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Antarctica as a reservoir of planetary analogue environments. Extremophiles 2021; 25:437-458. [PMID: 34586500 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-021-01245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the main objectives of astrobiological research is the investigation of the habitability of other planetary bodies. Since space exploration missions are expensive and require long-term organization, the preliminary study of terrestrial environments is an essential step to prepare and support exploration missions. The Earth hosts a multitude of extreme environments whose characteristics resemble celestial bodies in our Solar System. In these environments, the physico-chemical properties partly match extraterrestrial environments and could clarify limits and adaptation mechanisms of life, the mineralogical or geochemical context, and support and interpret data sent back from planetary bodies. One of the best terrestrial analogues is Antarctica, whose conditions lie on the edge of habitability. It is characterized by a cold and dry climate (Onofri et al., Nova Hedwigia 68:175-182, 1999), low water availability, strong katabatic winds, salt concentration, desiccation, and high radiation. Thanks to the harsh conditions like those in other celestial bodies, Antarctica offers good terrestrial analogues for celestial body (Mars or icy moons; Léveillé, CR Palevol 8:637-648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2009.03.005 , 2009). The continent could be distinguished into several habitats, each with characteristics similar to those existing on other bodies. Here, we reported a description of each simulated parameter within the habitats, in relation to each of the simulated extraterrestrial environments.
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Li Y, Shah SHH, Wang J. Modelling of nitrification inhibitor and its effects on emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2O) in the UK. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136156. [PMID: 31927429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Global food demand requires increased uses of fertilizers, leading to nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrate leaching due to overuse of fertilizers and poor timing between fertilizer application and plant growth. Using nitrification inhibitors (NIs) can reduce the N2O emissions but the effectiveness of NIs strongly depend on environmental conditions, and their benefits have been limited due to less than optimal nitrogen rates, timing, quantity, and placement of NIs. Process-based modelling can be helpful in improving the understanding of nitrogen fertilizer with NIs and their effects in different environmental conditions and agricultural practices. But few studies of modelling NIs with application to agricultural soils have been performed. In this paper, we developed a sophisticated biogeochemical reaction process of NIs applied to agricultural soils, which account for the factions of NIs with fertilizer by combining the application rate, soil moisture, and temperature within the DeNitrification DeComposition (DNDC) framework. This model was tested against the data from two agricultural farms in Preston Wynne and Newark in the UK. The results agreed well with the measured data and captured the measured soil moistures and N2O emissions. In Newark, the average Mean Absolute Error of all blocks is 8.78 and 5.45 for ammonium nitrate or urea respectively while in Preston Wynne, 3.48 and 3.14. The results also showed that the warming climate can greatly reduce the efficiency of nitrification inhibitors, which will further amplify the greenhouse gas impacts. The modified DNDC model of nitrification inhibitor modules can reliably simulate the inhibitory effect of NIs on N2O emissions and evaluate the efficiency of NIs. This enables end-users to optimize the amount of NIs used according to the time and climate conditions of fertilizer application for increasing crop yield and reducing N2O emissions and provides a useful tool for estimating the efficiency of NIs in agricultural management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, PR China; Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, University Drive, Athabasca, Alberta T9S3A3, Canada; Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Molecular Fossil Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing 101408, PR China.
| | - Syed Hamid Hussain Shah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, University Drive, Athabasca, Alberta T9S3A3, Canada
| | - Junye Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, University Drive, Athabasca, Alberta T9S3A3, Canada.
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Two-million-year-old snapshots of atmospheric gases from Antarctic ice. Nature 2019; 574:663-666. [PMID: 31666720 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past eight hundred thousand years, glacial-interglacial cycles oscillated with a period of one hundred thousand years ('100k world'1). Ice core and ocean sediment data have shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide, Antarctic temperature, deep ocean temperature, and global ice volume correlated strongly with each other in the 100k world2-6. Between about 2.8 and 1.2 million years ago, glacial cycles were smaller in magnitude and shorter in duration ('40k world'7). Proxy data from deep-sea sediments suggest that the variability of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 40k world was also lower than in the 100k world8-10, but we do not have direct observations of atmospheric greenhouse gases from this period. Here we report the recovery of stratigraphically discontinuous ice more than two million years old from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area, East Antarctica. Concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane in ice core samples older than two million years have been altered by respiration, but some younger samples are pristine. The recovered ice cores extend direct observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, and Antarctic temperature (based on the deuterium/hydrogen isotope ratio δDice, a proxy for regional temperature) into the 40k world. All climate properties before eight hundred thousand years ago fall within the envelope of observations from continuous deep Antarctic ice cores that characterize the 100k world. However, the lowest measured carbon dioxide and methane concentrations and Antarctic temperature in the 40k world are well above glacial values from the past eight hundred thousand years. Our results confirm that the amplitudes of glacial-interglacial variations in atmospheric greenhouse gases and Antarctic climate were reduced in the 40k world, and that the transition from the 40k to the 100k world was accompanied by a decline in minimum carbon dioxide concentrations during glacial maxima.
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Asynchrony between Antarctic temperature and CO 2 associated with obliquity over the past 720,000 years. Nat Commun 2018; 9:961. [PMID: 29511182 PMCID: PMC5840396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The δD temperature proxy in Antarctic ice cores varies in parallel with CO2 through glacial cycles. However, these variables display a puzzling asynchrony. Well-dated records of Southern Ocean temperature will provide crucial information because the Southern Ocean is likely key in regulating CO2 variations. Here, we perform multiple isotopic analyses on an Antarctic ice core and estimate temperature variations at this site and in the oceanic moisture source over the past 720,000 years, which extend the longest records by 300,000 years. Antarctic temperature is affected by large variations in local insolation that are induced by obliquity. At the obliquity periodicity, the Antarctic and ocean temperatures lag annual mean insolation. Further, the magnitude of the phase lag is minimal during low eccentricity periods, suggesting that secular changes in the global carbon cycle and the ocean circulation modulate the phase relationship among temperatures, CO2 and insolation in the obliquity frequency band.
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Benetti M, Steen-Larsen HC, Reverdin G, Sveinbjörnsdóttir ÁE, Aloisi G, Berkelhammer MB, Bourlès B, Bourras D, de Coetlogon G, Cosgrove A, Faber AK, Grelet J, Hansen SB, Johnson R, Legoff H, Martin N, Peters AJ, Popp TJ, Reynaud T, Winther M. Stable isotopes in the atmospheric marine boundary layer water vapour over the Atlantic Ocean, 2012-2015. Sci Data 2017; 4:160128. [PMID: 28094798 PMCID: PMC5240618 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The water vapour isotopic composition (1H216O, H218O and 1H2H16O) of the Atlantic marine boundary layer has been measured from 5 research vessels between 2012 and 2015. Using laser spectroscopy analysers, measurements have been carried out continuously on samples collected 10-20 meter above sea level. All the datasets have been carefully calibrated against the international VSMOW-SLAP scale following the same protocol to build a homogeneous dataset covering the Atlantic Ocean between 4°S to 63°N. In addition, standard meteorological variables have been measured continuously, including sea surface temperatures using calibrated Thermo-Salinograph for most cruises. All calibrated observations are provided with 15-minute resolution. We also provide 6-hourly data to allow easier comparisons with simulations from the isotope-enabled Global Circulation Models. In addition, backwards trajectories from the HYSPLIT model are supplied every 6-hours for the position of our measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Benetti
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- LOCEAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | | | - Gilles Reverdin
- LOCEAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | | | - Giovanni Aloisi
- LOCEAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Max B. Berkelhammer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bernard Bourlès
- LEGOS, UMR 5566 (University of Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Denis Bourras
- LATMOS—IPSL, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Ann Cosgrove
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne-Katrine Faber
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacques Grelet
- US191-Imago, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Steffen Bo Hansen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rod Johnson
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St George’s GE 01, Bermuda
| | - Hervé Legoff
- LOCEAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Martin
- LOCEAN, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | | | - Trevor James Popp
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thierry Reynaud
- IFREMER, UMR 6523 LOPS (CNRS/IFREMER/IRD/UBO), CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Malte Winther
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Atmospheric controls on the precipitation isotopes over the Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19555. [PMID: 26806683 PMCID: PMC4726406 DOI: 10.1038/srep19555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotopic analysis of precipitation over the Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal was carried out for the year 2012 and 2013 in order to study the atmospheric controls on rainwater isotopic variations. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions are typical of the tropical marine sites but show significant variations depending on the ocean-atmosphere conditions; maximum depletion was observed during the tropical cyclones. The isotopic composition of rainwater seems to be controlled by the dynamical nature of the moisture rather than the individual rain events. Precipitation isotopes undergo systematic depletions in response to the organized convection occurring over a large area and are modulated by the integrated effect of convective activities. Precipitation isotopes appear to be linked with the monsoon intraseasonal variability in addition to synoptic scale fluctuations. During the early to mid monsoon the amount effect arose primarily due to rain re-evaporation but in the later phase it was driven by moisture convergence rather than evaporation. Amount effect had distinct characteristics in these two years, which appeared to be modulated by the intraseasonal variability of monsoon. It is shown that the variable nature of amount effect limits our ability to reconstruct the past-monsoon rainfall variability on annual to sub-annual time scale.
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Hou S, Wang Y, Pang H. Climatology of stable isotopes in Antarctic snow and ice: Current status and prospects. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Risi C, Bony S, Vimeux F, Jouzel J. Water-stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present-day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretations of tropical isotopic records. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Risi C, Landais A, Bony S, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Vimeux F. Understanding the17O excess glacial-interglacial variations in Vostok precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Uemura R, Matsui Y, Yoshimura K, Motoyama H, Yoshida N. Evidence of deuterium excess in water vapor as an indicator of ocean surface conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Interpretation and preliminary simulation of the 40 ka periodicity of the Quaternary glaciation. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Holbourn A, Kuhnt W, Schulz M, Erlenkeuser H. Impacts of orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide on Miocene ice-sheet expansion. Nature 2005; 438:483-7. [PMID: 16306989 DOI: 10.1038/nature04123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The processes causing the middle Miocene global cooling, which marked the Earth's final transition into an 'icehouse' climate about 13.9 million years ago (Myr ago), remain enigmatic. Tectonically driven circulation changes and variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been suggested as driving mechanisms, but the lack of adequately preserved sedimentary successions has made rigorous testing of these hypotheses difficult. Here we present high-resolution climate proxy records, covering the period from 14.7 to 12.7 million years ago, from two complete sediment cores from the northwest and southeast subtropical Pacific Ocean. Using new chronologies through the correlation to the latest orbital model, we find relatively constant, low summer insolation over Antarctica coincident with declining atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at the time of Antarctic ice-sheet expansion and global cooling, suggesting a causal link. We surmise that the thermal isolation of Antarctica played a role in providing sustained long-term climatic boundary conditions propitious for ice-sheet formation. Our data document that Antarctic glaciation was rapid, taking place within two obliquity cycles, and coincided with a striking transition from obliquity to eccentricity as the drivers of climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Holbourn
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Udisti R. Stratigraphic correlations between the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C and Vostok ice cores showing the relative variations of snow accumulation over the past 45 kyr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 in the Vostok ice core: CO2 forcing and stability of East Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/137gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Yiou P, Vimeux F, Jouzel J. Ice-age variability from the Vostok deuterium and deuterium excess records. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parrenin F, Jouzel J, Waelbroeck C, Ritz C, Barnola JM. Dating the Vostok ice core by an inverse method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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