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Simolka J, Blanco R, Ingerl S, Krüger H, Sommer M, Srama R, Strack H, Wagner C, Arai T, Bauer M, Fröhlich P, Gläser J, Gräßlin M, Henselowsky C, Hillier J, Hirai T, Ito M, Kempf S, Khawaja N, Kimura H, Klinkner S, Kobayashi M, Lengowski M, Li Y, Mocker A, Moragas-Klostermeyer G, Postberg F, Rieth F, Sasaki S, Schmidt J, Sterken V, Sternovsky Z, Strub P, Szalay J, Trieloff M, Yabuta H. The DESTINY + Dust Analyser - a dust telescope for analysing cosmic dust dynamics and composition. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20230199. [PMID: 38736332 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The DESTINY+(Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for INterplanetary voYage with Phaethon fLyby and dUst Science) Dust Analyser (DDA) is a state-of-the-art dust telescope for the in situ analysis of cosmic dust particles. As the primary scientific payload of the DESTINY+ mission, it serves the purpose of characterizing the dust environment within the Earth-Moon system, investigating interplanetary and interstellar dust populations at 1 AU from the Sun and studying the dust cloud enveloping the asteroid (3200) Phaethon. DDA features a two-axis pointing platform for increasing the accessible fraction of the sky. The instrument combines a trajectory sensor with an impact ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer, enabling the correlation of dynamical, physical and compositional properties for individual dust grains. For each dust measurement, a set of nine signals provides the surface charge, particle size, velocity vector, as well as the atomic, molecular and isotopic composition of the dust grain. With its capabilities, DDA is a key asset in advancing our understanding of the cosmic dust populations present along the orbit of DESTINY+. In addition to providing the scientific context, we are presenting an overview of the instrument's design and functionality, showing first laboratory measurements and giving insights into the observation planning. This article is part of a theme issue 'Dust in the Solar System and beyond'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Simolka
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roberto Blanco
- von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH , Schwetzingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ingerl
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Krüger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Sommer
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Srama
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Strack
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carsten Wagner
- von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH , Schwetzingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Tomoko Arai
- Chiba Institute of Technology , Chiba, Japan
| | - Marcel Bauer
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Fröhlich
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Gläser
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Henselowsky
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt DLR Standort Bonn , Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | | | | | - Motoo Ito
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology , Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Sascha Kempf
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nozair Khawaja
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Klinkner
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Michael Lengowski
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yanwei Li
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Mocker
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Florian Rieth
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sho Sasaki
- Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Zoltan Sternovsky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Strub
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Mario Trieloff
- Universität Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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COHEN BA, SZALAY JR, RIVKIN AS, RICHARDSON JA, KLIMA RL, ERNST CM, CHABOT NL, STERNOVSKY Z, HORÁNYI M. Using dust shed from asteroids as microsamples to link remote measurements with meteorite classes. METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE 2019; 54:2046-2066. [PMID: 32256026 PMCID: PMC7120990 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Given the compositional diversity of asteroids, and their distribution in space, it is impossible to consider returning samples from each one to establish their origin. However, the velocity and molecular composition of primary minerals, hydrated silicates, and organic materials can be determined by in situ dust detector instruments. Such instruments could sample the cloud of micrometer-scale particles shed by asteroids to provide direct links to known meteorite groups without returning the samples to terrestrial laboratories. We extend models of the measured lunar dust cloud from LADEE to show that the abundance of detectable impact-generated microsamples around asteroids is a function of the parent body radius, heliocentric distance, flyby distance, and speed. We use Monte Carlo modeling to show that several tens to hundreds of particles, if randomly ejected and detected during a flyby, would be a sufficient number to classify the parent body as an ordinary chondrite, basaltic achondrite, or other class of meteorite. Encountering and measuring microsamples shed from near-Earth and Main Belt asteroids, coupled with complementary imaging and multispectral measurements, could accomplish a thorough characterization of small, airless bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. A. COHEN
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J. R. SZALAY
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A. S. RIVKIN
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - J. A. RICHARDSON
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - R. L. KLIMA
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - C. M. ERNST
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - N. L. CHABOT
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - Z. STERNOVSKY
- LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Smead Aerospace Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M. HORÁNYI
- LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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O'Brien L, Auer S, Gemer A, Grün E, Horanyi M, Juhasz A, Kempf S, Malaspina D, Mocker A, Moebius E, Srama R, Sternovsky Z. Development of the nano-dust analyzer (NDA) for detection and compositional analysis of nanometer-size dust particles originating in the inner heliosphere. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:035113. [PMID: 24689626 DOI: 10.1063/1.4868506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer is developed for the detection and chemical analysis of nanometer-sized particles originating near the Sun. Nano-dust particles are thought to be produced by mutual collisions between interplanetary dust particles slowly spiraling toward the Sun and are accelerated outward to high velocities by interaction with the solar wind plasma. The WAVES instruments on the two STEREO spacecraft reported the detection, strong temporal variation, and potentially high flux of these particles. Here we report on the optimization and the results from the detailed characterization of the instrument's performance using submicrometer sized dust particles accelerated to 8-60 km/s. The Nano Dust Analyzer (NDA) concept is derived from previously developed detectors. It has a 200 cm(2) effective target area and a mass resolution of approximately m/Δm = 50. The NDA instrument is designed to reliably detect and analyze nanometer-sized dust particles while being pointed close to the Sun's direction, from where they are expected to arrive. Measurements by such an instrument will determine the size-dependent flux of the nano-dust particles and its variations, it will characterize the composition of the nano-dust and, ultimately, it may determine their source. The flight version of the NDA instrument is estimated to be <5 kg and requires <10 W for operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Brien
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S Auer
- A&M Associates, Bayse, Virginia 22810, USA
| | - A Gemer
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - E Grün
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - M Horanyi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A Juhasz
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - S Kempf
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - D Malaspina
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - A Mocker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - E Moebius
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - R Srama
- Institute of Space Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Z Sternovsky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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Hillier JK, Postberg F, Sestak S, Srama R, Kempf S, Trieloff M, Sternovsky Z, Green SF. Impact ionization mass spectra of anorthite cosmic dust analogue particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012je004077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xie J, Sternovsky Z, Grün E, Auer S, Duncan N, Drake K, Le H, Horanyi M, Srama R. Dust trajectory sensor: accuracy and data analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:105104. [PMID: 22047326 DOI: 10.1063/1.3646528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Dust Trajectory Sensor (DTS) instrument is developed for the measurement of the velocity vector of cosmic dust particles. The trajectory information is imperative in determining the particles' origin and distinguishing dust particles from different sources. The velocity vector also reveals information on the history of interaction between the charged dust particle and the magnetospheric or interplanetary space environment. The DTS operational principle is based on measuring the induced charge from the dust on an array of wire electrodes. In recent work, the DTS geometry has been optimized [S. Auer, E. Grün, S. Kempf, R. Srama, A. Srowig, Z. Sternovsky, and V Tschernjawski, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 084501 (2008)] and a method of triggering was developed [S. Auer, G. Lawrence, E. Grün, H. Henkel, S. Kempf, R. Srama, and Z. Sternovsky, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 622, 74 (2010)]. This article presents the method of analyzing the DTS data and results from a parametric study on the accuracy of the measurements. A laboratory version of the DTS has been constructed and tested with particles in the velocity range of 2-5 km/s using the Heidelberg dust accelerator facility. Both the numerical study and the analyzed experimental data show that the accuracy of the DTS instrument is better than about 1% in velocity and 1° in direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xie
- NASA Lunar Science Institute: Colorado Center for Lunar Dust and Atmospheric Studies, and Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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Burchell MJ, Armes SP. Impact ionisation spectra from hypervelocity impacts using aliphatic poly(methyl methacrylate) microparticle projectiles. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:543-550. [PMID: 21259363 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report impact ionisation spectra from spherical poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microparticles of 724 nm diameter impacting a rhodium target. These projectiles were coated with an ultrathin (~11 nm) overlayer of polypyrrole, an electrically conducting organic polymer; this enabled the accumulation of sufficient surface charge to allow electrostatic acceleration up to speeds of 4 to 8 km s(-1) using a high-voltage Van de Graaff instrument. A grid above the target (held at 3.33 kV cm(-1) with respect to the target) accelerated the cations that were generated during the hypervelocity impacts, and these ions then drifted to a charge detector. By measuring the collected charge vs. time and assuming only single ionisation events, time-of-flight mass spectra were obtained. Strong signals were observed for cationic species with ions of m/z 41, 65 and 115. There were also minor contributions from cations with masses ranging from m/z 29 to 142. The three major signals are assigned to fragment ions (C(3)H(5)(+), C(4)H(5)O(+)/C(5)H(9)(+) and C(6)H(11)O(2)(+)) which are known to be associated with the decomposition of PMMA. These impact ionisation spectra differ significantly from those reported earlier using polystyrene (PS) microparticles. The aliphatic PMMA microparticles generate small (m/z <100) fragment ions more readily at lower speeds than the predominantly aromatic PS microparticles, where speeds of at least 10 km s(-1) are typically required for substantial yields of low-mass fragment ions. This correlates well with the well-known greater chemical and thermal fragility of PMMA compared to PS. The PMMA microparticles should prove useful synthetic mimics for aliphatic carbonaceous micrometeorites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Burchell
- Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK.
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Sandford SA. Terrestrial analysis of the organic component of comet dust. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:549-578. [PMID: 20636089 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The nature of cometary organics is of great interest, both because these materials are thought to represent a reservoir of the original carbon-containing materials from which everything else in our solar system was made and because these materials may have played key roles in the origin of life on Earth. Because these organic materials are the products of a series of universal chemical processes expected to operate in the interstellar media and star-formation regions of all galaxies, the nature of cometary organics also provides information on the composition of organics in other planetary systems and, by extension, provides insights into the possible abundance of life elsewhere in the universe. Our current understanding of cometary organics represents a synthesis of information from telescopic and spacecraft observations of individual comets, the study of meteoritic materials, laboratory simulations, and, now, the study of samples collected directly from a comet, Comet P81/Wild 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sandford
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA.
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Sternovsky Z, Amyx K, Bano G, Landgraf M, Horanyi M, Knappmiller S, Robertson S, Grün E, Srama R, Auer S. Large area mass analyzer instrument for the chemical analysis of interstellar dust particles. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:014501. [PMID: 17503935 DOI: 10.1063/1.2431089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new instrument to analyze the chemical composition of dust particles in situ in space has been developed. The large target area ( approximately 0.2 m(2)) makes this instrument well suited for detecting a statistically significant number of interstellar dust grains or other dust particles with a low flux. The device is a reflectron-type time-of-flight mass spectrometer that uses only flat electrodes for the generation of the parabolic potential. The instrument analyzes the ions from the impact generated plasma due to hypervelocity dust impacts onto a solid target surface. The SIMION ion optics software package is used to investigate different potential field configurations and optimize the mass resolution and focusing of the ions. The cylindrically symmetric instrument operates with six ring electrodes and six annular electrodes biased to different potentials to create the potential distribution of the reflectron. The laboratory model of the instrument has been fabricated and tested. Hypervelocity dust impacts are simulated by laser ablation using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser with approximately 8 ns pulse length. The experimental data show typical mass resolution m/Deltam approximately 200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sternovsky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0392, USA.
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Tuzzolino AJ. Dust Flux Monitor Instrument for the Stardust mission to comet Wild 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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