Franquet, Québec, QC, G1P 4C7, Canada
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Chen WS, Huang CP. Mineralization of aniline in aqueous solution by electrochemical activation of persulfate. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 125:175-181. [PMID: 25576128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation of aniline in aqueous solution was carried out by coupling electrolysis with persulfate oxidation, in which a synergistic effect occurred. Experiments were performed under a batch-wise mode to evaluate the influence of various operation parameters on the electrolytic behavior, such as acidity of aqueous solution, temperature, electrode potential, persulfate anion concentration and nitrogen/oxygen gas dosage. The aniline pollutants could be almost entirely mineralized by means of electro-activated persulfate oxidation, wherein sulfate radicals were presumed to be principal oxidizing agents. Besides, electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide originated from cathodic reduction of oxygen, supplied chiefly by anodic oxidation of water, would contribute partially for decomposition of aniline. On the whole, the electro-activated persulfate process is a very promising method for treatment of aniline in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Pin Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
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Peckova-Schwarzova K, Zima J, Barek J. Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS BY ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1301-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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da Silva JV, Pimentel DM, Souto DEP, de Cássia Silva Luz R, Damos FS. Application of horseradish peroxidase/polyaniline/bis(2-aminoethyl) polyethylene glycol-functionalized carbon nanotube composite as a platform for hydrogen peroxide detection with high sensitivity at low potential. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Zavázalová J, Dejmková H, Barek J, Pecková K. Voltammetric and Amperometric Determination of Mixtures of Aminobiphenyls and Aminonaphthalenes Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Maixnerová L, Barek J, Pecková K. Thin-Layer and Wall-Jet Arrangement of Amperometric Detector with Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode: Comparison of Amperometric Determination of Aminobiphenyls in HPLC-ED. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Migliorini FL, Braga NA, Alves SA, Lanza MRV, Baldan MR, Ferreira NG. Anodic oxidation of wastewater containing the Reactive Orange 16 Dye using heavily boron-doped diamond electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:1683-1689. [PMID: 21803493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) films grown on the titanium substrate were used to study the electrochemical degradation of Reactive Orange (RO) 16 Dye. The films were produced by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique using two different boron concentrations. The growth parameters were controlled to obtain heavily doped diamond films. They were named as E1 and E2 electrodes, with acceptor concentrations of 4.0 and 8.0 × 10(21)atoms cm(-3), respectively. The boron levels were evaluated from Mott-Schottky plots also corroborated by Raman's spectra, which characterized the film quality as well as its physical property. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed well-defined microcrystalline grain morphologies with crystal orientation mixtures of (111) and (100). The electrode efficiencies were studied from the advanced oxidation process (AOP) to degrade electrochemically the Reactive Orange 16 azo-dye (RO16). The results were analyzed by UV/VIS spectroscopy, total organic carbon (TOC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. From UV/VIS spectra the highest doped electrode (E2) showed the best efficiency for both, the aromaticity reduction and the azo group fracture. These tendencies were confirmed by the TOC and chromatographic measurements. Besides, the results showed a direct relationship among the BDD morphology, physical property, and its performance during the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Migliorini
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE, 12245-970 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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26
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Pacheco MJ, Santos V, Ciríaco L, Lopes A. Electrochemical degradation of aromatic amines on BDD electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1033-1041. [PMID: 21168968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of four aromatic amines, with different substituent groups, 3-amino-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (A1), 5-amino-2-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid (A2), 2,4-dihydroxyaniline hydrochloride (A3) and benzene-1,4-diamine (A4), was performed using as anode a boron-doped diamond electrode, commercially available at Adamant Technologies. Tests were run at room temperature with model solutions of the different amines, with concentrations of 200 ppm, using as electrolyte 0.035 M Na(2)SO(4) aqueous solutions, in a batch cell with recirculation, at different current densities (200 and 300 A m(-2)). The following analyses were performed with the samples collected during the assays: UV-Vis spectrophotometry, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrates and HPLC. Results have shown a good electrodegradation of all the amines tested, with COD removals, after 6 h assays, higher than 90% and TOC removals between 60 and 80%. Combustion efficiency (η(C)), which measures the tendency to convert organic carbon to CO(2), was also determined for all the amines, being η(CA1)<η(CA2)<η(CA3)<η(CA4)=0.99.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pacheco
- UMTP and Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Electrocatalytic reduction of bromate ion using a polyaniline-modified electrode: An efficient and green technology for the removal of BrO3− in aqueous solutions. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Santos V, Diogo J, Pacheco MJA, Ciríaco L, Morão A, Lopes A. Electrochemical degradation of sulfonated amines on SI/BDD electrodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:637-645. [PMID: 20207390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of aniline (AN) and ortanilic (OA), metanilic (MA) and sulfanilic (SA) acids was performed using as anode a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. Tests were performed with model solutions of the different amines, with concentrations of 200mg L(-1), using as electrolyte 0.035 M Na2SO4, in a batch cell, with re-circulation, at different current densities (200 and 300 A m(-2)). Samples were collected at pre-selected intervals and absorbance measurements, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrates and Nitrites and HPLC analysis were performed. Results have shown a good elimination of the persistent pollutant, with COD and TOC removals always higher than, respectively: AN--91% and 90%; OA--75% and 82%; MA--88% and 87%; and SA--85% and 79%. The combustion efficiencies, calculated for the first hour of the runs, for the 300 A m(-2) assays, were the following: AN--0.93; OA--0.28; MA--0.82; and SA--0.83. For all the amines studied, after 6h degradation only oxalic and maleic acids were identified by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Santos
- Department of Chemistry, UMTP, University of Beira Interior, 6201001 Covilhã, Portugal
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29
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Panizza M, Cerisola G. Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants. Chem Rev 2010; 109:6541-69. [PMID: 19658401 DOI: 10.1021/cr9001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1130] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Panizza
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Genoa, P.le J. F. Kennedy 1, 16129 Genoa, Italy.
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30
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Pecková K, Musilová J, Barek J. Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrodes—New Tool for Voltammetric Determination of Organic Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903011812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Pecková K, Jandová K, Maixnerová L, Swain G, Barek J. Amperometric Determination of Aminobiphenyls Using HPLC-ED with Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Scialdone O, Randazzo S, Galia A, Filardo G. Electrochemical oxidation of organics at metal oxide electrodes: The incineration of oxalic acid at IrO2–Ta2O5 (DSA-O2) anode. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Simultaneous Anodic and Cathodic Production of Sodium Percarbonate in Aqueous Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3005555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Polymerisation occurrence in the anodic oxidation of phosphite on a boron-doped diamond electrode. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Ozcan A, Sahin Y, Koparal AS, Oturan MA. Propham mineralization in aqueous medium by anodic oxidation using boron-doped diamond anode: influence of experimental parameters on degradation kinetics and mineralization efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:2889-2898. [PMID: 18377944 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aims the removal of a carbamate herbicide, propham, from aqueous solution by direct electrochemical advanced oxidation process using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. This electrode produces large quantities of hydroxyl radicals from oxidation of water, which leads to the oxidative degradation of propham up to its total mineralization. Effect of operational parameters such as current, temperature, pH and supporting electrolyte on the degradation and mineralization rate was studied. The applied current and temperature exert a prominent effect on the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate of the solutions. The mineralization of propham can be performed at any pH value between 3 and 11 without any loss in oxidation efficiency. The propham decay and its overall mineralization reaction follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The apparent rate constant value of propham oxidation was determined as 4.8 x 10(-4)s(-1) at 100 mA and 35 degrees C in the presence of 50mM Na(2)SO(4) in acidic media (pH: 3). A general mineralization sequence was proposed considering the identified oxidation intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ozcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
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36
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37
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Electrochemical incineration of oxalic acid at boron doped diamond anodes: Role of operative parameters. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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BAREK J, JANDOVA K, PECKOVA K, ZIMA J. Voltammetric determination of aminobiphenyls at a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond film electrode. Talanta 2007; 74:421-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Barek J, Fischer J, Navrátil T, Pecková K, Yosypchuk B, Zima J. Nontraditional Electrode Materials in Environmental Analysis of Biologically Active Organic Compounds. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Zhu X, Shi S, Wei J, Lv F, Zhao H, Kong J, He Q, Ni J. Electrochemical oxidation characteristics of p-substituted phenols using a boron-doped diamond electrode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:6541-6546. [PMID: 17948806 DOI: 10.1021/es070955i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of some p-substituted phenols (p-nitrophenol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phenol, p-cresol, and p-methoxyphenol) with electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents was studied to reveal the relationship between the structure and the electrochemical reactivity of p-substituted phenols using a boron-doped diamond electrode by voltammetry and bulk electrolysis. Voltammetric study shows that the oxidation peak potentials of p-substituted phenols become more positive with an increase of Hammett's constants, that is, the direct electrochemical oxidation of p-substituted phenol with an electron-withdrawing group is more difficult than that of p-substituted phenol with an electron-donating group. However,the p-substituted phenols with electron-withdrawing groups are degraded faster than those with electron-donating groups in bulk electrolysis, which is opposite to the result obtained on the Pt electrode. These results indicate that the p-substituted phenols are mainly degraded by indirect electrochemical oxidation with hydroxyl radicals on a boron-doped diamond electrode. Under the attack of hydroxyl radicals, the release of p-substituted groups from the aromatic ring is the rate-limiting step. Since electron-withdrawing groups are easy to be released, the p-substituted phenols with these groups are degraded faster than those with electron-donating groups. Therefore, the degradation rates of the p-substituted phenols rise with an increase of Hammett's constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
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41
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Amperometric determination of chemical oxygen demand using boron-doped diamond (BDD) sensor. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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42
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Cañizares P, Louhichi B, Gadri A, Nasr B, Paz R, Rodrigo MA, Saez C. Electrochemical treatment of the pollutants generated in an ink-manufacturing process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 146:552-7. [PMID: 17532123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effluents of ink-manufacturing processes contain a large variety of pollutants such as dyes, surfactants, biocides, water soluble solvents, etc. In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of several dyes (methylene blue and rhodamine B), solvents (monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and glycerol) and surfactants (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) has been studied. To carry out the electrolyses, a bench-scale plant with a single-compartment electrochemical flow-cell was used. Boron doped diamond (BDD) was used as anode and stainless steel (AISI 304) as cathode. For all the compounds tested, the conductive diamond electrooxidation allows achieving the almost complete removal of COD of the waste with a very high current efficiency. The efficiencies of the electrochemical processes seem to depend on the current density and on the nature of the anions contained in the waste (chlorine, sulphate, phosphate). Thus, it has been observed that the use of chloride media favours the treatment of dyes. On the contrary, the use of sulphate- or phosphate-containing solutions improves the removal of the aliphatic compounds studied (solvents). These results suggest an important role of the mediated electrochemical processes on the overall performance of the reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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43
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Sirés I, Cabot PL, Centellas F, Garrido JA, Rodríguez RM, Arias C, Brillas E. Electrochemical degradation of clofibric acid in water by anodic oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Boye B, Brillas E, Marselli B, Michaud PA, Comninellis C, Farnia G, Sandonà G. Electrochemical incineration of chloromethylphenoxy herbicides in acid medium by anodic oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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