1
|
Olofintila OE, Lawrence KS, Noel ZA. Characterizing the Diversity of Oomycetes Associated with Diseased Cotton Seedlings in Alabama. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1363-1373. [PMID: 38105453 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1159-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Many oomycete species are associated with the seedlings of crops, including upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which leads to annual threats. The diversity of oomycete species in Alabama needs to be better understood since the last survey of oomycetes associated with cotton in Alabama was 20 years ago-before significant updates to taxonomy and improvements in identification of oomycetes using molecular tools. Our current study aimed to identify oomycetes associated with Alabama cotton seedlings, correlate diversity with soil edaphic factors, and assess virulence toward cotton seed. Thirty symptomatic cotton seedlings were collected independently from 25 fields in 2021 and 2022 2 to 4 weeks after planting. Oomycetes were isolated by plating root sections onto a semiselective medium. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced to identify the resulting isolates. A seed virulence assay was conducted in vitro to verify pathogenicity, and 347 oomycete isolates were obtained representing 36 species. Northern Alabama soils had the richest oomycete communities and a greater silt and clay concentration than sandier soils in the central and southern coastal plains. Globisporangium irregulare and Phytophthora nicotianae were consistently recovered from cotton roots in both years. Globisporangium irregulare was pathogenic and recovered from all Alabama regions, whereas P. nicotianae was pathogenic but recovered primarily in areas with lower sand content in northern Alabama. Many oomycete species have not been previously reported in Alabama or the southeastern United States. Altogether, this knowledge will help facilitate effective management strategies for cotton seedling diseases caused by oomycetes in Alabama and the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Zachary A Noel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verma P, Hiremani NS, Gawande SP, Sain SK, Nagrale DT, Narkhedkar NG, Prasad Y. Modulation of plant growth and antioxidative defense system through endophyte biopriming in cotton (Gossypium spp.) and non-host crops. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09487. [PMID: 35663737 PMCID: PMC9157003 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed biopriming is very promising in improving seed health by mitigating various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of biopriming with cotton endophytes on seed germination and other growth parameters in host and non-host crops like wheat, sorghum, cowpea and chick pea was examined. The endophytes were antagonistic to cotton pathogens Corynespora cassiicola and Fusarium solani under in vitro. Among the eight endophytes, CFR-1 and CEL-48 were highly efficient with inhibition rates of 66.16% and 64.24% respectively against C. cassiicola, whereas CFL-34 was efficient against F. solani with more than 50% inhibition. Seed biopriming enhanced seed germination in cotton and non-host crops whereas seed vigor index was highest in bio-primed cotton. Moreover, growth promotion parameters were also enhanced upon endophyte biopriming. Total sugar content ranged from 5.46 to 7.54 mg/g F.W in cotton and highest was found in CFL-34 treated wheat (8.64 mg/g FW). There was an increase of 10–30% soluble protein in bioprimed cotton over control. Interestingly, the antioxidant potential in all the bio-primed crops was improved with increased catalase and peroxidase activity. Specific activity of catalase ranged from 0.42 to 1.90 μmol/min/mg protein in cotton, while highest activity was reported in CEL-48 primed wheat. The findings of this investigation emphasizes seed biopriming with endophytes for sustainable plant health management. Fungal endophytes of cotton were antagonistic to Corynespora cassiicola and Fusarium solani inhibiting up to 66% of growth. Seed biopriming of two cotton cultivars Suraj and Phule Dhanwantary with endophytes enhanced seed germination and seed vigor. Endophytes also benefited non-host crops like wheat, sorghum, chick pea and cow pea wherein seed germination was enhanced Endophyte biopriming had positive effect on plant growth promotion and antioxidative defense system in all the treated crops. Increase in total soluble protein, total sugar, catalase and peroxidase activity was visible in endophyte treated plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Verma
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neelakanth S. Hiremani
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shailesh P. Gawande
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish K. Sain
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana, India
| | - Dipak T. Nagrale
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Y.G. Prasad
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dawoud TM, Yassin MA, El-Samawaty ARM, Elgorban AM. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by Nigrospora oryzae showed antifungal activity. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1847-1852. [PMID: 33732071 PMCID: PMC7938126 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, an alternate green-route based on myco-synthesised silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was evaluated to control plant disease to reduce the usage of synthetic chemicals. Here, we described biologically synthesised Ag NPs using the corn grain contaminant, Nigrospora oryzae, and were well-characterised by UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and particle size analyzer. The pathogenic behaviour of the Fusarium spp. were checked on Giza 86 and Giza 90 cultivars under greenhouse conditions. F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum exhibited high pathogenecity against Giza 90 and Giza 86 cultivars respectively. The antifungal activity of biosynthesised Ag NPs was evaluated against eight species of Fusaria causing damping-off of cotton seedlings. In vitro treatments with different concentrations of Ag NPs were achieved on Czapek Dox agar and Potato dextrose agar plates. Fungal growth was drastically retarded from 25 to 200 ppm of Ag NPs interaction. The antifungal activity of Ag NPs against the Fusarium spp. was clearly proven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turki M. Dawoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Yassin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdel Rahim M. El-Samawaty
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sword GA, Tessnow A, Ek-Ramos MJ. Endophytic fungi alter sucking bug responses to cotton reproductive structures. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:1003-1014. [PMID: 28328087 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
All plants including cotton host a wide range of microorganisms as endophytes. There is a growing appreciation of the prevalence, ecological significance and management potential of facultative fungal endophytes in protecting plants from pests, pathogens and environmental stressors. Hemipteran sucking bugs have emerged as major pests across the U.S. cotton belt, reducing yields directly by feeding on developing reproductive structures and indirectly by vectoring plant pathogens. We used no-choice and simultaneous choice assays to examine the host selection behavior of western tarnished plant bugs (Lygus hesperus) and southern green stink bugs (Nezara viridula) in response to developing flower buds and fruits from cotton plants colonized by 1 of 2 candidate beneficial fungal endophytes, Phialemonium inflatum or Beauveria bassiana. Both insect species exhibited strong negative responses to flower buds (L. hesperus) and fruits (N. viridula) from plants that had been colonized by candidate endophytic fungi relative to control plants under both no-choice and choice conditions. Behavioral responses of both species indicated that the insects were deterred prior to contact with plant tissues from endophyte-colonized plants, suggesting a putative role for volatile compounds in mediating the negative response. Our results highlight the role of fungal endophytes as plant mutualists that can have positive effects on plant resistance to pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley Tessnow
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Julissa Ek-Ramos
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia y Virologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohamed HI, Akladious SA. Changes in antioxidants potential, secondary metabolites and plant hormones induced by different fungicides treatment in cotton plants. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 142:117-122. [PMID: 29107234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of fungicides for an effective control of plant diseases has become crucial in the last decades in the agriculture system. Seeds of cotton plants were treated with systemic and contact fungicides to study the efficiency of seed dressing fungicides in controlling damping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions and its effect on plant growth and metabolism. The results showed that Mon-cut showed the highest efficiency (67.99%) while each of Tondro and Hemixet showed the lowest efficiency (31.99%) in controlling damping off. Rhizolex T, Mon-cut and Tondro fungicides caused significant decrease in plant height, dry weight of plant, phytohormones, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids but caused significant increases in total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant enzymes, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, MDA and hydrogen peroxide as compared with untreated plants. On the other hand, the other fungicides (Maxim, Hemixet and Flosan) increased all the above recorded parameters as compared with untreated plants. Our results indicated that the fungicides application could be a potential tool to increase plant growth, the antioxidative defense mechanisms and decreased infection with plant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Ibrahim Mohamed
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, El Makres St. Roxy, Cairo 1575, Egypt.
| | - Samia Ageeb Akladious
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, El Makres St. Roxy, Cairo 1575, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Ek-Ramos MJ, Zhou W, Valencia CU, Antwi JB, Kalns LL, Morgan GD, Kerns DL, Sword GA. Spatial and temporal variation in fungal endophyte communities isolated from cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). PLoS One 2013; 8:e66049. [PMID: 23776604 PMCID: PMC3679028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of fungi in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivated in the United States have largely focused on monitoring and controlling plant pathogens. Given increasing interest in asymptomatic fungal endophytes as potential biological control agents, surveys are needed to better characterize their diversity, distribution patterns and possible applications in integrated pest management. We sampled multiple varieties of cotton in Texas, USA and tested for temporal and spatial variation in fungal endophyte diversity and community composition, as well as for differences associated with organic and conventional farming practices. Fungal isolates were identified by morphological and DNA identification methods. We found members of the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Phomopsis, previously isolated as endophytes from other plant species. Other recovered species such as Drechslerella dactyloides (formerly Arthrobotrys dactyloides) and Exserohilum rostratum have not, to our knowledge, been previously reported as endophytes in cotton. We also isolated many latent pathogens, but some species such as Alternaria tennuissima, Epicoccum nigrum, Acremonium alternatum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Chaetomium globosum and Paecilomyces sp., are known to be antagonists against plant pathogens, insects and nematode pests. We found no differences in endophyte species richness or diversity among different cotton varieties, but did detect differences over time and in different plant tissues. No consistent patterns of community similarity associated with variety, region, farming practice, time of the season or tissue type were observed regardless of the ecological community similarity measurements used. Results indicated that local fungal endophyte communities may be affected by both time of the year and plant tissue, but the specific community composition varies across sites. In addition to providing insights into fungal endophyte community structure, our survey provides candidates for further evaluation as potential management tools against a variety of pests and diseases when present as endophytes in cotton and other plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Ek-Ramos
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rothrock CS, Winters SA, Miller PK, Gbur E, Verhalen LM, Greenhagen BE, Isakeit TS, Batson WE, Bourland FM, Colyer PD, Wheeler TA, Kaufman HW, Sciumbato GL, Thaxton PM, Lawrence KS, Gazaway WS, Chambers AY, Newman MA, Kirkpatrick TL, Barham JD, Phipps PM, Shokes FM, Littlefield LJ, Padgett GB, Hutmacher RB, Davis RM, Kemerait RC, Sumner DR, Seebold KW, Mueller JD, Garber RH. Importance of Fungicide Seed Treatment and Environment on Seedling Diseases of Cotton. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1805-1817. [PMID: 30727261 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-12-0031-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of fungicide seed treatments on cotton was examined using a series of standardized fungicide trials from 1993 to 2004. Fungicide seed treatments increased stands over those from seed not treated with fungicides in 119 of 211 trials. Metalaxyl increased stands compared to nontreated seed in 40 of 119 trials having significant fungicide responses, demonstrating the importance of Pythium spp. on stand establishment. Similarly, PCNB seed treatment increased stands compared to nontreated seed for 44 of 119 trials with a significant response, indicating the importance of Rhizoctonia solani in stand losses. Benefits from the use of newer seed treatment chemistries, azoxystrobin and triazoles, were demonstrated by comparison with a historic standard seed treatment, carboxin + PCNB + metalaxyl. Little to no stand improvement was found when minimal soil temperatures averaged 25°C the first 3 days after planting. Stand losses due to seedling pathogens increased dramatically as minimal soil temperatures decreased to 12°C and rainfall increased. The importance of Pythium increased dramatically as minimal soil temperature decreased and rainfall increased, while the importance of R. solani was not affected greatly by planting environment. These multi-year data support the widespread use of seed treatment fungicides for the control of the seedling disease complex on cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Rothrock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - S A Winters
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - P K Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - E Gbur
- Agricultural Statistics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - L M Verhalen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - B E Greenhagen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - T S Isakeit
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - W E Batson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - F M Bourland
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Northeast Research and Extension Center, Keiser 72351
| | - P D Colyer
- Red River Research Station, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bossier City 71113
| | - T A Wheeler
- Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock 79403
| | - H W Kaufman
- Mississippi State University, Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville 38776
| | - G L Sciumbato
- Mississippi State University, Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville 38776
| | - P M Thaxton
- Mississippi State University, Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville 38776
| | - K S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn 36849
| | - W S Gazaway
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn 36849
| | - A Y Chambers
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, Jackson 38301
| | - M A Newman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, Jackson 38301
| | - T L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope 71801
| | - J D Barham
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope 71801
| | - P M Phipps
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Tidewater Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Suffolk 23437
| | - F M Shokes
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Tidewater Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Suffolk 23437
| | - L J Littlefield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - G B Padgett
- Macon Ridge Research Station, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Winnsboro, 71295
| | - R B Hutmacher
- University of California, Davis, Shafter Research and Extension Center, Shafter 93263
| | - R M Davis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - R C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31794
| | - D R Sumner
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31794
| | - K W Seebold
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - J D Mueller
- Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville 29817
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
El-Samawat AERM, Omar MR, El-Naggar MA, Yassin MA, Amer OE. Pathological Assessment of Seed Borne Fungi Involved in Cotton Seedlings Damping-off. JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 2012; 7:85-95. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2012.85.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
10
|
Mailhot DJ, Marois JJ, Wright DL. Influence of Flower Thrips on Fusarium Hardlock Severity. PLANT DISEASE 2007; 91:1423-1429. [PMID: 30780756 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-91-11-1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber is sometimes affected by hardlock, which is characterized by a failure of the fiber to expand outward from the boll at maturity. Because affected fiber is inaccessible to mechanical harvesters, yield loss can be considerable. Hardlock has been linked to infection by Fusarium verticillioides. The involvement of flower thrips (Frankliniella spp.), which are commonly found in cotton flowers, was explored. At 1100 h, approximately 10% of cotton flowers contained thrips that were carrying F. verticillioides. The effect of thrips and/or Fusarium in flowers and bolls was explored under greenhouse conditions. Exposing flowers to Fusarium and thrips resulted in bolls with the most severe symptoms. Exposure to either Fusarium or thrips alone resulted in more hardlock than was noted in the control group. The impact of thrips was also evaluated under field conditions. Field plots were treated with insecticides, a fungicide, both, or left untreated. Insecticides reduced thrips numbers and reduced hardlock severity. The fungicide had no impact on thrips numbers and was less effective at reducing hardlock. Combining insecticide and fungicide applications was no more effective than using insecticides alone, although it more frequently increased yield. The untreated control plots generally had the most severe hardlock and lowest yields. Reducing hardlock severity resulted in higher yields, although not consistently. These studies suggest that thrips increase the severity of hardlock, and reducing their numbers may diminish hardlock severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Mailhot
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Quincy 32351
| | - J J Marois
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Quincy 32351
| | - D L Wright
- Agronomy Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Quincy 32351
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lane SR, Sewell RDE. The fungal profile of cotton lint from diverse sources and implications for occupational health. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2006; 3:508-12. [PMID: 16941777 DOI: 10.1080/15459620600872567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that inhalation of fungal spores and their fragments and toxins may cause respiratory illness, particularly in indoor environments and industrial settings. However, analysis of these organisms on cotton has not been carried out in detail and, hence, further examination may prove important in identifying sources of these organisms and assessing the risks posed to cotton workers. This study identified fungi from cotton lint samples originating in 12 world regions and revealed six different fungal genera, with the following rank order of sample isolation incidence: Aspergillus > Cladosporium > Fusarium > Rhizopus > Penicillium > Alternaria. Aspergillus was the most common genus and Aspergillus niger in particular was the pecies most frequently identified. Improved understanding of the variety of organisms that contaminate cotton may help to reduce prevalence of organic dust-related lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Lane
- Welsh School of Pharmacy-Pharmacology, Cardiff University, Wales.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abd-Elsalam KA, Asran-Amal AM, Omar MR, Aly AA. Frequency and diversity of Fusariumspp. colonizing roots of Egyptian cottons. ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION 2006; 39:165-177. [DOI: 10.1080/03235400400007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|