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Zhang W, Liu D, Tian H, Pan N, Yang R, Tang W, Yang J, Lu F, Dayananda B, Mei H, Wang S, Shi H. Parsimonious estimation of hourly surface ozone concentration across China during 2015-2020. Sci Data 2024; 11:492. [PMID: 38744849 PMCID: PMC11094007 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface ozone is an important air pollutant detrimental to human health and vegetation productivity, particularly in China. However, high resolution surface ozone concentration data is still lacking, largely hindering accurate assessment of associated environmental impacts. Here, we collected hourly ground ozone observations (over 6 million records), remote sensing products, meteorological data, and social-economic information, and applied recurrent neural networks to map hourly surface ozone data (HrSOD) at a 0.1° × 0.1° resolution across China during 2015-2020. The coefficient of determination (R2) values in sample-based, site-based, and by-year cross-validations were 0.72, 0.65 and 0.71, respectively, with the root mean square error (RMSE) values being 11.71 ppb (mean = 30.89 ppb), 12.81 ppb (mean = 30.96 ppb) and 11.14 ppb (mean = 31.26 ppb). Moreover, it exhibits high spatiotemporal consistency with ground-level observations at different time scales (diurnal, seasonal, annual), and at various spatial levels (individual sites and regional scales). Meanwhile, the HrSOD provides critical information for fine-resolution assessment of surface ozone impacts on environmental and human benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- Schiller Institute of Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Naiqin Pan
- Schiller Institute of Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Ruqi Yang
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Wenhan Tang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jia Yang
- Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Buddhi Dayananda
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Han Mei
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Knowland KE, Keller CA, Wales PA, Wargan K, Coy L, Johnson MS, Liu J, Lucchesi RA, Eastham SD, Fleming E, Liang Q, Leblanc T, Livesey NJ, Walker KA, Ott LE, Pawson S. NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS-CF v1.0: Stratospheric Composition. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002852. [PMID: 35864944 PMCID: PMC9287101 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) provides recent estimates and 5-day forecasts of atmospheric composition to the public in near-real time. To do this, the GEOS Earth system model is coupled with the GEOS-Chem tropospheric-stratospheric unified chemistry extension (UCX) to represent composition from the surface to the top of the GEOS atmosphere (0.01 hPa). The GEOS-CF system is described, including updates made to the GEOS-Chem UCX mechanism within GEOS-CF for improved representation of stratospheric chemistry. Comparisons are made against balloon, lidar, and satellite observations for stratospheric composition, including measurements of ozone (O3) and important nitrogen and chlorine species related to stratospheric O3 recovery. The GEOS-CF nudges the stratospheric O3 toward the GEOS Forward Processing (GEOS FP) assimilated O3 product; as a result the stratospheric O3 in the GEOS-CF historical estimate agrees well with observations. During abnormal dynamical and chemical environments such as the 2020 polar vortexes, the GEOS-CF O3 forecasts are more realistic than GEOS FP O3 forecasts because of the inclusion of the complex GEOS-Chem UCX stratospheric chemistry. Overall, the spatial patterns of the GEOS-CF simulated concentrations of stratospheric composition agree well with satellite observations. However, there are notable biases-such as low NO x and HNO3 in the polar regions and generally low HCl throughout the stratosphere-and future improvements to the chemistry mechanism and emissions are discussed. GEOS-CF is a new tool for the research community and instrument teams observing trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere, providing near-real-time three-dimensional gridded information on atmospheric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Knowland
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - C. A. Keller
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - P. A. Wales
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - K. Wargan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Coy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - M. S. Johnson
- Earth Science DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett FieldCAUSA
| | - J. Liu
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - R. A. Lucchesi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - S. D. Eastham
- Laboratory for Aviation and the EnvironmentDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global ChangeMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - E. Fleming
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Q. Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - T. Leblanc
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyWrightwoodCAUSA
| | - N. J. Livesey
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - K. A. Walker
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - L. E. Ott
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
| | - S. Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
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Cordero RR, Feron S, Damiani A, Redondas A, Carrasco J, Sepúlveda E, Jorquera J, Fernandoy F, Llanillo P, Rowe PM, Seckmeyer G. Persistent extreme ultraviolet irradiance in Antarctica despite the ozone recovery onset. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1266. [PMID: 35075240 PMCID: PMC8786956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributable to the Montreal Protocol, the most successful environmental treaty ever, human-made ozone-depleting substances are declining and the stratospheric Antarctic ozone layer is recovering. However, the Antarctic ozone hole continues to occur every year, with the severity of ozone loss strongly modulated by meteorological conditions. In late November and early December 2020, we measured at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula the highest ultraviolet (UV) irradiances recorded in the Antarctic continent in more than two decades. On Dec. 2nd, the noon-time UV index on King George Island peaked at 14.3, very close to the largest UV index ever recorded in the continent. On Dec. 3rd, the erythemal daily dose at the same site was among the highest on Earth, only comparable to those recorded at high altitude sites in the Atacama Desert, near the Tropic of Capricorn. Here we show that, despite the Antarctic ozone recovery observed in early spring, the conditions that favor these extreme surface UV events persist in late spring, when the biologically effective UV radiation is more consequential. These conditions include long-lasting ozone holes (attributable to the polar vortex dynamics) that often bring ozone-depleted air over the Antarctic Peninsula in late spring. The fact that these conditions have been occurring at about the same frequency during the last two decades explains the persistence of extreme surface UV events in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, 8911 CE, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage Ward, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Alberto Redondas
- State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrasco
- University of Magallanes, Av. Manuel Bulnes 1855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Edgardo Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pedro Llanillo
- Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Penny M Rowe
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
- NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, Hannover, Germany
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Evaluation of Total Ozone Column from Multiple Satellite Measurements in the Antarctic Using the Brewer Spectrophotometer. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ground-based ozone observation instrument, Brewer spectrophotometer (Brewer), was used to evaluate the quality of the total ozone column (TOC) produced by multiple polar-orbit satellite measurements at three stations in Antarctica (King Sejong, Jang Bogo, and Zhongshan stations). While all satellite TOCs showed high correlations with Brewer TOCs (R = ~0.8 to 0.9), there are some TOC differences among satellite data in austral spring, which is mainly attributed to the bias of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) TOC. The quality of satellite TOCs is consistent between Level 2 and 3 data, implying that “which satellite TOC is used” can induce larger uncertainty than “which spatial resolution is used” for the investigation of the Antarctic TOC pattern. Additionally, the quality of satellite TOC is regionally different (e.g., OMI TOC is a little higher at the King Sejong station, but lower at the Zhongshan station than the Brewer TOC). Thus, it seems necessary to consider the difference of multiple satellite data for better assessing the spatiotemporal pattern of Antarctic TOC.
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5
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The Combined Effect of Ozone and Aerosols on Erythemal Irradiance in an Extremely Low Ozone Event during May 2020. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study we focus on measurements and modeled UV index in the region of Athens, Greece, during a low ozone event. During the period of 12–19 May 2020, total ozone column (TOC) showed extremely low values, 35–55 Dobson Units (up to 15%) decrease from the climatic mean (being lower than the −2σ). This condition favors the increase of UV erythemal irradiance, since stratospheric ozone is the most important attenuator at the UVB spectral region. Simultaneously, an intrusion of Saharan dust aerosols in the region has masked a large part of the low ozone effect on UV irradiance. In order to investigate the event, we have used spectral solar irradiance measurements from the Precision Solar Radiometer (PSR), TOC from the Brewer spectrophotometer, and Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) calculations. Model calculations of the UV Index (UVI) showed an increase of ~30% compared to the long-term normal UVI due to the low TOC while at the same time and for particular days, aerosols masked this effect by ~20%. The RTM has been used to investigate the response in the UV spectral region of these variations at different solar zenith angles (SZAs). Spectra simulated with the RTM have been compared to measured ones and an average difference of ~2% was found. The study points out the importance of accurate measurements or forecasts of both ozone and aerosols when deriving UVI under unusual low ozone–high aerosol conditions.
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6
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Global-Scale Patterns and Trends in Tropospheric NO2 Concentrations, 2005–2018. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12213526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important air pollutant with both environmental and epidemiological effects. The main aim of this study is to analyze spatial patterns and temporal trends in tropospheric NO2 concentrations globally using data from the satellite-based Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Additional aims are to compare the satellite data with ground-based observations, and to find the timing and magnitude of greatest breakpoints in tropospheric NO2 concentrations for the time period 2005–2018. The OMI NO2 concentrations showed strong relationships with the ground-based observations, and inter-annual patterns were especially well reproduced. Eastern USA, Western Europe, India, China and Japan were identified as hotspot areas with high concentrations of NO2. The global average trend indicated slightly increasing NO2 concentrations (0.004 × 1015 molecules cm−2 y−1) in 2005–2018. The contribution of different regions to this global trend showed substantial regional differences. Negative trends were observed for most of Eastern USA, Western Europe, Japan and for parts of China, whereas strong, positive trends were seen in India, parts of China and in the Middle East. The years 2005 and 2007 had the highest occurrence of negative breakpoints, but the trends thereafter in general reversed, and the highest tropospheric NO2 concentrations were observed for the years 2017–2018. This indicates that the anthropogenic contribution to air pollution is still a major issue and that further actions are necessary to reduce this contribution, having a substantial impact on human and environmental health.
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7
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Spatio-Temporal Variability of Aerosol Optical Depth, Total Ozone and NO2 Over East Asia: Strategy for the Validation to the GEMS Scientific Products. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12142256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the spatio-temporal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD), total column ozone (TCO), and total column NO2 (TCN) was identified over East Asia using long-term datasets from ground-based and satellite observations. Based on the statistical results, optimized spatio-temporal ranges for the validation study were determined with respect to the target materials. To determine both spatial and temporal ranges for the validation study, we confirmed that the observed datasets can be statistically considered as the same quantity within the ranges. Based on the thresholds of R2>0.95 (temporal) and R>0.95 (spatial), the basic ranges for spatial and temporal scales for AOD validation was within 30 km and 30 min, respectively. Furthermore, the spatial scales for AOD validation showed seasonal variation, which expanded the range to 40 km in summer and autumn. Because of the seasonal change of latitudinal gradient of the TCO, the seasonal variation of the north-south range is a considerable point. For the TCO validation, the north-south range is varied from 0.87° in spring to 1.05° in summer. The spatio-temporal range for TCN validation was 20 min (temporal) and 20–50 km (spatial). However, the nearest value of satellite data was used in the validation because the spatio-temporal variation of TCN is large in summer and autumn. Estimation of the spatio-temporal variability for respective pollutants may contribute to improving the validation of satellite products.
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Intercomparison of Ground- and Satellite-Based Total Ozone Data Products at Marambio Base, Antarctic Peninsula Region. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the ground-based Brewer spectrophotometer total ozone column measurements with the Dobson spectrophotometer and various satellite overpass data available at Marambio Base during the period 2011–2013. This station provides a unique opportunity to study ozone variability near the edge of the southern polar vortex; therefore, many institutions, such as the National Meteorological Service of Argentina, the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, have been carrying out various scientific activities there. The intercomparison was performed using total ozone column data sets retrieved from the ground-based instruments and from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)—Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), OMI–Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME2), and Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrophotometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) satellite observations. To assess the quality of the selected data products, comparisons with reference to the Brewer spectrophotometer single observations were made. The performance of the satellite observational techniques was assessed against the solar zenith angle and effective temperature, as well as against the actual shape of the vertical ozone profiles, which represent an important input parameter for the satellite ozone retrievals. The ground-based Dobson observations showed the best agreement with the Brewer data set (R2 = 1.00, RMSE = 1.5%); however, significant solar zenith angle (SZA) dependency was found. The satellite overpass data confirmed good agreement with the Brewer observations but were, however, overestimated in all cases except for the OMI(TOMS), when the mean bias differed from −0.7 DU in the case of the OMI(TOMS) to 6.4 DU for the SCIAMACHY. The differences in satellite observational techniques were further evaluated using statistical analyses adapted for depleted and non-depleted conditions over the ozone hole period.
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Zhang C, Sun X, Zhang R, Zhao S, Lu W, Liu Y, Fan Z. Impact of solar background radiation on the accuracy of wind observations of spaceborne Doppler wind lidars based on their orbits and optical parameters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:A936-A952. [PMID: 31252866 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.00a936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the quantum properties of light, solar background radiation (SBR) is the main source of noise in daytime wind observations of spaceborne Doppler wind lidars (DWLs). In previous works, the impact of SBR on the observation accuracy of spaceborne lidars was assessed mainly using the default or worst-case scenarios. We assessed the impact of SBR on the observations of spaceborne DWLs using the global distributions of SBR in summer and winter, which were obtained based on their orbit parameters, view geometry and optical parameters. Three experiments illustrate that the uncertainty in wind observations increases with an increase in the quantiles of SBR. The uncertainties of the whole profiles of wind are greater than 2 m s-1 in the troposphere and 3 m s-1 in the stratosphere when the quantile of the SBR is greater than 85% in summer and 95% in winter, which do not satisfy the accuracy expectations of the European Space Agency (ESA) for spaceborne DWLs. The facts indicate that the impact of SBR cannot be negligible for the observations of spaceborne DWLs. Based on the orbit parameters, view geometry, and optical parameters of new spaceborne DWLs, engineers can assess the impact of SBR on the accuracy of wind observations from a global perspective using the method proposed in this paper.
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10
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Davis SM, Hegglin MI, Fujiwara M, Dragani R, Harada Y, Kobayashi C, Long C, Manney GL, Nash ER, Potter GL, Tegtmeier S, Wang T, Wargan K, Wright JS. Assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor and ozone in reanalyses as part of S-RIP. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:12743-12778. [PMID: 32714380 PMCID: PMC7380091 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reanalysis data sets are widely used to understand atmospheric processes and past variability, and are often used to stand in as "observations" for comparisons with climate model output. Because of the central role of water vapor (WV) and ozone (O3) in climate change, it is important to understand how accurately and consistently these species are represented in existing global reanalyses. In this paper, we present the results of WV and O3 intercomparisons that have been performed as part of the SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate) Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP). The comparisons cover a range of timescales and evaluate both inter-reanalysis and observation-reanalysis differences. We also provide a systematic documentation of the treatment of WV and O3 in current reanalyses to aid future research and guide the interpretation of differences amongst reanalysis fields. The assimilation of total column ozone (TCO) observations in newer reanalyses results in realistic representations of TCO in reanalyses except when data coverage is lacking, such as during polar night. The vertical distribution of ozone is also relatively well represented in the stratosphere in reanalyses, particularly given the relatively weak constraints on ozone vertical structure provided by most assimilated observations and the simplistic representations of ozone photochemical processes in most of the reanalysis forecast models. However, significant biases in the vertical distribution of ozone are found in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in all reanalyses. In contrast to O3, reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV are not directly constrained by assimilated data. Observations of atmospheric humidity are typically used only in the troposphere, below a specified vertical level at or near the tropopause. The fidelity of reanalysis stratospheric WV products is therefore mainly dependent on the reanalyses' representation of the physical drivers that influence stratospheric WV, such as temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer, methane oxidation, and the stratospheric overturning circulation. The lack of assimilated observations and known deficiencies in the representation of stratospheric transport in reanalyses result in much poorer agreement amongst observational and reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV. Hence, stratospheric WV products from the current generation of reanalyses should generally not be used in scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Davis
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Masatomo Fujiwara
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Rossana Dragani
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK
| | - Yayoi Harada
- Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, 100-8122, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kobayashi
- Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, 100-8122, Japan
- Climate Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Japan
| | - Craig Long
- Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Gloria L. Manney
- NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
- Department of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Eric R. Nash
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland 20706, USA
| | - Gerald L. Potter
- NASA Center for Climate Simulation, Code 606.2, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD 20771, USA
| | - Susann Tegtmeier
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Tao Wang
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland 20706, USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Jonathon S. Wright
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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11
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Gelaro R, McCarty W, Suárez MJ, Todling R, Molod A, Takacs L, Randles C, Darmenov A, Bosilovich MG, Reichle R, Wargan K, Coy L, Cullather R, Draper C, Akella S, Buchard V, Conaty A, da Silva A, Gu W, Kim GK, Koster R, Lucchesi R, Merkova D, Nielsen JE, Partyka G, Pawson S, Putman W, Rienecker M, Schubert SD, Sienkiewicz M, Zhao B. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017; Volume 30:5419-5454. [PMID: 32020988 DOI: 10.1175/jcli‐d‐16‐0758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) is the latest atmospheric reanalysis of the modern satellite era produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA-2 assimilates observation types not available to its predecessor, MERRA, and includes updates to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model and analysis scheme so as to provide a viable ongoing climate analysis beyond MERRA's terminus. While addressing known limitations of MERRA, MERRA-2 is also intended to be a development milestone for a future integrated Earth system analysis (IESA) currently under development at GMAO. This paper provides an overview of the MERRA-2 system and various performance metrics. Among the advances in MERRA-2 relevant to IESA are the assimilation of aerosol observations, several improvements to the representation of the stratosphere including ozone, and improved representations of cryospheric processes. Other improvements in the quality of MERRA-2 compared with MERRA include the reduction of some spurious trends and jumps related to changes in the observing system, and reduced biases and imbalances in aspects of the water cycle. Remaining deficiencies are also identified. Production of MERRA-2 began in June 2014 in four processing streams, and converged to a single near-real time stream in mid 2015. MERRA-2 products are accessible online through the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gelaro
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Will McCarty
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Max J Suárez
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Ricardo Todling
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | - Anton Darmenov
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michael G Bosilovich
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Rolf Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | | | - Clara Draper
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | | | | | | | - Arlindo da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Wei Gu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gi-Kong Kim
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Randal Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | | | - Gary Partyka
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michele Rienecker
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Siegfried D Schubert
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Science Applications International Corporation, Beltsville, MD
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12
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Gelaro R, McCarty W, Suárez MJ, Todling R, Molod A, Takacs L, Randles C, Darmenov A, Bosilovich MG, Reichle R, Wargan K, Coy L, Cullather R, Draper C, Akella S, Buchard V, Conaty A, da Silva A, Gu W, Kim GK, Koster R, Lucchesi R, Merkova D, Nielsen JE, Partyka G, Pawson S, Putman W, Rienecker M, Schubert SD, Sienkiewicz M, Zhao B. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017. [PMID: 32020988 DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) is the latest atmospheric reanalysis of the modern satellite era produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA-2 assimilates observation types not available to its predecessor, MERRA, and includes updates to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model and analysis scheme so as to provide a viable ongoing climate analysis beyond MERRA's terminus. While addressing known limitations of MERRA, MERRA-2 is also intended to be a development milestone for a future integrated Earth system analysis (IESA) currently under development at GMAO. This paper provides an overview of the MERRA-2 system and various performance metrics. Among the advances in MERRA-2 relevant to IESA are the assimilation of aerosol observations, several improvements to the representation of the stratosphere including ozone, and improved representations of cryospheric processes. Other improvements in the quality of MERRA-2 compared with MERRA include the reduction of some spurious trends and jumps related to changes in the observing system, and reduced biases and imbalances in aspects of the water cycle. Remaining deficiencies are also identified. Production of MERRA-2 began in June 2014 in four processing streams, and converged to a single near-real time stream in mid 2015. MERRA-2 products are accessible online through the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gelaro
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Will McCarty
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Max J Suárez
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Ricardo Todling
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | - Anton Darmenov
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michael G Bosilovich
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Rolf Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | | | - Clara Draper
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | | | | | | | - Arlindo da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Wei Gu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gi-Kong Kim
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Randal Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | | | - Gary Partyka
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michele Rienecker
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Siegfried D Schubert
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Science Applications International Corporation, Beltsville, MD
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13
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Gelaro R, McCarty W, Suárez MJ, Todling R, Molod A, Takacs L, Randles C, Darmenov A, Bosilovich MG, Reichle R, Wargan K, Coy L, Cullather R, Draper C, Akella S, Buchard V, Conaty A, da Silva A, Gu W, Kim GK, Koster R, Lucchesi R, Merkova D, Nielsen JE, Partyka G, Pawson S, Putman W, Rienecker M, Schubert SD, Sienkiewicz M, Zhao B. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017; Volume 30:5419-5454. [PMID: 32020988 PMCID: PMC6999672 DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-16-0758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) is the latest atmospheric reanalysis of the modern satellite era produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA-2 assimilates observation types not available to its predecessor, MERRA, and includes updates to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model and analysis scheme so as to provide a viable ongoing climate analysis beyond MERRA's terminus. While addressing known limitations of MERRA, MERRA-2 is also intended to be a development milestone for a future integrated Earth system analysis (IESA) currently under development at GMAO. This paper provides an overview of the MERRA-2 system and various performance metrics. Among the advances in MERRA-2 relevant to IESA are the assimilation of aerosol observations, several improvements to the representation of the stratosphere including ozone, and improved representations of cryospheric processes. Other improvements in the quality of MERRA-2 compared with MERRA include the reduction of some spurious trends and jumps related to changes in the observing system, and reduced biases and imbalances in aspects of the water cycle. Remaining deficiencies are also identified. Production of MERRA-2 began in June 2014 in four processing streams, and converged to a single near-real time stream in mid 2015. MERRA-2 products are accessible online through the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gelaro
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Will McCarty
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Max J. Suárez
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Ricardo Todling
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | - Anton Darmenov
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michael G. Bosilovich
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Rolf Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | | | - Clara Draper
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | | | | | | | - Arlindo da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Wei Gu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gi-Kong Kim
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Randal Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | | | | | - Gary Partyka
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Michele Rienecker
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Siegfried D. Schubert
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Science Applications International Corporation, Beltsville, MD
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14
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Wargan K, Labow G, Frith S, Pawson S, Livesey N, Partyka G. Evaluation of the Ozone Fields in NASA's MERRA-2 Reanalysis. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE 2017; 30. [PMID: 29527096 PMCID: PMC5842360 DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-16-0699.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe and assess the quality of the assimilated ozone product from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) produced at NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) spanning the time period from 1980 to present. MERRA-2 assimilates partial column ozone retrievals from a series of Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) radiometers on NASA and NOAA spacecraft between January 1980 and September 2004; starting in October 2004 retrieved ozone profiles from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and total column ozone from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's EOS Aura satellite are assimilated. We compare the MERRA-2 ozone with independent satellite and ozonesonde data focusing on the representation of the spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric and upper tropospheric ozone and on implications of the change in the observing system from SBUV to EOS Aura. The comparisons show agreement within 10 % (standard deviation of the difference) between MERRA-2 profiles and independent satellite data in most of the stratosphere. The agreement improves after 2004 when EOS Aura data are assimilated. The standard deviation of the differences between the lower stratospheric and upper tropospheric MERRA-2 ozone and ozonesondes is 11.2 % and 24.5 %, respectively, with correlations of 0.8 and above, indicative of a realistic representation of the near-tropopause ozone variability in MERRA-2. The agreement improves significantly in the EOS Aura period, however MERRA-2 is biased low in the upper troposphere with respect to the ozonesondes. Caution is recommended when using MERRA-2 ozone for decadal changes and trend studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wargan
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Gordon Labow
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Stacey Frith
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
| | - Nathaniel Livesey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA
| | - Gary Partyka
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD
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15
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Di Q, Rowland S, Koutrakis P, Schwartz J. A hybrid model for spatially and temporally resolved ozone exposures in the continental United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:39-52. [PMID: 27332675 PMCID: PMC5741295 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ground-level ozone is an important atmospheric oxidant, which exhibits considerable spatial and temporal variability in its concentration level. Existing modeling approaches for ground-level ozone include chemical transport models, land-use regression, Kriging, and data fusion of chemical transport models with monitoring data. Each of these methods has both strengths and weaknesses. Combining those complementary approaches could improve model performance. Meanwhile, satellite-based total column ozone, combined with ozone vertical profile, is another potential input. The authors propose a hybrid model that integrates the above variables to achieve spatially and temporally resolved exposure assessments for ground-level ozone. The authors used a neural network for its capacity to model interactions and nonlinearity. Convolutional layers, which use convolution kernels to aggregate nearby information, were added to the neural network to account for spatial and temporal autocorrelation. The authors trained the model with the Air Quality System (AQS) 8-hr daily maximum ozone in the continental United States from 2000 to 2012 and tested it with left out monitoring sites. Cross-validated R2 on the left out monitoring sites ranged from 0.74 to 0.80 (mean 0.76) for predictions on 1 km × 1 km grid cells, which indicates good model performance. Model performance remains good even at low ozone concentrations. The prediction results facilitate epidemiological studies to assess the health effect of ozone in the long term and the short term. IMPLICATIONS Ozone monitors do not provide full data coverage over the United States, which is an obstacle to assess the health effect of ozone when monitoring data are not available. This paper used a hybrid approach to combine satellite-based ozone measurements, chemical transport model simulations, land-use terms, and other auxiliary variables to obtain spatially and temporally resolved ground-level ozone estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Di
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Sebastian Rowland
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
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16
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Christodoulakis J, Varotsos C, Cracknell AP, Tzanis C, Neofytos A. An assessment of the stray light in 25 years of Dobson total ozone data at Athens, Greece. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2015; 8:3037-3046. [DOI: 10.5194/amt-8-3037-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of the Dobson spectrophotometer No. 118 to stray light interference. In this regard, a series of total ozone content measurements were carried out in Athens, Greece for air-mass values (μ) extending up to μ = 5. The monochromatic-heterochromatic stray light derived by Basher's model was used in order to evaluate the specific instrumental parameters which determine if this instrument suffers from this problem or not. The results obtained indicate that the measurements made by the Dobson instrument of the Athens station for air mass values up to 2.5, underestimates the total ozone content by 3.5 DU in average, or about 1 % of the station's mean total ozone content (TOC). The comparison of the values of the same parameters measured 15 years ago with the present ones indicates the good maintenance of the Dobson spectrophotometer No. 118. This fact is of crucial importance because the variability of the daily total ozone observations collected by the Athens Dobson Station since 1989 has proved to be representative to the variability of the mean total ozone observed over the whole mid-latitude zone of the Northern Hemisphere. This stresses the point that the Athens total ozone station, being the unique Dobson station in south-eastern Europe, may be assumed as a ground truth station for the reliable conversion of the satellite radiance observations to total ozone measurements.
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17
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Chipperfield MP, Dhomse SS, Feng W, McKenzie RL, Velders GJM, Pyle JA. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7233. [PMID: 26011106 PMCID: PMC4455099 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine- and bromine-containing ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are controlled by the 1987 Montreal Protocol. In consequence, atmospheric equivalent chlorine peaked in 1993 and has been declining slowly since then. Consistent with this, models project a gradual increase in stratospheric ozone with the Antarctic ozone hole expected to disappear by ∼2050. However, we show that by 2013 the Montreal Protocol had already achieved significant benefits for the ozone layer. Using a 3D atmospheric chemistry transport model, we demonstrate that much larger ozone depletion than observed has been avoided by the protocol, with beneficial impacts on surface ultraviolet. A deep Arctic ozone hole, with column values <120 DU, would have occurred given meteorological conditions in 2011. The Antarctic ozone hole would have grown in size by 40% by 2013, with enhanced loss at subpolar latitudes. The decline over northern hemisphere middle latitudes would have continued, more than doubling to ∼15% by 2013. Ozone-depleting substances have been controlled by the 1987 Montreal Protocol, ensuring atmospheric concentrations are now in decline. Here, the authors use a 3D model and suggest that these controls have already had significant benefits, with much larger ozone depletion than previously thought avoided by the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Chipperfield
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.,National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S S Dhomse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.,National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - W Feng
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), UK
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Lauder Private Bag 50061, New Zealand
| | - G J M Velders
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - J A Pyle
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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18
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Reed AJ, Thompson AM, Kollonige DE, Martins DK, Tzortziou MA, Herman JR, Berkoff TA, Abuhassan NK, Cede A. Effects of local meteorology and aerosols on ozone and nitrogen dioxide retrievals from OMI and pandora spectrometers in Maryland, USA during DISCOVER-AQ 2011. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 72:455-482. [PMID: 26692598 PMCID: PMC4665808 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-013-9254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An analysis is presented for both ground- and satellite-based retrievals of total column ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels from the Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area during the NASA-sponsored July 2011 campaign of Deriving Information on Surface COnditions from Column and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ). Satellite retrievals of total column ozone and nitrogen dioxide from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Aura satellite are used, while Pandora spectrometers provide total column ozone and nitrogen dioxide amounts from the ground. We found that OMI and Pandora agree well (residuals within ±25 % for nitrogen dioxide, and ±4.5 % for ozone) for a majority of coincident observations during July 2011. Comparisons with surface nitrogen dioxide from a Teledyne API 200 EU NOx Analyzer showed nitrogen dioxide diurnal variability that was consistent with measurements by Pandora. However, the wide OMI field of view, clouds, and aerosols affected retrievals on certain days, resulting in differences between Pandora and OMI of up to ±65 % for total column nitrogen dioxide, and ±23 % for total column ozone. As expected, significant cloud cover (cloud fraction >0.2) was the most important parameter affecting comparisons of ozone retrievals; however, small, passing cumulus clouds that do not coincide with a high (>0.2) cloud fraction, or low aerosol layers which cause significant backscatter near the ground affected the comparisons of total column nitrogen dioxide retrievals. Our results will impact post-processing satellite retrieval algorithms and quality control procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra J. Reed
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Anne M. Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Debra E. Kollonige
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Douglas K. Martins
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Maria A. Tzortziou
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - Jay R. Herman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Timothy A. Berkoff
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Nader K. Abuhassan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- LuftBlick, Kreith, Austria
| | - Alexander Cede
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- School of Engineering, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD USA
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19
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UV irradiance and albedo at Union Glacier Camp (Antarctica): a case study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90705. [PMID: 24598906 PMCID: PMC3944898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the first spectral measurements of ultraviolet (UV) irradiance and the albedo at a Camp located in the southern Ellsworth Mountains on the broad expanse of Union Glacier (700 m altitude, 79° 46′ S; 82° 52′W); about 1,000 km from the South Pole. The measurements were carried out by using a double monochromator-based spectroradiometer during a campaign (in December 2012) meant to weight up the effect of the local albedo on the UV irradiance. We found that the albedo measured at noon was about 0.95 in the UV and the visible part of the spectrum. This high surface reflectivity led to enhancements in the UV index under cloudless conditions of about 50% in comparison with snow free surfaces. Spectral measurements carried out elsewhere as well as estimates retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were used for further comparisons.
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20
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Cordero RR, Seckmeyer G, Damiani A, Riechelmann S, Rayas J, Labbe F, Laroze D. The world's highest levels of surface UV. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:70-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Tzortziou M, Herman JR, Cede A, Abuhassan N. High precision, absolute total column ozone measurements from the Pandora spectrometer system: Comparisons with data from a Brewer double monochromator and Aura OMI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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McPeters RD, Labow GJ. Climatology 2011: An MLS and sonde derived ozone climatology for satellite retrieval algorithms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Cai Z, Liu Y, Liu X, Chance K, Nowlan CR, Lang R, Munro R, Suleiman R. Characterization and correction of Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 ultraviolet measurements and application to ozone profile retrievals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Ossó A, Sola Y, Bech J, Lorente J. Evidence for the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the total ozone column at northern low latitudes and midlatitudes during winter and summer seasons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Manney GL, Santee ML, Rex M, Livesey NJ, Pitts MC, Veefkind P, Nash ER, Wohltmann I, Lehmann R, Froidevaux L, Poole LR, Schoeberl MR, Haffner DP, Davies J, Dorokhov V, Gernandt H, Johnson B, Kivi R, Kyrö E, Larsen N, Levelt PF, Makshtas A, McElroy CT, Nakajima H, Parrondo MC, Tarasick DW, von der Gathen P, Walker KA, Zinoviev NS. Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011. Nature 2011; 478:469-75. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Doughty DC, Thompson AM, Schoeberl MR, Stajner I, Wargan K, Hui WCJ. An intercomparison of tropospheric ozone retrievals derived from two Aura instruments and measurements in western North America in 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Antón M, Loyola D. Influence of cloud properties on satellite total ozone observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Wargan K, Pawson S, Stajner I, Thouret V. Spatial structure of assimilated ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wargan
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
- Science Applications International Corporation; Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - Valérie Thouret
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, UPS; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie; CNRS; Toulouse France
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Avery M, Twohy C, McCabe D, Joiner J, Severance K, Atlas E, Blake D, Bui TP, Crounse J, Dibb J, Diskin G, Lawson P, McGill M, Rogers D, Sachse G, Scheuer E, Thompson AM, Trepte C, Wennberg P, Ziemke J. Convective distribution of tropospheric ozone and tracers in the Central American ITCZ region: Evidence from observations during TC4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Antón M, Koukouli ME, Kroon M, McPeters RD, Labow GJ, Balis D, Serrano A. Global validation of empirically corrected EP-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total ozone columns using Brewer and Dobson ground-based measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Wang S, Pongetti TJ, Sander SP, Spinei E, Mount GH, Cede A, Herman J. Direct Sun measurements of NO2column abundances from Table Mountain, California: Intercomparison of low- and high-resolution spectrometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Saitoh N, Imasu R, Ota Y, Niwa Y. CO2retrieval algorithm for the thermal infrared spectra of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite: Potential of retrieving CO2vertical profile from high-resolution FTS sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Antón M, López M, Vilaplana JM, Kroon M, McPeters R, Bañón M, Serrano A. Validation of OMI-TOMS and OMI-DOAS total ozone column using five Brewer spectroradiometers at the Iberian peninsula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Munakata N, Kazadzis S, Bolseé D, Schuch N, Koskela T, Karpetchko A, Meleti C, Casiccia C, Barcellos da Rosa M, Saida T, Nishigori C, Ogata K, Imafuku K, Liu CM, Lestari S, Kanoko M, Cornain S, Mulyadi K, Hieda K. Variations and trends of biologically effective doses of solar ultraviolet radiation in Asia, Europe and South America from 1999 to 2007. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1117-24. [DOI: 10.1039/b906975e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Divakarla M, Barnet C, Goldberg M, Maddy E, Irion F, Newchurch M, Liu X, Wolf W, Flynn L, Labow G, Xiong X, Wei J, Zhou L. Evaluation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ozone profiles and total ozone retrievals with matched ozonesonde measurements, ECMWF ozone data, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument retrievals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Schoeberl MR, Douglass AR, Joiner J. Introduction to special section on Aura Validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Stajner I, Wargan K, Pawson S, Hayashi H, Chang LP, Hudman RC, Froidevaux L, Livesey N, Levelt PF, Thompson AM, Tarasick DW, Stübi R, Andersen SB, Yela M, König-Langlo G, Schmidlin FJ, Witte JC. Assimilated ozone from EOS-Aura: Evaluation of the tropopause region and tropospheric columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kroon M, Veefkind JP, Sneep M, McPeters RD, Bhartia PK, Levelt PF. Comparing OMI-TOMS and OMI-DOAS total ozone column data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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