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Ntsimango S, Gandidzanwa S, Joseph SV, Hosten EC, Randall M, Edkins AL, Khene SM, Mashazi P, Nyokong T, Abrahams A, Tshentu ZR. Reaction of Perrhenate with Phthalocyanine Derivatives in the Presence of Reducing Agents and Rhenium Oxide Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200037. [PMID: 35856692 PMCID: PMC9297772 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel alternative route to access rhenium(V)−phthalocyanine complexes through direct metalation of metal‐free phthalocyanines (H2Pcs) with a rhenium(VII) salt in the presence of various two‐electron reducing agents is presented. Direct ion metalation of tetraamino‐ or tetranitrophthalocyanine with perrhenate (ReO4−) in the presence of triphenylphosphine led to oxidative decomposition of the H2Pcs, giving their respective phthalonitriles. Conversely, treatment of H2Pcs with ReO4− employing sodium metabisulfite yielded the desired ReVO−Pc complex. Finally, reaction of H2Pcs with ReO4− and NaBH4 as reducing agent led to the formation of rhenium oxide (RexOy) nanoparticles (NPs). The NP synthesis was optimised, and the RexOy NPs were capped with folic acid (FA) conjugated with tetraaminophthalocyanine (TAPc) to enhance their cancer cell targeting ability. The cytotoxicity profile of the resultant RexOy−TAPc−FA NPs was assessed and found to be greater than 80 % viability in four cell lines, namely, MDA−MB‐231, HCC7, HCC1806 and HEK293T. Non‐cytotoxic concentrations were determined and employed in cancer cell localization studies. The particle size effect on localization of NPs was also investigated using confocal fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. The smaller NPs (≈10 nm) were found to exhibit stronger fluorescence properties than the ≈50 nm NPs and exhibited better cell localization ability than the ≈50 nm NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songeziwe Ntsimango
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa.,Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Institute School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | | | - Sinelizwi V Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
| | - Eric C Hosten
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
| | - Marvin Randall
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Biomedical biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Samson M Khene
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Philani Mashazi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa.,Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Abubak'r Abrahams
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
| | - Zenixole R Tshentu
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, 6001, South Africa
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Soleimani Zohr Shiri M, Henderson W, Mucalo MR. A Review of The Lesser-Studied Microemulsion-Based Synthesis Methodologies Used for Preparing Nanoparticle Systems of The Noble Metals, Os, Re, Ir and Rh. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1896. [PMID: 31212850 PMCID: PMC6631116 DOI: 10.3390/ma12121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in the lesser-studied microemulsion synthesis methodologies of the following noble metal colloid systems (i.e., Os, Re, Ir, and Rh) using either a normal or reverse micelle templating system. The aim is to demonstrate the utility and potential of using this microemulsion-based approach to synthesize these noble metal nanoparticle systems. Firstly, some fundamentals and important factors of the microemulsion synthesis methodology are introduced. Afterward, a review of the investigations on the microemulsion syntheses of Os, Re, Ir, and Rh nanoparticle (NP) systems (in all forms, viz., metallic, oxide, mixed-metal, and discrete molecular complexes) is presented for work published in the last ten years. The chosen noble metals are traditionally very reactive in nanosized dimensions and have a strong tendency to aggregate when prepared via other methods. Also, the particle size and particle size distribution of these colloids can have a significant impact on their catalytic performance. It is shown that the microemulsion approach has the capability to better stabilize these metal colloids and can control the size of the synthesized NPs. This generally leads to smaller particles and higher catalytic activity when they are tested in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Henderson
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Michael R Mucalo
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Veerakumar P, Thanasekaran P, Lin KC, Liu SB. Well-dispersed rhenium nanoparticles on three-dimensional carbon nanostructures: Efficient catalysts for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 506:271-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iqbal S, Shozi ML, Morgan DJ. X-ray induced reduction of rhenium salts and supported oxide catalysts. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Iqbal
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - M. L. Shozi
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - D. J. Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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Bedia J, Calvo L, Lemus J, Quintanilla A, Casas J, Mohedano A, Zazo J, Rodriguez J, Gilarranz M. Colloidal and microemulsion synthesis of rhenium nanoparticles in aqueous medium. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vargas-Uscategui A, Mosquera E, López-Encarnación JM, Chornik B, Katiyar RS, Cifuentes L. Characterization of rhenium compounds obtained by electrochemical synthesis after aging process. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ayvalı T, Lecante P, Fazzini PF, Gillet A, Philippot K, Chaudret B. Facile synthesis of ultra-small rhenium nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10809-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04816d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A Reusable Unsupported Rhenium Nanocrystalline Catalyst for Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Alcohols through γ-C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:833-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yi J, Miller JT, Zemlyanov DY, Zhang R, Dietrich PJ, Ribeiro FH, Suslov S, Abu-Omar MM. A Reusable Unsupported Rhenium Nanocrystalline Catalyst for Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Alcohols through γ-C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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