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A MODIS Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) as an Estimator of Isoprene Emissions in a Temperate Deciduous Forest. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wohlfahrt G, Amelynck C, Ammann C, Arneth A, Bamberger I, Goldstein AH, Gu L, Guenther A, Hansel A, Heinesch B, Holst T, Hörtnagl L, Karl T, Laffineur Q, Neftel A, McKinney K, Munger JW, Pallardy SG, Schade GW, Seco R, Schoon N. An ecosystem-scale perspective of the net land methanol flux: synthesis of micrometeorological flux measurements. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2015; 15:2577-2613. [PMID: 25983744 PMCID: PMC4430827 DOI: 10.5194/acpd-15-2577-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of living plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink of methanol, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates reflecting uncertainties in the approaches used to model, and the empirical data used to separately constrain these terms. Here we compiled micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight different study sites and reviewed the corresponding literature in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial ecosystem-scale methanol exchange and present an independent data-driven view of the land-atmosphere methanol exchange. Our study shows that the controls of plant growth on the production, and thus the methanol emission magnitude, and stomatal conductance on the hourly methanol emission variability, established at the leaf level, hold across sites at the ecosystem-level. Unequivocal evidence for bi-directional methanol exchange at the ecosystem scale is presented. Deposition, which at some sites even exceeds methanol emissions, represents an emerging feature of ecosystem-scale measurements and is likely related to environmental factors favouring the formation of surface wetness. Methanol may adsorb to or dissolve in this surface water and eventually be chemically or biologically removed from it. Management activities in agriculture and forestry are shown to increase local methanol emission by orders of magnitude; they are however neglected at present in global budgets. While contemporary net land methanol budgets are overall consistent with the grand mean of the micrometeorological methanol flux measurements, we caution that the present approach of simulating methanol emission and deposition separately is prone to opposing systematic errors and does not allow taking full advantage of the rich information content of micrometeorological flux measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- European Academy of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - C. Amelynck
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C. Ammann
- Research Station Agroscope, Climate and Air Pollution Group, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - I. Bamberger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - L. Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A. Guenther
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - A. Hansel
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B. Heinesch
- Exchanges Ecosystems-Atmosphere, Department Biosystem Engineering (BIOSE), University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - T. Holst
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Hörtnagl
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T. Karl
- Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Q. Laffineur
- Royal Meteorological Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Neftel
- Research Station Agroscope, Climate and Air Pollution Group, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K. McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. W. Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S. G. Pallardy
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - G. W. Schade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R. Seco
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - N. Schoon
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
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Wohlfahrt G, Amelynck C, Ammann C, Arneth A, Bamberger I, Goldstein AH, Gu L, Guenther A, Hansel A, Heinesch B, Holst T, Hörtnagl L, Karl T, Laffineur Q, Neftel A, McKinney K, Munger JW, Pallardy SG, Schade GW, Seco R, Schoon N. An ecosystem-scale perspective of the net land methanol flux: synthesis of micrometeorological flux measurements. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2015. [PMID: 25983744 PMCID: PMC4430827 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of living plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink of methanol, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates reflecting uncertainties in the approaches used to model, and the empirical data used to separately constrain these terms. Here we compiled micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight different study sites and reviewed the corresponding literature in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial ecosystem-scale methanol exchange and present an independent data-driven view of the land-atmosphere methanol exchange. Our study shows that the controls of plant growth on the production, and thus the methanol emission magnitude, and stomatal conductance on the hourly methanol emission variability, established at the leaf level, hold across sites at the ecosystem-level. Unequivocal evidence for bi-directional methanol exchange at the ecosystem scale is presented. Deposition, which at some sites even exceeds methanol emissions, represents an emerging feature of ecosystem-scale measurements and is likely related to environmental factors favouring the formation of surface wetness. Methanol may adsorb to or dissolve in this surface water and eventually be chemically or biologically removed from it. Management activities in agriculture and forestry are shown to increase local methanol emission by orders of magnitude; they are however neglected at present in global budgets. While contemporary net land methanol budgets are overall consistent with the grand mean of the micrometeorological methanol flux measurements, we caution that the present approach of simulating methanol emission and deposition separately is prone to opposing systematic errors and does not allow taking full advantage of the rich information content of micrometeorological flux measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- European Academy of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - C. Amelynck
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C. Ammann
- Research Station Agroscope, Climate and Air Pollution Group, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - I. Bamberger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - L. Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A. Guenther
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - A. Hansel
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B. Heinesch
- Exchanges Ecosystems-Atmosphere, Department Biosystem Engineering (BIOSE), University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - T. Holst
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Hörtnagl
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T. Karl
- Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Q. Laffineur
- Royal Meteorological Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Neftel
- Research Station Agroscope, Climate and Air Pollution Group, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K. McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. W. Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S. G. Pallardy
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - G. W. Schade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R. Seco
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - N. Schoon
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
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Peñuelas J, Marino G, LLusia J, Morfopoulos C, Farré-Armengol G, Filella I. Photochemical reflectance index as an indirect estimator of foliar isoprenoid emissions at the ecosystem level. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2604. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Edwards GD, Shepson PB, Grossenbacher JW, Wells JM, Patterson GE, Barket DJ, Pressley S, Karl T, Apel E. Development of an Automated Cylindrical Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer for the Determination of Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5040-50. [PMID: 17542557 DOI: 10.1021/ac0703597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds released from the biosphere are known to have a large impact on atmospheric chemistry. Field instruments for the detection of these trace gases are often limited by the lack of instrument portability and the inability to distinguish compounds of interest from background or other interfering compounds. We have developed an automated sampling and preconcentration system, coupled to a lightweight, low-power cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer. The instrument was evaluated by measuring isoprene concentrations during a field campaign at the University of Michigan Biological Station PROPHET lab. Isoprene was preconcentrated by sampling directly into a short capillary column precooled without the aid of cryogens. The capillary column was then rapidly heated by moving the column to a preheated region to obtain fast separation of isoprene from other components, followed by detection with a cylindrical ion trap. This combination yielded a detection limit of approximately 80 ppt (parts per trillion) for isoprene with a measurement frequency of one sample every 11 min. The data obtained by the automated sampling and preconcentration system during the PROPHET 2005 campaign were compared to those of other field instruments measuring isoprene at this site in an intercomparison exercise. The intercomparisons suggest the new inlet system, when coupled with this ion trap detector, provides a viable field instrument for the fast, precise, and quantitative determination of isoprene and other trace gases over a variety of atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Tobias DE, Perlinger JA, Morrow PS, Doskey PV, Perram DL. Direct thermal desorption of semivolatile organic compounds from diffusion denuders and gas chromatographic analysis for trace concentration measurement. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1140:1-12. [PMID: 17150222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for collection and analysis of vapor-phase semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) in ambient air is presented. The method utilizes thermal desorption of SOCs trapped in diffusion denuders coupled with cryogenic preconcentration on Tenax-TA and analysis by high resolution gas chromatography (GC)-electron-capture detection (ECD). The sampling and analysis methods employ custom-fabricated multicapillary diffusion denuders, a hot gas spike (HGS) apparatus to load known quantities of thermally stable standards into diffusion denuders prior to sample collection, a custom-fabricated oven to thermally desorb SOCs from the diffusion denuder, and a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet containing a liner packed with Tenax-TA for effective preconcentration of the analytes and water management. High flow rates into the PTV inlet of 750mLmin(-1)during thermal desorption are ca. a factor of ten greater than typically used. To improve resolution and retention time stability, the thermal desorption and PTV inlet programming procedure includes three steps to prevent water from entering the analytic column while effectively transferring the analytes into the GC system. The instrumentation and procedures provide virtually complete and consistent transfer of analytes collected from ambient air into the GC evidenced by recovery of seven replicates of four internal standards of 90.7+/-4.0-120+/-23% (mean+/-95% confidence interval, CI). Retention time based compound identification is facilitated by low retention time variability with an average 95% CI of 0.024min for sixteen replicates of eight standards. Procedure details and performance metrics as well as ambient sampling results are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Tobias
- Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Pressley S. Long-term isoprene flux measurements above a northern hardwood forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Giacopelli P. Comparison of the measured and simulated isoprene nitrate distributions above a forest canopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Karl T. Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmid HP. Ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide over a mixed hardwood forest in northern lower Michigan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mihele CM. Radical chemistry at a forested continental site: Results from the PROPHET 1997 campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sillman S, Carroll MA, Thornberry T, Lamb BK, Westberg H, Brune WH, Faloona I, Tan D, Shepson PB, Sumner AL, Hastie DR, Mihele CM, Apel EC, Riemer DD, Zika RG. Loss of isoprene and sources of nighttime OH radicals at a rural site in the United States: Results from photochemical models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanford Sillman
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Mary Anne Carroll
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Troy Thornberry
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Brian K. Lamb
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman Washington USA
| | - Hal Westberg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman Washington USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - David Tan
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Paul B. Shepson
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Ann Louise Sumner
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Donald R. Hastie
- Department of Chemistry; York University; North York, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Eric C. Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. D. Riemer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Rod G. Zika
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Apel EC. Measurement and interpretation of isoprene fluxes and isoprene, methacrolein, and methyl vinyl ketone mixing ratios at the PROPHET site during the 1998 Intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carroll MA, Bertman SB, Shepson PB. Overview of the Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) summer 1998 measurements intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barket DJ, Hurst JM, Couch TL, Colorado A, Shepson PB, Riemer DD, Hills AJ, Apel EC, Hafer R, Lamb BK, Westberg HH, Farmer CT, Stabenau ER, Zika RG. Intercomparison of automated methodologies for determination of ambient isoprene during the PROPHET 1998 summer campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hurst JM, Barket DJ, Herrera-Gomez O, Couch TL, Shepson PB, Faloona I, Tan D, Brune W, Westberg H, Lamb B, Biesenthal T, Young V, Goldstein A, Munger JW, Thornberry T, Carroll MA. Investigation of the nighttime decay of isoprene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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