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Cheng Z, Morgenstern M, Henning S, Zhang B, Roberts GC, Fraund M, Marcus MA, Lata NN, Fialho P, Mazzoleni L, Wehner B, Mazzoleni C, China S. Cloud condensation nuclei activity of internally mixed particle populations at a remote marine free troposphere site in the North Atlantic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166865. [PMID: 37690758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports results from research conducted at the Observatory of Mount Pico (OMP), 2225 m above mean sea level on Pico Island in the Azores archipelago in June and July 2017. We investigated the chemical composition, mixing state, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities of long-range transported free tropospheric (FT) particles. FLEXible PARTicle Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations reveal that most air masses that arrived at the OMP during the sampling period originated in North America and were highly aged (average plume age > 10 days). We probed size-resolved chemical composition, mixing state, and hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of individual particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (CCSEM-EDX). Based on the estimated individual particle mass from elemental composition, we calculated the mixing state index, χ. During our study, FT particle populations were internally mixed (χ of samples are between 53 % and 87 %), owing to the long atmospheric aging time. We used data from a miniature Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (miniCCNC) to derive the hygroscopicity parameter, κCCNC. Combining κCCNC and FLEXPART, we found that air masses recirculated above the North Atlantic Ocean with lower mean altitude had higher κCCNC due to the higher contribution of sea salt particles. We used CCSEM-EDX and phase state measurements to predict single-particle κ (κCCSEM-EDX) values, which overlap with the lower range of κCCNC measured below 0.15 % SS. Therefore, CCSEM-EDX measurements can be useful in predicting the lower bound of κ, which can be used in climate models to predict CCN activities, especially in remote locations where online CCN measurements are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Megan Morgenstern
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Gregory C Roberts
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Paulo Fialho
- Institute of Volcanology and Risk Assessment - IVAR, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Lynn Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Birgit Wehner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Liangou A, Florou K, Psichoudaki M, Kostenidou E, Tsiligiannis E, Pandis SN. A Method for the Measurement of the Water Solubility Distribution of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3952-3959. [PMID: 35324189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A method for the measurement of the water solubility distribution of atmospheric organic aerosols is presented. This method is based on the extraction of organic aerosols collected on filters, using different amounts of water and measurement of the corresponding water-soluble organic carbon concentration. The solubility distribution is then estimated using the solubility basis set. The method was applied on both ambient and source-specific aerosols. Approximately 60% of the atmospheric urban organic aerosol analyzed had water solubility higher than 0.6 g L-1. Around 10% of the fresh cooking organic aerosol had water solubility higher than 10 g L-1, while 80% of the total fresh cooking organic aerosol had solubility lower than 0.1 g L-1. The ambient measurements suggested that the solubility distributions are roughly consistent with the positive matrix factorization analysis results determined during the analysis of the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry data. Most of the oxidized organic aerosol appears to have water solubility above 0.6 g L-1, while the hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol and cooking organic aerosol have water solubility less than 0.002 and 0.1 g L-1, respectively. The biomass burning organic aerosol seems to have mostly intermediate solubility in water, between 0.04 and 0.6 g L-1. The proposed approach can quantify the solubility distribution in the 0.002-15 g L-1 range. Future extension of the method to higher solubility ranges would be useful for capturing the complete solubility range for atmospheric cloud condensation studies (0.1-100 g L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Liangou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras GR 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICEHT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras GR 26504, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Florou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras GR 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICEHT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras GR 26504, Greece
| | - Magda Psichoudaki
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICEHT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras GR 26504, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kostenidou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICEHT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras GR 26504, Greece
| | - Epameinondas Tsiligiannis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras GR 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICEHT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras GR 26504, Greece
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras GR 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICEHT), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras GR 26504, Greece
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Zangrando R, Barbaro E, Kirchgeorg T, Vecchiato M, Scalabrin E, Radaelli M, Đorđević D, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Five primary sources of organic aerosols in the urban atmosphere of Belgrade (Serbia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1441-1453. [PMID: 27450960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning and primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) represent important primary sources of organic compounds in the atmosphere. These particles and compounds are able to affect climate and human health. In the present work, using HPLC-orbitrapMS, we determined the atmospheric concentrations of molecular markers such as anhydrosugars and phenolic compounds that are specific for biomass burning, as well as the concentrations of sugars, alcohol sugars and d- and l-amino acids (D-AAs and L-AAs) for studying PBAPs in Belgrade (Serbia) aerosols collected in September-December 2008. In these samples, high levels of all these biomarkers were observed in October. Relative percentages of vanillic (V), syringic compounds (S) and p-coumaric acid (PA), as well as levoglucosan/mannosan (L/M) ratios, helped us discriminate between open fire events and wood combustion for domestic heating during the winter. L-AAs and D-AAs (1% of the total) were observed in Belgrade aerosols mainly in September-October. During open fire events, mean D-AA/L-AA (D/L) ratio values of aspartic acid, threonine, phenylalanine, alanine were significantly higher than mean D/L values of samples unaffected by open fire. High levels of AAs were observed for open biomass burning events. Thanks to four different statistical approaches, we demonstrated that Belgrade aerosols are affected by five sources: a natural source, a source related to fungi spores and degraded material and three other sources linked to biomass burning: biomass combustion in open fields, the combustion of grass and agricultural waste and the combustion of biomass in stoves and industrial plants. The approach employed in this work, involving the determination of specific organic tracers and statistical analysis, proved useful to discriminate among different types of biomass burning events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy; Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg 21335, Germany
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy
| | - Elisa Scalabrin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy
| | - Dragana Đorđević
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - Centre of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, (VE), Italy
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Zangrando R, Barbaro E, Vecchiato M, Kehrwald NM, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Levoglucosan and phenols in Antarctic marine, coastal and plateau aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:606-616. [PMID: 26674690 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to its isolated location, Antarctica is a natural laboratory for studying atmospheric aerosols and pollution in remote areas. Here, we determined levoglucosan and phenolic compounds (PCs) at diverse Antarctic sites: on the plateau, a coastal station and during an oceanographic cruise. Levoglucosan and PCs reached the Antarctic plateau where they were observed in accumulation mode aerosols (with median levoglucosan concentrations of 6.4 pg m(-3) and 4.1 pg m(-3), and median PC concentrations of 15.0 pg m(-3) and 7.3 pg m(-3)). Aged aerosols arrived at the coastal site through katabatic circulation with the majority of the levoglucosan mass distributed on larger particulates (24.8 pg m(-3)), while PCs were present in fine particles (34.0 pg m(-3)). The low levoglucosan/PC ratios in Antarctic aerosols suggest that biomass burning aerosols only had regional, rather than local, sources. General acid/aldehyde ratios were lower at the coastal site than on the plateau. Levoglucosan and PCs determined during the oceanographic cruise were 37.6 pg m(-3) and 58.5 pg m(-3) respectively. Unlike levoglucosan, which can only be produced by biomass burning, PCs have both biomass burning and other sources. Our comparisons of these two types of compounds across a range of Antarctic marine, coastal, and plateau sites demonstrate that local marine sources dominate Antarctic PC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, Calle, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, Calle, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Natalie M Kehrwald
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, Calle, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, Calle, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Mestre, Italy
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Liu Z, Murphy JP, Maghirang R, Devlin D. Health and Environmental Impacts of Smoke from Vegetation Fires: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2016.712148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rickards AMJ, Miles REH, Davies JF, Marshall FH, Reid JP. Measurements of the Sensitivity of Aerosol Hygroscopicity and the κ Parameter to the O/C Ratio. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:14120-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407991n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James F. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
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Burkart J, Steiner G, Reischl G, Hitzenberger R. Long-term study of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation of the atmospheric aerosol in Vienna. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2011; 45:5751-5759. [PMID: 21977003 PMCID: PMC3174422 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During a total of 11 months, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN at super-saturation S 0.5%) and condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations were measured in the urban background aerosol of Vienna, Austria. For several months, number size distributions between 13.22 nm and 929 nm were also measured with a scanning mobility particle spectrometer (SMPS). Activation ratios (i.e. CCN/CN ratios) were calculated and apparent activation diameters obtained by integrating the SMPS size distributions. Variations in all CCN parameters (concentration, activation ratio, apparent activation diameter) are quite large on timescales of days to weeks. Passages of fronts influenced CCN parameters. Concentrations decreased with the passage of a front. No significant differences were found for fronts from different sectors (for Vienna mainly north to west and south to east). CCN concentrations at 0.5% S ranged from 160 cm(-3) to 3600 cm(-3) with a campaign average of 820 cm(-3). Activation ratios were quite low (0.02-0.47, average: 0.13) and comparable to activation ratios found in other polluted regions (e.g. Cubison et al., 2008). Apparent activation diameters were found to be much larger (campaign average: 169 nm, range: (69-370) nm) than activation diameters for single-salt particles (around 50 nm depending on the salt). Contrary to CN concentrations, which are influenced by source patterns, CCN concentrations did not exhibit distinct diurnal patterns. Activation ratios showed diurnal variations counter-current to the variations of CN concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Burkart
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, Boltzmanng. 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Asa-Awuku A, Moore RH, Nenes A, Bahreini R, Holloway JS, Brock CA, Middlebrook AM, Ryerson TB, Jimenez JL, DeCarlo PF, Hecobian A, Weber RJ, Stickel R, Tanner DJ, Huey LG. Airborne cloud condensation nuclei measurements during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kondo Y, Matsui H, Moteki N, Sahu L, Takegawa N, Kajino M, Zhao Y, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Vay S, Diskin GS, Anderson B, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Fuelberg HE, Blake DR, Huey G, Weinheimer AJ, Knapp DJ, Brune WH. Emissions of black carbon, organic, and inorganic aerosols from biomass burning in North America and Asia in 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rissler J, Svenningsson B, Fors EO, Bilde M, Swietlicki E. An evaluation and comparison of cloud condensation nucleus activity models: Predicting particle critical saturation from growth at subsaturation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mochida M, Nishita-Hara C, Kitamori Y, Aggarwal SG, Kawamura K, Miura K, Takami A. Size-segregated measurements of cloud condensation nucleus activity and hygroscopic growth for aerosols at Cape Hedo, Japan, in spring 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Henning S, Wex H, Hennig T, Kiselev A, Snider JR, Rose D, Dusek U, Frank GP, Pöschl U, Kristensson A, Bilde M, Tillmann R, Kiendler-Scharr A, Mentel TF, Walter S, Schneider J, Wennrich C, Stratmann F. Soluble mass, hygroscopic growth, and droplet activation of coated soot particles during LACIS Experiment in November (LExNo). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Padró LT, Tkacik D, Lathem T, Hennigan CJ, Sullivan AP, Weber RJ, Huey LG, Nenes A. Investigation of cloud condensation nuclei properties and droplet growth kinetics of the water-soluble aerosol fraction in Mexico City. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kammermann L, Gysel M, Weingartner E, Herich H, Cziczo DJ, Holst T, Svenningsson B, Arneth A, Baltensperger U. Subarctic atmospheric aerosol composition: 3. Measured and modeled properties of cloud condensation nuclei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Petters MD, Carrico CM, Kreidenweis SM, Prenni AJ, DeMott PJ, Collett JL, Moosmüller H. Cloud condensation nucleation activity of biomass burning aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lance S, Nenes A, Mazzoleni C, Dubey MK, Gates H, Varutbangkul V, Rissman TA, Murphy SM, Sorooshian A, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Feingold G, Jonsson HH. Cloud condensation nuclei activity, closure, and droplet growth kinetics of Houston aerosol during the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martins JA, Silva Dias MAF, Gonçalves FLT. Impact of biomass burning aerosols on precipitation in the Amazon: A modeling case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biomass burning in Amazonia: Emissions, long-range transport of smoke and its regional and remote impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Artaxo P, Rizzo LV, Paixão M, de Lucca S, Oliveira PH, Lara LL, Wiedemann KT, Andreae MO, Holben B, Schafer J, Correia AL, Pauliquevis TM. Aerosol particles in Amazonia: Their composition, role in the radiation balance, cloud formation, and nutrient cycles. AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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