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O'Brien H, Kalokerinos EK, Felmingham K, Lau W, O'Donnell M. Emotion regulation strategy use in PTSD: A daily life study. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:365-372. [PMID: 37302510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is associated with emotion regulation difficulties. However, our understanding of these difficulties has been limited by the reliance of previous work on retrospective trait self-reports, which are unable to capture dynamic, ecologically-valid use of emotion regulation strategies. METHODS To address this issue, this study used an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design to understand the impact of PTSD on emotion regulation in daily life. We conducted an EMA study in a trauma exposed sample with varying levels of PTSD severity (N = 70; 7 days; 423 observations). RESULTS We found that PTSD severity was linked to greater use of disengagement and perseverative-based strategies to manage negative emotions, regardless of emotional intensity. LIMITATIONS Study design did not allow investigation into the temporal use of emotion regulation strategies and small sample size. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of responding to emotions may interfere with engaging with the fear structure and thus impair emotion processing in current frontline treatments; clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope O'Brien
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Elise K Kalokerinos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Felmingham
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Winnie Lau
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Veilleux JC, Warner EA, Chamberlain KD, Brott KH, Schreiber RE, Clift JB. Contextual variation in beliefs about emotion and associated emotion regulation efforts. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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3
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Paucsik M, Nardelli C, Bortolon C, Shankland R, Leys C, Baeyens C. Self-compassion and emotion regulation: testing a mediation model. Cogn Emot 2022; 37:49-61. [PMID: 36373365 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2143328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-compassion (SC) seems to play an important role in improving Emotion Regulation (ER). Nevertheless, the results of previous studies regarding the links between SC and ER are not consistent, especially facing diverse models of ER (strategy-based vs skill-based). The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate the links between these three concepts, by testing the predictive roles of SC and ER skills on both ER adaptive and maladaptive strategies, using standardised questionnaires and visual analogue scales. Results of regression analysis showed that self-compassion positively predicts cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, problem-solving, relaxation, self-support, tolerance and ER skills and negatively predicts behavioural avoidance, expressive suppression and ruminations. Results also showed that ER skills positively predict cognitive reappraisal, expression, acceptance, relaxation, self-support and tolerance and negatively predicts behavioural avoidance, expressive suppression and ruminations. Results from a mediation model are also promising regarding both the role of ER skills on the effect of SC on adaptive ER strategy use. Even if this study can be associated with common limits of self-report measures, it highlights the role of SC in a model of ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Paucsik
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Carla Nardelli
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Bortolon
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
- Department of Psychology, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Shankland
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Lumière Lyon 2, DIPHE, Bron Cedex, France
- Department of Psychology, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Leys
- Department of Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Baeyens
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
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Pauw LS, Medland H, Paling SJ, Moeck EK, Greenaway KH, Kalokerinos EK, Hinton JDX, Hollenstein T, Koval P. Social Support Predicts Differential Use, but not Differential Effectiveness, of Expressive Suppression and Social Sharing in Daily Life. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:641-652. [PMID: 36381495 PMCID: PMC9537407 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED While emotion regulation often happens in the presence of others, little is known about how social context shapes regulatory efforts and outcomes. One key element of the social context is social support. In two experience sampling studies (Ns = 179 and 123), we examined how the use and affective consequences of two fundamentally social emotion-regulation strategies-social sharing and expressive suppression-vary as a function of perceived social support. Across both studies, we found evidence that social support was associated with variation in people's use of these strategies, such that when people perceived their environments as being higher (vs. lower) in social support, they engaged in more sharing and less suppression. However, we found only limited and inconsistent support for context-dependent affective outcomes of suppression and sharing: suppression was associated with better affective consequences in the context of higher perceived social support in Study 1, but this effect did not replicate in Study 2. Taken together, these findings suggest that the use of social emotion-regulation strategies may depend on contextual variability in social support, whereas their effectiveness does not. Future research is needed to better understand the circumstances in which context-dependent use of emotion regulation may have emotional benefits, accounting for personal, situational, and cultural factors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00123-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne S. Pauw
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hayley Medland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Paling
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ella K. Moeck
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katharine H. Greenaway
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elise K. Kalokerinos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jordan D. X. Hinton
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Tom Hollenstein
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Peter Koval
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Weiss NH, Brick LA, Forkus SR, Goldstein SC, Thomas ED, Schick MR, Barnett NP, Contractor AA, Sullivan TP. Modeling reciprocal relations between emotion dysregulation and alcohol use using dynamic structural equation modeling: A micro-longitudinal study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1460-1471. [PMID: 35676805 PMCID: PMC11100457 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research examining emotion dysregulation and alcohol use has increased exponentially over the past decade. However, these studies have been limited by their use of cross-sectional designs and narrow definitions of emotion dysregulation. To address these significant gaps in the extant literature, this study utilized state-of-the-art methodology (i.e., experience sampling) and statistics (i.e., dynamic structural equation modeling) to examine potential reciprocal associations between negative and positive emotion dysregulation and alcohol use at the momentary level. METHODS Participants were 145 community women (mean age = 40.56, 40.3% white) experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and using substances. Surveys assessing negative and positive emotion dysregulation and alcohol use (i.e., number of standard drinks) were administered three times a day for 30 days using phone-based interactive voice recording. RESULTS Significant contemporaneous effects indicated that negative and positive emotion dysregulation both co-occurred with alcohol use. However, levels of negative and positive emotion dysregulation did not predict later alcohol use, nor did alcohol use predict later levels of negative or positive emotion dysregulation. There was significant variability among participants in cross-lagged effects. CONCLUSIONS Findings showed that negative and positive emotion dysregulation co-occurred with alcohol use and that there was significant interindividual variability in the cross-lagged associations between negative and positive emotion dysregulation and alcohol use. Research using idiographic approaches may identify women experiencing IPV for whom negative and positive emotion dysregulation drive alcohol use and alcohol use drives negative and positive emotion dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Melissa R. Schick
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Carvalho M, Cera N, Silva S. The "Ifs" and "Hows" of the Role of Music on the Implementation of Emotional Regulation Strategies. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12060199. [PMID: 35735409 PMCID: PMC9219814 DOI: 10.3390/bs12060199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Music is believed to aid the implementation of emotion regulation strategies like distraction or reappraisal, but empirical studies have shown null results. However, the moderating role of one’s relation with music (musical sophistication) and/or executive functioning skills has not been considered yet. In addition, little is known about how music acts. In the present study, we induced anger in a group of participants characterized by musical sophistication and executive functioning. We asked them to regulate their emotional state and measured regulation efficacy. Participants were split into four groups, defined by regulation strategy (distraction vs. reappraisal) and music (with vs. without). Results indicated music effects in higher, but not in lower musical sophistication participants. In the former, music benefitted from reappraisal but was an impaired distraction. Two different executive functions—working memory and affective flexibility—had opposite effects: higher, but not lower working memory participants benefited from music; lower, but not higher, effective flexibility participants took advantage of music. Reports of subjective experience suggested that music favors more empathic reappraisals, and that these may be more long-lasting. Our findings support the idea that music effects depend on listeners’ characteristics, and they raise new hypotheses concerning the specificity of emotional regulation aided by music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Carvalho
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicoletta Cera
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.); (N.C.)
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Silva
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Kuppens P, Dejonckheere E, Kalokerinos EK, Koval P. Some Recommendations on the Use of Daily Life Methods in Affective Science. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:505-515. [PMID: 36046007 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Real-world emotions are often more vivid, personally meaningful, and consequential than those evoked in the lab. Therefore, studying emotions in daily life is essential to test theories, discover new phenomena, and understand healthy emotional functioning; in short, to move affective science forward. The past decades have seen a surge of research using daily diary, experience sampling, or ecological momentary assessment methods to study emotional phenomena in daily life. In this paper, we will share some of the insights we have gained from our collective experience applying such daily life methods to study everyday affective processes. We highlight what we see as important considerations and caveats involved in using these methods and formulate recommendations to improve their use in future research. These insights focus on the importance of (i) theory and hypothesis-testing; (ii) measurement; (iii) timescale; and (iv) context, when studying emotions in their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Koval
- KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Mestdagh M, Dejonckheere E. Ambulatory assessment in psychopathology research: Current achievements and future ambitions. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 41:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Daros AR, Ruocco AC. Which Emotion Regulation Strategies are Most Associated with Trait Emotion Dysregulation? A Transdiagnostic Examination. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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