Proximity of Items Does Not Necessarily Affect Their Correlation

Abstract. In this paper, we attempted to detect the effect of provided answers on those that succeed them, the “item proximity effect,” within a questionnaire with randomized item order for each respondent. In two studies, we administered personality inventories to two samples of mostly undergraduate students, consisting of 742 and 205 respondents, respectively. We expected to see a strong item proximity effect that quickly diminishes with higher item distances, but we found no evidence of such effect in the data. Thus, we failed to conceptually replicate the findings of previous studies. After discussing the probable causes for these discrepancies, we argue that a general item proximity effect does not need to be considered a major factor when employing and evaluating common psychological inventories with randomized item order for research purposes.

The Effects of Questionnaire Length and Behavioral Consequences on Careless Responding

Abstract. The current paper reports the results of two randomized experiments designed to test the effects of questionnaire length on careless responding (CR). Both experiments also examined whether the presence of a behavioral consequence (i.e., a reward or a punishment) designed to encourage careful responding buffers the effects of questionnaire length on CR. Collectively, our two studies found (a) some support for the main effect of questionnaire length, (b) consistent support for the main effect of the consequence manipulations, and (c) very limited support for the buffering effect of the consequence manipulations. Because the advancement of many subfields of psychology rests on the availability of high-quality self-report data, further research should examine the causes and prevention of CR.