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Phung AS, Bannenberg G, Vigor C, Reversat G, Oger C, Roumain M, Galano JM, Durand T, Muccioli GG, Ismail A, Wang SC. Chemical Compositional Changes in Over-Oxidized Fish Oils. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101501. [PMID: 33092165 PMCID: PMC7590219 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study has reported that the administration during gestation of a highly rancid hoki liver oil, obtained by oxidation through sustained exposure to oxygen gas and incident light for 30 days, causes newborn mortality in rats. This effect was attributed to lipid hydroperoxides formed in the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich oil, while other chemical changes in the damaged oil were overlooked. In the present study, the oxidation condition employed to damage the hoki liver oil was replicated, and the extreme rancidity was confirmed. A detailed analysis of temporal chemical changes resulting from the sustained oxidative challenge involved measures of eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) omega-3 oil oxidative quality (peroxide value, para-anisidine value, total oxidation number, acid value, oligomers, antioxidant content, and induction time) as well as changes in fatty acid content, volatiles, isoprostanoids, and oxysterols. The chemical description was extended to refined anchovy oil, which is a more representative ingredient oil used in omega-3 finished products. The present study also analyzed the effects of a different oxidation method involving thermal exposure in the dark in contact with air, which is an oxidation condition that is more relevant to retail products. The two oils had different susceptibility to the oxidation conditions, resulting in distinct chemical oxidation signatures that were determined primarily by antioxidant protection as well as specific methodological aspects of the applied oxidative conditions. Unique isoprostanoids and oxysterols were formed in the over-oxidized fish oils, which are discussed in light of their potential biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin S. Phung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Gerard Bannenberg
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA;
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (S.C.W.)
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (C.V.); (G.R.); (C.O.); (J.-M.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Guillaume Reversat
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (C.V.); (G.R.); (C.O.); (J.-M.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (C.V.); (G.R.); (C.O.); (J.-M.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Martin Roumain
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (C.V.); (G.R.); (C.O.); (J.-M.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (C.V.); (G.R.); (C.O.); (J.-M.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Adam Ismail
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA;
| | - Selina C. Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (S.C.W.)
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Moreira AS, González-Torres L, Olivero-David R, Bastida S, Benedi J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Wakame and Nori in restructured meats included in cholesterol-enriched diets affect the antioxidant enzyme gene expressions and activities in Wistar rats. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 65:290-8. [PMID: 20676937 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-010-0179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of diets including restructured meats (RM) containing Wakame or Nori on total liver glutathione status, and several antioxidant enzyme gene expressions and activities were tested. Six groups of ten male growing Wistar rats each were fed a mix of 85% AIN-93 M diet and 15% freeze-dried RM for 35 days. The control group (C) consumed control RM, the Wakame (W) and the Nori (N) groups, RM with 5% Wakame and 5% Nori, respectively. Animals on added cholesterol diets (CC, CW, and CN) consumed their corresponding basal diets added with cholesterol (2%) and cholic acid (0.4%). Alga and dietary cholesterol significantly interact (P < 0.002) influencing all enzyme expressions but not activities. The cholesterol supplement decreased most enzyme expression and activity. W-RM vs. C-RM increased (P < 0.05) expression of GPx, GR, Mn-SOD, and Cu,Zn-SOD and decreased that of catalase. N-RM vs. C-RM increased (P < 0.05) expression of catalase and Mn-SOD. GR activity increased in W-RM rats while SOD activity increased, but that of Se-GPx decreased in N animals. W-RM increased total and reduced glutathione and decreased the redox index. CN diet induced significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.001) than the CW diet. In conclusion, Nori-RM is a hypocholesterolemic food while Wakame-RM is an antioxidant food. This should be taken into account when including this kind of RM as potential functional foods in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Schultz Moreira
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Vejux A, Malvitte L, Lizard G. Side effects of oxysterols: cytotoxicity, oxidation, inflammation, and phospholipidosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:545-56. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Vejux
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - L. Malvitte
- Hôpital Général, France; Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, France
| | - G. Lizard
- Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, France
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