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Nitrous Oxide Profile Retrievals from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Validation. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm for the retrieval of nitrous oxide profiles from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS)/Aqua using a nonlinear optimal estimation method. First, an improved Optimal Sensitivity Profile (OSP) algorithm for channel selection is proposed based on the weighting functions and the transmissions of the target gas and interfering gases, with 13 channels selected for inversion in this algorithm. Next, the data of the High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft and the Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) are used to verify the retrieval results, including the atmospheric nitrous oxide profile and the column concentration. The results show that using AIRS satellite data, the atmospheric nitrous oxide profile between 300–900 hPa can be well retrieved with an accuracy of ~0.1%, which agrees with the corresponding Jacobian peak interval of selected channels. Analysis of the AIRS retrievals demonstrates that the AIRS measurements provide useful information to capture the spatial and temporal variations in nitrous oxide between 300–900 hPa.
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2
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Cortesão M, Siems K, Koch S, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Rabbow E, Berger T, Lane M, James L, Johnson P, Waters SM, Verma SD, Smith DJ, Moeller R. MARSBOx: Fungal and Bacterial Endurance From a Balloon-Flown Analog Mission in the Stratosphere. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:601713. [PMID: 33692763 PMCID: PMC7937622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.601713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether terrestrial life can withstand the martian environment is of paramount interest for planetary protection measures and space exploration. To understand microbial survival potential in Mars-like conditions, several fungal and bacterial samples were launched in September 2019 on a large NASA scientific balloon flight to the middle stratosphere (∼38 km altitude) where radiation levels resembled values at the equatorial Mars surface. Fungal spores of Aspergillus niger and bacterial cells of Salinisphaera shabanensis, Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis, and Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 were launched inside the MARSBOx (Microbes in Atmosphere for Radiation, Survival, and Biological Outcomes Experiment) payload filled with an artificial martian atmosphere and pressure throughout the mission profile. The dried microorganisms were either exposed to full UV-VIS radiation (UV dose = 1148 kJ m−2) or were shielded from radiation. After the 5-h stratospheric exposure, samples were assayed for survival and metabolic changes. Spores from the fungus A. niger and cells from the Gram-(–) bacterium S. shabanensis were the most resistant with a 2- and 4-log reduction, respectively. Exposed Buttiauxella sp. MASE-IM-9 was completely inactivated (both with and without UV exposure) and S. capitis subsp. capitis only survived the UV shielded experimental condition (3-log reduction). Our results underscore a wide variation in survival phenotypes of spacecraft associated microorganisms and support the hypothesis that pigmented fungi may be resistant to the martian surface if inadvertently delivered by spacecraft missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cortesão
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Siems
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stella Koch
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Astrobiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Astrobiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Biophysics Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Lane
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Leandro James
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Prital Johnson
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Engineering Directorate, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Samantha M Waters
- Universities Space Research Association, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Sonali D Verma
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - David J Smith
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Aerospace Microbiology Research Group, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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Assessment of Spectra of the Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder on GF-5 and Validation of Water Vapor Retrieval. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020325. [PMID: 33418883 PMCID: PMC7825146 DOI: 10.3390/s21020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder (AIUS) aboard the Chinese GaoFen-5 satellite was launched on 9 May 2018. It is the first hyperspectral occultation spectrometer in China. The spectral quality assessment of AIUS measurements at the full and representative spectral bands was presented by comparing the transmittance spectra of measurements with that of simulations. AIUS measurements agree well with simulations. Statistics show that more than 73% of the transmittance differences are within ±0.05 and more than 91% of the transmittance differences are within ±0.1. The spectral windows for O3, H2O, temperature, CO, CH4, and HCl were also analyzed. The comparison experiments indicate that AIUS data can provide reliable data for O3, H2O, temperature, CO, CH4, and HCl detection and dynamic monitoring. The H2O profiles were then retrieved from AIUS measurements, and the precision, resolution, and accuracy of the H2O profiles are discussed. The estimated precision is less than 1.3 ppmv (21%) below 57 km and about 0.9–2.4 ppmv (20–31%) at 60–90 km. The vertical resolution of H2O profiles is better than 5 km below 32 km and about 5–8 km at 35–85 km. Comparisons with MLS Level 2 products indicate that the mean H2O profiles of AIUS have a good agreement with those of MLS. The relative differences are mostly within ±10% at 16–75 km and about 10–15% at 16–20 km in 60∘–80∘ S. For 60∘–65 ∘ S in December, the relative differences are within ±5% between 22 km and 80 km. The H2O profiles retrieved from AIUS measurements are credible for scientific research.
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DeLand MT, Thomas GE. Extending the SBUV PMC Data Record with OMPS NP. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:7913-7925. [PMID: 31396267 PMCID: PMC6687313 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-7913-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrument measurements of atmospheric radiance to create a 40-year record of polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) behavior. While this series of measurements is nearing its end, we show in this paper that Ozone Mapping and Profiling Suite (OMPS) Nadir Profiler (NP) instruments can be added to the merged SBUV PMC data record. Regression analysis of this extended record shows smaller trends in PMC ice water content (IWC) since approximately 1998, consistent with previous work. Current trends are significant at the 95% confidence level in the Northern Hemisphere, but not in the Southern Hemisphere. The PMC IWC response to solar activity has decreased in the Northern Hemisphere since 1998, but has apparently increased in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T DeLand
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, Maryland 20706 USA
| | - Gary E Thomas
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)/University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Remarkable progress has occurred over the last 100 years in our understanding of atmospheric chemical composition, stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, acid rain, and the formation of airborne particles from gas-phase chemistry. Much of this progress was associated with the developing understanding of the formation and role of ozone and of the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, in the stratosphere and troposphere. The chemistry of the stratosphere, emerging from the pioneering work of Chapman in 1931, was followed by the discovery of catalytic ozone cycles, ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons, and the polar ozone holes, work honored by the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina. Foundations for the modern understanding of tropospheric chemistry were laid in the 1950s and 1960s, stimulated by the eye-stinging smog in Los Angeles. The importance of the hydroxyl (OH) radical and its relationship to the oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emerged. The chemical processes leading to acid rain were elucidated. The atmosphere contains an immense number of gas-phase organic compounds, a result of emissions from plants and animals, natural and anthropogenic combustion processes, emissions from oceans, and from the atmospheric oxidation of organics emitted into the atmosphere. Organic atmospheric particulate matter arises largely as gas-phase organic compounds undergo oxidation to yield low-volatility products that condense into the particle phase. A hundred years ago, quantitative theories of chemical reaction rates were nonexistent. Today, comprehensive computer codes are available for performing detailed calculations of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms for atmospheric reactions. Understanding the future role of atmospheric chemistry in climate change and, in turn, the impact of climate change on atmospheric chemistry, will be critical to developing effective policies to protect the planet.
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Tritscher I, Grooß JU, Spang R, Pitts MC, Poole LR, Müller R, Riese M. Lagrangian simulation of ice particles and resulting dehydration in the polar winter stratosphere. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:543-563. [PMID: 33414817 PMCID: PMC7787165 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-543-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and cold stratospheric aerosols drive heterogeneous chemistry and play a major role in polar ozone depletion. The Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulates the nucleation, growth, sedimentation, and evaporation of PSC particles along individual trajectories. Particles consisting of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), which contain a substantial fraction of the stratospheric nitric acid (HNO3), were the focus of previous modeling work and are known for their potential to denitrify the polar stratosphere. Here, we carried this idea forward and introduced the formation of ice PSCs and related dehydration into the sedimentation module of CLaMS. Both processes change the simulated chemical composition of the lower stratosphere. Due to the Lagrangian transport scheme, NAT and ice particles move freely in three-dimensional space. Heterogeneous NAT and ice nucleation on foreign nuclei as well as homogeneous ice nucleation and NAT nucleation on preexisting ice particles are now implemented into CLaMS and cover major PSC formation pathways. We show results from the Arctic winter 2009/2010 and from the Antarctic winter 2011 to demonstrate the performance of the model over two entire PSC seasons. For both hemispheres, we present CLaMS results in comparison to measurements from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Observations and simulations are presented on season-long and vortex-wide scales as well as for single PSC events. The simulations reproduce well both the timing and the extent of PSC occurrence inside the entire vortex. Divided into specific PSC classes, CLaMS results show predominantly good agreement with CALIOP and MIPAS observations, even for specific days and single satellite orbits. CLaMS and CALIOP agree that NAT mixtures are the first type of PSC to be present in both winters. NAT PSC areal coverages over the entire season agree satisfactorily. However, cloud-free areas, next to or surrounded by PSCs in the CALIOP data, are often populated with NAT particles in the CLaMS simulations. Looking at the temporal and vortex-averaged evolution of HNO3, CLaMS shows an uptake of HNO3 from the gas into the particle phase which is too large and happens too early in the simulation of the Arctic winter. In turn, the permanent redistribution of HNO3 is smaller in the simulations than in the observations. The Antarctic model run shows too little denitrification at lower altitudes towards the end of the winter compared to the observations. The occurrence of synoptic-scale ice PSCs agrees satisfactorily between observations and simulations for both hemispheres and the simulated vertical redistribution of water vapor (H2O) is in very good agreement with MLS observations. In summary, a conclusive agreement between CLaMS simulations and a variety of independent measurements is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tritscher
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Grooß
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Reinhold Spang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Lamont R. Poole
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia 23666, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Riese
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Remsberg E, Damadeo R, Natarajan M, Bhatt P. Observed responses of mesospheric water vapor to solar cycle and dynamical forcings. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:3830-3843. [PMID: 31360621 PMCID: PMC6662215 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd028029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on responses of mesospheric water vapor (H2O) to the solar cycle flux at Lyman-α wavelength and to wave forcings according to the multivariate ENSO index (MEI). The zonal-averaged responses are for latitudes from 60°S to 60°N and pressure-altitudes from 0.01 to 1.0 hPa, as obtained by multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses of time series of H2O from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) for July 1992 to November 2005. The solar responses change from strong negative H2O values in the upper mesosphere to very weak, positive values in the tropical lower mesosphere. Those response profiles at the low latitudes agree reasonably with published results for H2O from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). The distribution of seasonal H2O amplitudes corresponds well with that for temperature and is in accord with the seasonal net circulation. In general, the responses of H2O to MEI are anti-correlated with those of temperature. H2O responses to MEI are negative in the upper mesosphere and largest in the northern hemisphere; responses in the lower mesosphere are more symmetric with latitude. The H2O trends from MLR for the lower mesosphere agree with those reported from time series of microwave observations at two ground-based network stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Remsberg
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, 21 Langley Blvd., Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - Robert Damadeo
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, 21 Langley Blvd., Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - Murali Natarajan
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, 21 Langley Blvd., Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - Praful Bhatt
- Robinhood, 3200 Ash Street, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
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Hurst DF, Read WG, Vömel H, Selkirk HB, Rosenlof KH, Davis SM, Hall EG, Jordan AF, Oltmans SJ. Recent divergences in stratospheric water vapor measurements by frost point hygrometers and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:4447-4457. [PMID: 28966694 PMCID: PMC5619251 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-4447-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers (FPs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) provide high-quality vertical profile measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). A previous comparison of stratospheric water vapor measurements by FPs and MLS over three sites - Boulder, Colorado (40.0° N); Hilo, Hawaii (19.7° N); and Lauder, New Zealand (45.0° S) - from August 2004 through December 2012 not only demonstrated agreement better than 1% between 68 and 26 hPa but also exposed statistically significant biases of 2 to 10% at 83 and 100 hPa (Hurst et al., 2014). A simple linear regression analysis of the FP-MLS differences revealed no significant long-term drifts between the two instruments. Here we extend the drift comparison to mid-2015 and add two FP sites - Lindenberg, Germany (52.2° N), and San José, Costa Rica (10.0° N) - that employ FPs of different manufacture and calibration for their water vapor soundings. The extended comparison period reveals that stratospheric FP and MLS measurements over four of the five sites have diverged at rates of 0.03 to 0.07 ppmv year-1 (0.6 to 1.5% year-1) from ~2010 to mid-2015. These rates are similar in magnitude to the 30-year (1980-2010) average growth rate of stratospheric water vapor (~ 1% year-1) measured by FPs over Boulder (Hurst et al., 2011). By mid-2015, the FP-MLS differences at some sites were large enough to exceed the combined accuracy estimates of the FP and MLS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale F. Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - William G. Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Holger Vömel
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Henry B. Selkirk
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen H. Rosenlof
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean M. Davis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Emrys G. Hall
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Allen F. Jordan
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel J. Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Hall EG, Jordan AF, Hurst DF, Oltmans SJ, Vömel H, Kühnreich B, Ebert V. Advancements, measurement uncertainties, and recent comparisons of the NOAA frost point hygrometer. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:4295-4310. [PMID: 28845201 PMCID: PMC5571835 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-4295-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The NOAA frost point hygrometer (FPH) is a balloon-borne instrument flown monthly at three sites to measure water vapor profiles up to 28 km. The FPH record from Boulder, Colorado, is the longest continuous stratospheric water vapor record. The instrument has an uncertainty in the stratosphere that is < 6 % and up to 12 % in the troposphere. A digital microcontroller version of the instrument improved upon the older versions in 2008 with sunlight filtering, better frost control, and resistance to radio frequency interference (RFI). A new thermistor calibration technique was implemented in 2014, decreasing the uncertainty in the thermistor calibration fit to less than 0.01 °C over the full range of frost - or dew point temperatures (-93 to +20 °C) measured during a profile. Results from multiple water vapor intercomparisons are presented, including the excellent agreement between the NOAA FPH and the direct tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (dTDLAS) MC-PicT-1.4 during AquaVIT-2 chamber experiments over 6 days that provides confidence in the accuracy of the FPH measurements. Dual instrument flights with two FPHs or an FPH and a cryogenic frost point hygrometer (CFH) also show good agreement when launched on the same balloon. The results from these comparisons demonstrate the high level of accuracy of the NOAA FPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrys G. Hall
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Allen F. Jordan
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Dale F. Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel J. Oltmans
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Earth Observation Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Benjamin Kühnreich
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Smart Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker Ebert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Smart Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Davis SM, Rosenlof KH, Hassler B, Hurst DF, Read WG, Vömel H, Selkirk H, Fujiwara M, Damadeo R. The Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database: a long-term database for climate studies. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA 2016; 8:461-490. [PMID: 28966693 PMCID: PMC5619261 DOI: 10.5194/essd-8-461-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the construction of the Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database, which includes vertically resolved ozone and water vapor data from a subset of the limb profiling satellite instruments operating since the 1980s. The primary SWOOSH products are zonal-mean monthly-mean time series of water vapor and ozone mixing ratio on pressure levels (12 levels per decade from 316 to 1 hPa). The SWOOSH pressure level products are provided on several independent zonal-mean grids (2.5, 5, and 10°), and additional products include two coarse 3-D griddings (30° long × 10° lat, 20° × 5°) as well as a zonal-mean isentropic product. SWOOSH includes both individual satellite source data as well as a merged data product. A key aspect of the merged product is that the source records are homogenized to account for inter-satellite biases and to minimize artificial jumps in the record. We describe the SWOOSH homogenization process, which involves adjusting the satellite data records to a "reference" satellite using coincident observations during time periods of instrument overlap. The reference satellite is chosen based on the best agreement with independent balloon-based sounding measurements, with the goal of producing a long-term data record that is both homogeneous (i.e., with minimal artificial jumps in time) and accurate (i.e., unbiased). This paper details the choice of reference measurements, homogenization, and gridding process involved in the construction of the combined SWOOSH product and also presents the ancillary information stored in SWOOSH that can be used in future studies of water vapor and ozone variability. Furthermore, a discussion of uncertainties in the combined SWOOSH record is presented, and examples of the SWOOSH record are provided to illustrate its use for studies of ozone and water vapor variability on interannual to decadal timescales. The version 2.5 SWOOSH data are publicly available at doi:10.7289/V5TD9VBX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Davis
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Birgit Hassler
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dale F. Hurst
- NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William G. Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Henry Selkirk
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
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Prather MJ, Hsu J, DeLuca NM, Jackman CH, Oman LD, Douglass AR, Fleming EL, Strahan SE, Steenrod SD, Søvde OA, Isaksen ISA, Froidevaux L, Funke B. Measuring and modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:5693-5705. [PMID: 26900537 PMCID: PMC4744722 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide lifetime is computed empirically from MLS satellite dataEmpirical N2O lifetimes compared with models including interannual variabilityResults improve values for present anthropogenic and preindustrial emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Prather
- Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Juno Hsu
- Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Nicole M DeLuca
- Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | | | - Luke D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - Eric L Fleming
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA;Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Lanham Maryland USA
| | | | - Stephen D Steenrod
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA; Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research Center Universities Space Research Association Columbia Maryland USA
| | - O Amund Søvde
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research-Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | | | - Bernd Funke
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC Granada Spain
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Hurst DF, Lambert A, Read WG, Davis SM, Rosenlof KH, Hall EG, Jordan AF, Oltmans SJ. Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric water vapor measurements by the NOAA frost point hygrometer. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2014; 119:1612-1625. [PMID: 28845378 PMCID: PMC5571760 DOI: 10.1002/2013jd020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Differences between stratospheric water vapor measurements by NOAA frost point hygrometers (FPHs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are evaluated for the period August 2004 through December 2012 at Boulder, Colorado, Hilo, Hawaii, and Lauder, New Zealand. Two groups of MLS profiles coincident with the FPH soundings at each site are identified using unique sets of spatiotemporal criteria. Before evaluating the differences between coincident FPH and MLS profiles, each FPH profile is convolved with the MLS averaging kernels for eight pressure levels from 100 to 26 hPa (~16 to 25 km) to reduce its vertical resolution to that of the MLS water vapor retrievals. The mean FPH - MLS differences at every pressure level (100 to 26 hPa) are well within the combined measurement uncertainties of the two instruments. However, the mean differences at 100 and 83 hPa are statistically significant and negative, ranging from -0.46 ± 0.22 ppmv (-10.3 ± 4.8%) to -0.10 ± 0.05 ppmv (-2.2 ± 1.2%). Mean differences at the six pressure levels from 68 to 26 hPa are on average 0.8% (0.04 ppmv), and only a few are statistically significant. The FPH - MLS differences at each site are examined for temporal trends using weighted linear regression analyses. The vast majority of trends determined here are not statistically significant, and most are smaller than the minimum trends detectable in this analysis. Except at 100 and 83 hPa, the average agreement between MLS retrievals and FPH measurements of stratospheric water vapor is better than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale F Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyn Lambert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - William G Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sean M Davis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen H Rosenlof
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Emrys G Hall
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Allen F Jordan
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel J Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Andersson ME, Verronen PT, Wang S, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA, Carson BR. Precipitating radiation belt electrons and enhancements of mesospheric hydroxyl during 2004-2009. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Laat ATJ, van Weele M. The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole: observed reduction in ozone destruction by minor sudden stratospheric warmings. Sci Rep 2012; 1:38. [PMID: 22355557 PMCID: PMC3216525 DOI: 10.1038/srep00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite observations show that the 2010 Antarctic ozone hole is characterized by anomalously small amounts of photochemical ozone destruction (40-60% less than the 2005-2009 average). Observations from the MLS instrument show that this is mainly related to reduced photochemical ozone destruction between 20-25 km altitude. Lower down between 15-20 km the atmospheric chemical composition and photochemical ozone destruction is unaffected. The modified chemical composition and chemistry between 20-25 km altitude in 2010 is related to the occurrence of a mid-winter minor Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW). The measurements indicate that the changes in chemical composition are related to downward motion of air masses rather than horizontal mixing, and affect stratospheric chemistry for several months. Since 1979, years with similar anomalously small amounts of ozone destruction are all characterized by either minor or major SSWs, illustrating that their presence has been a necessary pre-condition for reduced Antarctic stratospheric ozone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T J de Laat
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the Netherlands.
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Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA, Wang S. First evidence of mesospheric hydroxyl response to electron precipitation from the radiation belts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ishijima K, Patra PK, Takigawa M, Machida T, Matsueda H, Sawa Y, Steele LP, Krummel PB, Langenfelds RL, Aoki S, Nakazawa T. Stratospheric influence on the seasonal cycle of nitrous oxide in the troposphere as deduced from aircraft observations and model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Englert CR, Stevens MH, Siskind DE, Harlander JM, Roesler FL. Spatial Heterodyne Imager for Mesospheric Radicals on STPSat-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Stevens MH, Siskind DE, Eckermann SD, Coy L, McCormack JP, Englert CR, Hoppel KW, Nielsen K, Kochenash AJ, Hervig ME, Randall CE, Lumpe J, Bailey SM, Rapp M, Hoffmann P. Tidally induced variations of polar mesospheric cloud altitudes and ice water content using a data assimilation system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Minschwaner K, Manney GL, Livesey NJ, Pumphrey HC, Pickett HM, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Schwartz MJ, Bernath PF, Walker KA, Boone CD. The photochemistry of carbon monoxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere evaluated from observations by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Orsolini YJ, Urban J, Murtagh DP, Lossow S, Limpasuvan V. Descent from the polar mesosphere and anomalously high stratopause observed in 8 years of water vapor and temperature satellite observations by the Odin Sub-Millimeter Radiometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Solomon S, Rosenlof KH, Portmann RW, Daniel JS, Davis SM, Sanford TJ, Plattner GK. Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming. Science 2010; 327:1219-23. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 850] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Solomon
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Karen H. Rosenlof
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John S. Daniel
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sean M. Davis
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Todd J. Sanford
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gian-Kasper Plattner
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Flury T, Hocke K, Haefele A, Kämpfer N, Lehmann R. Ozone depletion, water vapor increase, and PSC generation at midlatitudes by the 2008 major stratospheric warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Stolarski RS, Pawson S, Strahan SE, Read W. Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fetzer EJ, Read WG, Waliser D, Kahn BH, Tian B, Vömel H, Irion FW, Su H, Eldering A, de la Torre Juarez M, Jiang J, Dang V. Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rösevall JD, Murtagh DP, Urban J, Feng W, Eriksson P, Brohede S. A study of ozone depletion in the 2004/2005 Arctic winter based on data from Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Joiner J. Introduction to special section on Aura Validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Read WG, Lambert A, Bacmeister J, Cofield RE, Christensen LE, Cuddy DT, Daffer WH, Drouin BJ, Fetzer E, Froidevaux L, Fuller R, Herman R, Jarnot RF, Jiang JH, Jiang YB, Kelly K, Knosp BW, Kovalenko LJ, Livesey NJ, Liu HC, Manney GL, Pickett HM, Pumphrey HC, Rosenlof KH, Sabounchi X, Santee ML, Schwartz MJ, Snyder WV, Stek PC, Su H, Takacs LL, Thurstans RP, Vömel H, Wagner PA, Waters JW, Webster CR, Weinstock EM, Wu DL. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric H2O and relative humidity with respect to ice validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manney GL, Daffer WH, Zawodny JM, Bernath PF, Hoppel KW, Walker KA, Knosp BW, Boone C, Remsberg EE, Santee ML, Harvey VL, Pawson S, Jackson DR, Deaver L, McElroy CT, McLinden CA, Drummond JR, Pumphrey HC, Lambert A, Schwartz MJ, Froidevaux L, McLeod S, Takacs LL, Suarez MJ, Trepte CR, Cuddy DC, Livesey NJ, Harwood RS, Waters JW. Solar occultation satellite data and derived meteorological products: Sampling issues and comparisons with Aura Microwave Limb Sounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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