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Carmona M, Guerra R, Hofhuis J. What Does It Mean to be a “Citizen of the World”: A Prototype Approach. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221088332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The superordinate social category “ citizen of the world” is used by laypeople and scholars to embody several constructs (e.g., cosmopolitanism; global identity and citizenship), and prior research suggests that the concept is better represented as a prototype rather than having a clear-cut definition. This research aims to systematically examine the prototypical meaning of this social category, and how it is cognitively processed. Relying on a prototype approach, six studies ( n = 448) showed that certain attributes of this category were communicated more frequently and were regarded as more central (e.g., multiculturalism), and that central (vs. peripheral) attributes were more quickly identified, more often remembered, and more appropriate to identify a group member, as well as the self, as a “ citizen of the world.” These results systematically demonstrated that this category has a prototypical structure and there is a differentiated cognitive automatic processing for central and peripheral attributes. We propose that the specific content activated by the attributes regarded as central to the prototype of “citizens of the world” (e.g., intercultural contact; diversity), and the fact that these are more accessible in memory to form a mental representation, are important aspects to understand identity processes and their impact on intergroup outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Carmona
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Portugal
| | - Rita Guerra
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Portugal
| | - Joep Hofhuis
- ERMeCC, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bell AC, Eccleston CP, Bradberry LA, Kidd WC, Mesick CC, Rutchick AM. Ingroup Projection in American Politics: An Obstacle to Bipartisanship. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211046788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One potential obstacle to cooperation between political parties is ingroup projection, the tendency for members of subgroups to define superordinate groups based on characteristics of their own ingroups. In five studies spanning 11 years and three presidential administrations, we demonstrated that ingroup projection can be an obstacle that prevents bipartisanship between Republicans and Democrats. Study 1 showed that Americans perceived political ingroups as more prototypical of Americans than outgroups and that the degree of mismatch between the outgroup and the superordinate group was associated with ingroup bias. Studies 2–5 demonstrated that perceiving the outgroup as poorly fitting the prototype of the superordinate group predicted opposition to bipartisan cooperation and a lower likelihood of having engaged in bipartisan behavior (Studies 4 and 5). These studies provide evidence for ingroup projection among American political parties and suggest that it contributes to political polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Bell
- Department of Psychology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
| | | | - Leigh A. Bradberry
- Department of Political Science, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - William C. Kidd
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
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Danbold F, Huo YJ. Men's defense of their prototypicality undermines the success of women in STEM initiatives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alexandre JD, Waldzus S, Wenzel M. Complex inclusive categories of positive and negative valence and prototypicality claims in asymmetric intergroup relations. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 55:457-83. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Waldzus
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL); CIS; Lisboa Portugal
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