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Su Y, Jiao B, Fu S, Jiang Y. Quasi-10-day waves in temperature and polar mesospheric clouds: Results of AIM/SOFIE and Aura/MLS observations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31241. [PMID: 38803907 PMCID: PMC11129006 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Planetary waves, including quasi-2, -5, -10, -16-day waves, play significant roles in stratospheric dynamics. However, the existing knowledge on quasi-10-day waves (Q10DWs) at high latitudes is limited. This paper investigated the interannual and seasonal variations of Q10DWs with zonal wave numbers varying from the -3 (westward propagation) to 3 (eastward propagation) modes from 2008 to 2022, using temperature data measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder instrument (316-0.001 hPa, corresponding to an altitude of approximately 8-97 km) and temperature/ice water content data measured by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) instrument (10-100 km at latitudes >55°). The findings revealed that the amplitude of Q10DWs in winter was higher than that in other seasons. The amplitude of Q10DWs was observed to substantially decrease with an increase in wavenumber. In addition, the amplitude of stationary Q10DWs in the northern polar region exceeded that in the southern polar region. Moreover, we used observational data from the SOFIE instrument, which simultaneously measures temperature and ice water content (IWC) in the mesosphere, to examine the variations of Q10DWs with respect to the temperature and IWC. Our findings suggest that in the northern polar region, the maximum value of Q10DWs in IWC was occasionally observed earlier than the lowest value of Q10DWs in temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Su
- Zhuhai Public Meteorological Service Center, Zhuhai, 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Jiao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences and Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, 999078, Macau, People's Republic of China
- CNSA Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Taipa, 999078, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, 999078, Macau, People's Republic of China
- CNSA Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Taipa, 999078, Macau, People's Republic of China
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2
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Park J, Evans JS, Eastes RW, Lumpe JD, van den Ijssel J, Englert CR, Stevens MH. Exospheric Temperature Measured by NASA-GOLD Under Low Solar Activity: Comparison With Other Data Sets. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2021JA030041. [PMID: 35865741 PMCID: PMC9286447 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exospheric temperature is one of the key parameters in constructing thermospheric models and has been extensively studied with in situ observations and remote sensing. The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) at a geosynchronous vantage point provides dayglow limb images for two longitude sectors, from which we can estimate the terrestrial exospheric temperature since 2018. In this paper, we investigate climatological behavior of the exospheric temperature measured by GOLD. The temperature has positive correlations with solar and geomagnetic activity and exhibits a morning-afternoon asymmetry, both of which agree with previous studies. We have found that the arithmetic sum of F10.7 (solar) and Ap (geomagnetic) indices is highly correlated with the exospheric temperature, explaining ∼64% of the day-to-day variability. Furthermore, the exospheric temperature has good correlation with thermospheric parameters (e.g., neutral temperature, O2 density, and NO emission index) sampled at various heights above ∼130 km, in spite of the well-known thermal gradient below ∼200 km. However, thermospheric temperature at altitudes around 100 km is not well correlated with the GOLD exospheric temperature. The result implies that effects other than thermospheric heating by solar Extreme Ultraviolet and geomagnetic activity take control below a threshold altitude that exists between ∼100 and ∼130 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeheung Park
- Space Science DivisionKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteDaejeonSouth Korea
- Department of Astronomy and Space ScienceKorea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeonSouth Korea
| | | | - Richard W. Eastes
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Jose van den Ijssel
- Faculty of Aerospace EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
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3
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Gravity Wave Breaking Associated with Mesospheric Inversion Layers as Measured by the Ship-Borne BEM Monge Lidar and ICON-MIGHTI. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During a recent 2020 campaign, the Rayleigh lidar aboard the Bâtiment d’Essais et de Mesures (BEM) Monge conducted high-resolution temperature measurements of the upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT). These measurements were used to conduct the first validation of ICON-MIGHTI temperatures by Rayleigh lidar. A double Mesospheric Inversion Layer (MIL) as well as shorter-period gravity waves was observed. Zonal and meridional wind speeds were obtained from locally launched radiosondes and the newly launched ICON satellite as well as from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF-ERA5) reanalysis. These three datasets allowed us to see the evolution of the winds in response to the forcing from the MIL and gravity waves. The wavelet analysis of a case study suggests that the wave energy was dissipated in small, intense, transient instabilities about a given wavenumber in addition to via a broad spectrum of breaking waves. This article will also detail the recent hardware advances of the Monge lidar that have allowed for the measurement of MILs and gravity waves at a resolution of 5 min with an effective vertical resolution of 926 m.
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4
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Liu G, England SL, Lin CS, Pedatella NM, Klenzing JH, Englert CR, Harding BJ, Immel TJ, Rowland DE. Evaluation of Atmospheric 3-Day Waves as a Source of Day-to-Day Variation of the Ionospheric Longitudinal Structure. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL094877. [PMID: 34690382 PMCID: PMC8528139 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl094877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time the day-to-day variation of the longitudinal structure in height of the F2 layer (hmF2) in the equatorial ionosphere using multi-satellite observations of electron density profiles by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2). These observations reveal a ~3-day modulation of the hmF2 wavenumber-4 structure viewed in a fixed local time frame during January 30-February 14, 2021. Simultaneously, ~3-day planetary wave activity is discerned from zonal wind observations at ~100 km by the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI). This signature is not observed at ~180-250 km altitudes, suggesting the dissipation of this wave below the F-region. We propose that the 3-day variation identified in h mF2 is likely caused by the planetary wave-tide interaction through the E-region dynamo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Liu
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CUA/NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Heliophysics Science Division, ITM Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Scott L England
- Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chin S Lin
- Lins Institute of Science, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Pedatella
- COSMIC Program Office, University of Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Klenzing
- Heliophysics Science Division, ITM Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - Brian J Harding
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Immel
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Douglas E Rowland
- Heliophysics Science Division, ITM Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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5
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Planetary Wave Spectrum in the Stratosphere–Mesosphere during Sudden Stratospheric Warming 2018. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13061190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The planetary wave activity in the stratosphere–mesosphere during the Arctic major Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in February 2018 is discussed on the basis of microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) above Kharkiv, Ukraine (50.0° N, 36.3° E) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements of CO, temperature and geopotential heights. From the MLS data, eastward and westward migrations of wave 1/wave 2 spectral components were differentiated, to which less attention was paid in previous studies. Abrupt changes in zonal wave spectra occurred with the zonal wind reversal near 10 February 2018. Eastward wave 1 and wave 2 were observed before the SSW onset and disappeared during the SSW event, when westward wave 1 became dominant. Wavelet power spectra of mesospheric CO variations showed statistically significant periods of 20–30 days using both MWR and MLS data. Although westward wave 1 in the mesosphere dominated with the onset of the SSW 2018, it developed independently of stratospheric dynamics. Since the propagation of upward planetary waves was limited in the easterly zonal flow in the stratosphere during SSW, forced planetary waves in the mid-latitude mesosphere may exist due to the instability of the zonal flow.
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Assessment of Spectra of the Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder on GF-5 and Validation of Water Vapor Retrieval. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020325. [PMID: 33418883 PMCID: PMC7825146 DOI: 10.3390/s21020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sounder (AIUS) aboard the Chinese GaoFen-5 satellite was launched on 9 May 2018. It is the first hyperspectral occultation spectrometer in China. The spectral quality assessment of AIUS measurements at the full and representative spectral bands was presented by comparing the transmittance spectra of measurements with that of simulations. AIUS measurements agree well with simulations. Statistics show that more than 73% of the transmittance differences are within ±0.05 and more than 91% of the transmittance differences are within ±0.1. The spectral windows for O3, H2O, temperature, CO, CH4, and HCl were also analyzed. The comparison experiments indicate that AIUS data can provide reliable data for O3, H2O, temperature, CO, CH4, and HCl detection and dynamic monitoring. The H2O profiles were then retrieved from AIUS measurements, and the precision, resolution, and accuracy of the H2O profiles are discussed. The estimated precision is less than 1.3 ppmv (21%) below 57 km and about 0.9–2.4 ppmv (20–31%) at 60–90 km. The vertical resolution of H2O profiles is better than 5 km below 32 km and about 5–8 km at 35–85 km. Comparisons with MLS Level 2 products indicate that the mean H2O profiles of AIUS have a good agreement with those of MLS. The relative differences are mostly within ±10% at 16–75 km and about 10–15% at 16–20 km in 60∘–80∘ S. For 60∘–65 ∘ S in December, the relative differences are within ±5% between 22 km and 80 km. The H2O profiles retrieved from AIUS measurements are credible for scientific research.
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7
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Abstract
In this paper, we present a framework to study the spatial structure of noctilucent clouds formed by ice particles in the upper atmosphere at mid and high latitudes during summer. We studied noctilucent cloud activity in optical images taken from three different locations and under different atmospheric conditions. In order to identify and distinguish noctilucent cloud activity from other objects in the scene, we employed linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with feature vectors ranging from simple metrics to higher-order local autocorrelation (HLAC), and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG). Finally, we propose a convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based method for the detection of noctilucent clouds. The results clearly indicate that the CNN-based approach outperforms the LDA-based methods used in this article. Furthermore, we outline suggestions for future research directions to establish a framework that can be used for synchronizing the optical observations from ground-based camera systems with echoes measured with radar systems like EISCAT in order to obtain independent additional information on the ice clouds.
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DeLand MT, Thomas GE. Extending the SBUV PMC Data Record with OMPS NP. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:7913-7925. [PMID: 31396267 PMCID: PMC6687313 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-7913-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrument measurements of atmospheric radiance to create a 40-year record of polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) behavior. While this series of measurements is nearing its end, we show in this paper that Ozone Mapping and Profiling Suite (OMPS) Nadir Profiler (NP) instruments can be added to the merged SBUV PMC data record. Regression analysis of this extended record shows smaller trends in PMC ice water content (IWC) since approximately 1998, consistent with previous work. Current trends are significant at the 95% confidence level in the Northern Hemisphere, but not in the Southern Hemisphere. The PMC IWC response to solar activity has decreased in the Northern Hemisphere since 1998, but has apparently increased in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T DeLand
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, Maryland 20706 USA
| | - Gary E Thomas
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)/University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
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9
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Wang H, Chai S, Tang X, Zhou B, Bian J, Vömel H, Yu K, Wang W. Verification of satellite ozone/temperature profile products and ozone effective height/temperature over Kunming, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:35-47. [PMID: 30665130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozonesonde data from November 2013 to April 2015 over Kunming, China are used to verify ozone and temperature profile retrievals from two spaceborne instruments, the version 4.2 product from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the NASA Aura satellite and the version 6.0 product from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA Aqua satellite. We calculated and compared the ozone effective height Heff and effective temperature Teff, which are two important parameters in ground-based total ozone retrieval through the use of various profile datasets. This is used to verify the accuracy of the operative values (Heff(0) = 23 km, Teff(0) = -46.3 °C (or -45 °C)) from the World Meteorological Organization. The results show that the deviation of MLS and AIRS ozone profiles from ozone sounding data has significant oscillation and scatter in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The average difference of MLS at 82.5 hPa is (80.5 ± 65.1) %, and that of AIRS at 70 and 100 hPa are (105.6 ± 74.9) % and (107.0 ± 67.8) %, respectively. The two satellite temperature profiles have differences within ±3 °C and can effectively describe the vertical distribution and variation of temperature. When calculating the Heff and Teff, upper stratospheric data missing from the sounding data must be filled in by the satellite profile data; otherwise the calculated results will show large errors of 3.2 km and 3.3 °C. The Heff and Teff at Kunming are respectively 24.36 to 25.51 km and -48.3 to -43.6 °C. The operational Heff and Teff used at Kunming ozone observation station clearly do not conform to the actual situation and must be corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Atmosphere Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Suying Chai
- Department of Atmosphere Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Yunan Institute of Environmental Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Vömel
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ke Yu
- Meteorological Information Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Department of Atmosphere Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
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10
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Lawrence ZD, Manney GL, Wargan K. Reanalysis intercomparisons of stratospheric polar processing diagnostics. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:13547-13579. [PMID: 30581457 PMCID: PMC6299841 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13547-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We compare herein polar processing diagnostics derived from the four most recent full-input reanalysis datasets: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis / Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSR/CFSv2), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), the Japanese Meteorological Agency's Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). We focus on diagnostics based on temperatures and potential vorticity (PV) in the lower to middle stratosphere that are related to formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), chlorine activation, and the strength, size, and longevity of the stratospheric polar vortex. Polar minimum temperatures (Tmin) and the area of regions having temperatures below PSC formation thresholds (APSC) show large persistent differences between the reanalyses, especially in the southern hemisphere (SH), for years prior to 1999. Average absolute differences of the reanalyses from the reanalysis ensemble mean (REM) in Tmin are as large as 3 K at some levels in the SH (1.5 K in the NH), and absolute differences of reanalysis APSC from the REM up to 1.5% of a hemisphere (0.75% of a hemisphere in the NH). After 1999, the reanalyses converge toward better agreement in both hemispheres, dramatically so in the SH: Average Tmin differences from the REM are generally less than 1 K in both hemispheres, and average APSC differences less than 0.3% of a hemisphere. The comparisons of diagnostics based on isentropic PV for assessing polar vortex characteristics, including maximum PV gradients (MPVG) and the area of the vortex in sunlight (or sunlit vortex area, SVA), show more complex behavior: SH MPVG showed convergence toward better agreement with the REM after 1999, while NH MPVG differences remained largely constant over time; differences in SVA remained relatively constant in both hemispheres. While the average differences from the REM are generally small for these vortex diagnostics, understanding such differences among the reanalyses is complicated by the need to use different methods to obtain vertically-resolved PV for the different reanalyses. We also evaluated other winter season summary diagnostics, including the winter mean volume of air below PSC thresholds, and vortex decay dates. For the volume of air below PSC thresholds, the reanalyses generally agree best in the SH, where relatively small interannual variability has led to many winter seasons with similar polar processing potential and duration, and thus low sensitivity to differences in meteorological conditions among the reanalyses. In contrast, the large interannual variability of NH winters has given rise to many seasons with marginal conditions that are more sensitive to reanalysis differences. For vortex decay dates, larger differences are seen in the SH than in the NH; in general the differences in decay dates among the reanalyses follow from persistent differences in their vortex areas. Our results indicate that the transition from the reanalyses assimilating Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data to Advanced TOVS and other data around 1998 - 2000 resulted in a profound improvement in the agreement of the temperature diagnostics presented (especially in the SH) and to a lesser extent the agreement of the vortex diagnostics. We present several recommendations for using reanalyses in polar processing studies, particularly related to the sensitivity to changes in data inputs and assimilation. Because of these sensitivities, we urge great caution for studies aiming to assess trends derived from reanalysis temperatures. We also argue that one of the best ways to assess the sensitivity of scientific results on polar processing is to use multiple reanalysis datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Lawrence
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM USA
- NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Gloria L Manney
- NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM USA
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD, USA
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11
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Mesospheric Inversion Layers at Mid-Latitudes and Coincident Changes of Ozone, Water Vapour and Horizontal Wind in the Middle Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Gelaro R, McCarty W, Suárez MJ, Todling R, Molod A, Takacs L, Randles C, Darmenov A, Bosilovich MG, Reichle R, Wargan K, Coy L, Cullather R, Draper C, Akella S, Buchard V, Conaty A, da Silva A, Gu W, Kim GK, Koster R, Lucchesi R, Merkova D, Nielsen JE, Partyka G, Pawson S, Putman W, Rienecker M, Schubert SD, Sienkiewicz M, Zhao B. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017; Volume 30:5419-5454. [PMID: 32020988 DOI: 10.1175/jcli‐d‐16‐0758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) is the latest atmospheric reanalysis of the modern satellite era produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA-2 assimilates observation types not available to its predecessor, MERRA, and includes updates to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model and analysis scheme so as to provide a viable ongoing climate analysis beyond MERRA's terminus. While addressing known limitations of MERRA, MERRA-2 is also intended to be a development milestone for a future integrated Earth system analysis (IESA) currently under development at GMAO. This paper provides an overview of the MERRA-2 system and various performance metrics. Among the advances in MERRA-2 relevant to IESA are the assimilation of aerosol observations, several improvements to the representation of the stratosphere including ozone, and improved representations of cryospheric processes. Other improvements in the quality of MERRA-2 compared with MERRA include the reduction of some spurious trends and jumps related to changes in the observing system, and reduced biases and imbalances in aspects of the water cycle. Remaining deficiencies are also identified. Production of MERRA-2 began in June 2014 in four processing streams, and converged to a single near-real time stream in mid 2015. MERRA-2 products are accessible online through the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gelaro
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Will McCarty
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Max J Suárez
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Ricardo Todling
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | - Anton Darmenov
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michael G Bosilovich
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Rolf Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | | | - Clara Draper
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | | | | | | | - Arlindo da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Wei Gu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gi-Kong Kim
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Randal Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | | | - Gary Partyka
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michele Rienecker
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Siegfried D Schubert
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Science Applications International Corporation, Beltsville, MD
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13
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Gelaro R, McCarty W, Suárez MJ, Todling R, Molod A, Takacs L, Randles C, Darmenov A, Bosilovich MG, Reichle R, Wargan K, Coy L, Cullather R, Draper C, Akella S, Buchard V, Conaty A, da Silva A, Gu W, Kim GK, Koster R, Lucchesi R, Merkova D, Nielsen JE, Partyka G, Pawson S, Putman W, Rienecker M, Schubert SD, Sienkiewicz M, Zhao B. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017. [PMID: 32020988 DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) is the latest atmospheric reanalysis of the modern satellite era produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA-2 assimilates observation types not available to its predecessor, MERRA, and includes updates to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model and analysis scheme so as to provide a viable ongoing climate analysis beyond MERRA's terminus. While addressing known limitations of MERRA, MERRA-2 is also intended to be a development milestone for a future integrated Earth system analysis (IESA) currently under development at GMAO. This paper provides an overview of the MERRA-2 system and various performance metrics. Among the advances in MERRA-2 relevant to IESA are the assimilation of aerosol observations, several improvements to the representation of the stratosphere including ozone, and improved representations of cryospheric processes. Other improvements in the quality of MERRA-2 compared with MERRA include the reduction of some spurious trends and jumps related to changes in the observing system, and reduced biases and imbalances in aspects of the water cycle. Remaining deficiencies are also identified. Production of MERRA-2 began in June 2014 in four processing streams, and converged to a single near-real time stream in mid 2015. MERRA-2 products are accessible online through the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gelaro
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Will McCarty
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Max J Suárez
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Ricardo Todling
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | - Anton Darmenov
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michael G Bosilovich
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Rolf Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | | | - Clara Draper
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | | | | | | | - Arlindo da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Wei Gu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gi-Kong Kim
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Randal Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | | | - Gary Partyka
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michele Rienecker
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Siegfried D Schubert
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Science Applications International Corporation, Beltsville, MD
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14
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Gelaro R, McCarty W, Suárez MJ, Todling R, Molod A, Takacs L, Randles C, Darmenov A, Bosilovich MG, Reichle R, Wargan K, Coy L, Cullather R, Draper C, Akella S, Buchard V, Conaty A, da Silva A, Gu W, Kim GK, Koster R, Lucchesi R, Merkova D, Nielsen JE, Partyka G, Pawson S, Putman W, Rienecker M, Schubert SD, Sienkiewicz M, Zhao B. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017; Volume 30:5419-5454. [PMID: 32020988 PMCID: PMC6999672 DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-16-0758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) is the latest atmospheric reanalysis of the modern satellite era produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA-2 assimilates observation types not available to its predecessor, MERRA, and includes updates to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model and analysis scheme so as to provide a viable ongoing climate analysis beyond MERRA's terminus. While addressing known limitations of MERRA, MERRA-2 is also intended to be a development milestone for a future integrated Earth system analysis (IESA) currently under development at GMAO. This paper provides an overview of the MERRA-2 system and various performance metrics. Among the advances in MERRA-2 relevant to IESA are the assimilation of aerosol observations, several improvements to the representation of the stratosphere including ozone, and improved representations of cryospheric processes. Other improvements in the quality of MERRA-2 compared with MERRA include the reduction of some spurious trends and jumps related to changes in the observing system, and reduced biases and imbalances in aspects of the water cycle. Remaining deficiencies are also identified. Production of MERRA-2 began in June 2014 in four processing streams, and converged to a single near-real time stream in mid 2015. MERRA-2 products are accessible online through the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gelaro
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Will McCarty
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Max J. Suárez
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Ricardo Todling
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | - Anton Darmenov
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michael G. Bosilovich
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Rolf Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | | | - Clara Draper
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | | | | | | | - Arlindo da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Wei Gu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gi-Kong Kim
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Randal Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | | | - Gary Partyka
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michele Rienecker
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Siegfried D. Schubert
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Science Applications International Corporation, Beltsville, MD
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15
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Hubert D, Lambert JC, Verhoelst T, Granville J, Keppens A, Baray JL, Cortesi U, Degenstein DA, Froidevaux L, Godin-Beekmann S, Hoppel KW, Kyrölä E, Leblanc T, Lichtenberg G, McElroy CT, Murtagh D, Nakane H, Querel R, Russell JM, Salvador J, Smit HGJ, Stebel K, Steinbrecht W, Strawbridge KB, Stübi R, Swart DPJ, Taha G, Thompson AM, Urban J, van Gijsel JAE, von der Gathen P, Walker KA, Wolfram E, Zawodny JM. Ground-based assessment of the bias and long-term stability of fourteen limb and occultation ozone profile data records. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:2497-2534. [PMID: 29743958 PMCID: PMC5937289 DOI: 10.5194/amtd-8-6661-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ozone profile records of a large number of limb and occultation satellite instruments are widely used to address several key questions in ozone research. Further progress in some domains depends on a more detailed understanding of these data sets, especially of their long-term stability and their mutual consistency. To this end, we made a systematic assessment of fourteen limb and occultation sounders that, together, provide more than three decades of global ozone profile measurements. In particular, we considered the latest operational Level-2 records by SAGE II, SAGE III, HALOE, UARS MLS, Aura MLS, POAM II, POAM III, OSIRIS, SMR, GOMOS, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY, ACE-FTS and MAESTRO. Central to our work is a consistent and robust analysis of the comparisons against the ground-based ozonesonde and stratospheric ozone lidar networks. It allowed us to investigate, from the troposphere up to the stratopause, the following main aspects of satellite data quality: long-term stability, overall bias, and short-term variability, together with their dependence on geophysical parameters and profile representation. In addition, it permitted us to quantify the overall consistency between the ozone profilers. Generally, we found that between 20-40 km the satellite ozone measurement biases are smaller than ±5 %, the short-term variabilities are less than 5-12% and the drifts are at most ±5% decade-1 (or even ±3 % decade-1 for a few records). The agreement with ground-based data degrades somewhat towards the stratopause and especially towards the tropopause where natural variability and low ozone abundances impede a more precise analysis. In part of the stratosphere a few records deviate from the preceding general conclusions; we identified biases of 10% and more (POAM II and SCIAMACHY), markedly higher single-profile variability (SMR and SCIAMACHY), and significant long-term drifts (SCIAMACHY, OSIRIS, HALOE, and possibly GOMOS and SMR as well). Furthermore, we reflected on the repercussions of our findings for the construction, analysis and interpretation of merged data records. Most notably, the discrepancies between several recent ozone profile trend assessments can be mostly explained by instrumental drift. This clearly demonstrates the need for systematic comprehensive multi-instrument comparison analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Hubert
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels,
Belgium
| | - J.-C. Lambert
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels,
Belgium
| | - T. Verhoelst
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels,
Belgium
| | - J. Granville
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels,
Belgium
| | - A. Keppens
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels,
Belgium
| | - J.-L. Baray
- Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones
(Université de La Réunion, CNRS, Météo-France),
OSU-Réunion (Université de la Réunion, CNRS), La
Réunion, France
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Observatoire
de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS),
Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - U. Cortesi
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” del
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - D. A. Degenstein
- Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - L. Froidevaux
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S. Godin-Beekmann
- Laboratoire Atmosphère Milieux Observations Spatiales,
Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | | | - E. Kyrölä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Leblanc
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Wrightwood, CA, USA
| | - G. Lichtenberg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute,
Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | | | - D. Murtagh
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of
Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - H. Nakane
- Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
| | - R. Querel
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New
Zealand
| | - J. M. Russell
- Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Hampton
University, VA, USA
| | - J. Salvador
- CEILAP-UNIDEF (MINDEF-CONICET), UMI-IFAECI-CNRS-3351, Villa
Martelli, Argentina
| | - H. G. J. Smit
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute for Energy and Climate
Research: Troposphere (IEK-8), Jülich, Germany
| | - K. Stebel
- Norwegian Air Research Institute (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - W. Steinbrecht
- Meteorologisches Observatorium, Deutscher Wetterdienst,
Hohenpeissenberg, Germany
| | - K. B. Strawbridge
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada,
Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R. Stübi
- Payerne Aerological Station, MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
| | - D. P. J. Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),
Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - G. Taha
- Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - J. Urban
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of
Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - P. von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - K. A. Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
| | - E. Wolfram
- CEILAP-UNIDEF (MINDEF-CONICET), UMI-IFAECI-CNRS-3351, Villa
Martelli, Argentina
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Prather MJ, Hsu J, DeLuca NM, Jackman CH, Oman LD, Douglass AR, Fleming EL, Strahan SE, Steenrod SD, Søvde OA, Isaksen ISA, Froidevaux L, Funke B. Measuring and modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2015; 120:5693-5705. [PMID: 26900537 PMCID: PMC4744722 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide lifetime is computed empirically from MLS satellite dataEmpirical N2O lifetimes compared with models including interannual variabilityResults improve values for present anthropogenic and preindustrial emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Prather
- Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Juno Hsu
- Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Nicole M DeLuca
- Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | | | - Luke D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - Eric L Fleming
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA;Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Lanham Maryland USA
| | | | - Stephen D Steenrod
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA; Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research Center Universities Space Research Association Columbia Maryland USA
| | - O Amund Søvde
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research-Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | | | - Bernd Funke
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC Granada Spain
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17
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Sica RJ, Haefele A. Retrieval of temperature from a multiple-channel Rayleigh-scatter lidar using an optimal estimation method. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:1872-1889. [PMID: 25968361 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.001872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of temperature in the middle atmosphere with Rayleigh-scatter lidars is an important technique for assessing atmospheric change. Current retrieval schemes for this temperature have several shortcomings, which can be overcome by using an optimal estimation method (OEM). Forward models are presented that completely characterize the measurement and allow the simultaneous retrieval of temperature, dead time, and background. The method allows a full uncertainty budget to be obtained on a per profile basis that includes, in addition to the statistical uncertainties, the smoothing error and uncertainties due to Rayleigh extinction, ozone absorption, lidar constant, nonlinearity in the counting system, variation of the Rayleigh-scatter cross section with altitude, pressure, acceleration due to gravity, and the variation of mean molecular mass with altitude. The vertical resolution of the temperature profile is found at each height, and a quantitative determination is made of the maximum height to which the retrieval is valid. A single temperature profile can be retrieved from measurements with multiple channels that cover different height ranges, vertical resolutions, and even different detection methods. The OEM employed is shown to give robust estimates of temperature, which are consistent with previous methods, while requiring minimal computational time. This demonstrated success of lidar temperature retrievals using an OEM opens new possibilities in atmospheric science for measurement integration between active and passive remote sensing instruments.
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18
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France JA, Harvey VL, Alexander MJ, Randall CE, Gille JC. High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder observations of the gravity wave-driven elevated stratopause in 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Tian B, Ao CO, Waliser DE, Fetzer EJ, Mannucci AJ, Teixeira J. Intraseasonal temperature variability in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from the GPS radio occultation measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Jiang JH, Su H, Zhai C, Perun VS, Del Genio A, Nazarenko LS, Donner LJ, Horowitz L, Seman C, Cole J, Gettelman A, Ringer MA, Rotstayn L, Jeffrey S, Wu T, Brient F, Dufresne JL, Kawai H, Koshiro T, Watanabe M, LÉcuyer TS, Volodin EM, Iversen T, Drange H, Mesquita MDS, Read WG, Waters JW, Tian B, Teixeira J, Stephens GL. Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models using NASA “A-Train” satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Stolarski RS, Douglass AR, Remsberg EE, Livesey NJ, Gille JC. Ozone temperature correlations in the upper stratosphere as a measure of chlorine content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Andersson ME, Verronen PT, Wang S, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA, Carson BR. Precipitating radiation belt electrons and enhancements of mesospheric hydroxyl during 2004-2009. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Wang T, Dessler AE. Analysis of cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer from CALIPSO and MLS data: A water perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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de Laat ATJ, van Weele M. The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole: observed reduction in ozone destruction by minor sudden stratospheric warmings. Sci Rep 2012; 1:38. [PMID: 22355557 PMCID: PMC3216525 DOI: 10.1038/srep00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite observations show that the 2010 Antarctic ozone hole is characterized by anomalously small amounts of photochemical ozone destruction (40-60% less than the 2005-2009 average). Observations from the MLS instrument show that this is mainly related to reduced photochemical ozone destruction between 20-25 km altitude. Lower down between 15-20 km the atmospheric chemical composition and photochemical ozone destruction is unaffected. The modified chemical composition and chemistry between 20-25 km altitude in 2010 is related to the occurrence of a mid-winter minor Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW). The measurements indicate that the changes in chemical composition are related to downward motion of air masses rather than horizontal mixing, and affect stratospheric chemistry for several months. Since 1979, years with similar anomalously small amounts of ozone destruction are all characterized by either minor or major SSWs, illustrating that their presence has been a necessary pre-condition for reduced Antarctic stratospheric ozone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T J de Laat
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the Netherlands.
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25
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Zelinka MD, Hartmann DL. The observed sensitivity of high clouds to mean surface temperature anomalies in the tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Zelinka
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - Dennis L. Hartmann
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
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26
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French WJR, Klekociuk AR. Long-term trends in Antarctic winter hydroxyl temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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McDonald AJ, Hibbins RE, Jarvis MJ. Properties of the quasi 16 day wave derived from EOS MLS observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Stevens MH, Siskind DE, Eckermann SD, Coy L, McCormack JP, Englert CR, Hoppel KW, Nielsen K, Kochenash AJ, Hervig ME, Randall CE, Lumpe J, Bailey SM, Rapp M, Hoffmann P. Tidally induced variations of polar mesospheric cloud altitudes and ice water content using a data assimilation system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Jiang JH, Su H, Pawson S, Liu HC, Read WG, Waters JW, Santee ML, Wu DL, Schwartz MJ, Livesey NJ, Lambert A, Fuller RA, Lee JN. Five year (2004–2009) observations of upper tropospheric water vapor and cloud ice from MLS and comparisons with GEOS-5 analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Ott L, Duncan B, Pawson S, Colarco P, Chin M, Randles C, Diehl T, Nielsen E. Influence of the 2006 Indonesian biomass burning aerosols on tropical dynamics studied with the GEOS-5 AGCM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Minschwaner K, Manney GL, Livesey NJ, Pumphrey HC, Pickett HM, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Schwartz MJ, Bernath PF, Walker KA, Boone CD. The photochemistry of carbon monoxide in the stratosphere and mesosphere evaluated from observations by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Orsolini YJ, Urban J, Murtagh DP, Lossow S, Limpasuvan V. Descent from the polar mesosphere and anomalously high stratopause observed in 8 years of water vapor and temperature satellite observations by the Odin Sub-Millimeter Radiometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Ao CO, Hajj GA, Meehan TK, Dong D, Iijima BA, Mannucci AJ, Kursinski ER. Rising and setting GPS occultations by use of open-loop tracking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Remsberg EE, Marshall BT, Garcia-Comas M, Krueger D, Lingenfelser GS, Martin-Torres J, Mlynczak MG, Russell JM, Smith AK, Zhao Y, Brown C, Gordley LL, Lopez-Gonzalez MJ, Lopez-Puertas M, She CY, Taylor MJ, Thompson RE. Assessment of the quality of the Version 1.07 temperature-versus-pressure profiles of the middle atmosphere from TIMED/SABER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Gille J, Barnett J, Arter P, Barker M, Bernath P, Boone C, Cavanaugh C, Chow J, Coffey M, Craft J, Craig C, Dials M, Dean V, Eden T, Edwards DP, Francis G, Halvorson C, Harvey L, Hepplewhite C, Khosravi R, Kinnison D, Krinsky C, Lambert A, Lee H, Lyjak L, Loh J, Mankin W, Massie S, McInerney J, Moorhouse J, Nardi B, Packman D, Randall C, Reburn J, Rudolf W, Schwartz M, Serafin J, Stone K, Torpy B, Walker K, Waterfall A, Watkins R, Whitney J, Woodard D, Young G. High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder: Experiment overview, recovery, and validation of initial temperature data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Manney GL, Krüger K, Pawson S, Minschwaner K, Schwartz MJ, Daffer WH, Livesey NJ, Mlynczak MG, Remsberg EE, Russell JM, Waters JW. The evolution of the stratopause during the 2006 major warming: Satellite data and assimilated meteorological analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Joiner J. Introduction to special section on Aura Validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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