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Viciani S, Montori A, Chiarugi A, D'Amato F. A Portable Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer for Atmospheric Measurements of Carbon Monoxide. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18072380. [PMID: 30037111 PMCID: PMC6068545 DOI: 10.3390/s18072380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trace gas concentration measurements in the stratosphere and troposphere are critically required as inputs to constrain climate models. For this purpose, measurement campaigns on stratospheric aircraft and balloons are being carried out all over the world, each one involving sensors which are tailored for the specific gas and environmental conditions. This paper describes an automated, portable, mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer, for in situ carbon monoxide mixing ratio measurements in the stratosphere and troposphere. The instrument was designed to be versatile, suitable for easy installation on different platforms and capable of operating completely unattended, without the presence of an operator, not only during one flight but for the whole period of a campaign. The spectrometer features a small size (80 × 25 × 41 cm3), light weight (23 kg) and low power consumption (85 W typical), without being pressurized and without the need of calibration on the ground or during in-flight operation. The device was tested in the laboratory and in-field during a research campaign carried out in Nepal in summer 2017, onboard the stratospheric aircraft M55 Geophysica. The instrument worked extremely well, without external maintenance during all flights, proving an in-flight sensitivity of 1–2 ppbV with a time resolution of 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Viciani
- National Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessio Montori
- National Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Antonio Chiarugi
- National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology (INGV), Sez. di Pisa, Via della Faggiola 32, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco D'Amato
- National Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
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Koner PK, Dash P. Maximizing the Information Content of Ill-Posed Space-Based Measurements Using Deterministic Inverse Method. REMOTE SENSING 2018; 10:994. [PMID: 31632827 PMCID: PMC6800693 DOI: 10.3390/rs10070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, operational retrievals from spaceborne hyperspectral infrared sounders have been dominated by stochastic approaches where many ambiguities are pervasive. One major drawback of such methods is their reliance on treating error as definitive information to the retrieval scheme. To overcome this drawback and obtain consistently unambiguous retrievals, we applied another approach from the class of deterministic inverse methods, namely regularized total least squares (RTLS). As a case study, simultaneous simulated retrieval of ozone (O3) profile and surface temperature (ST) for two different instruments, Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), are considered. To gain further confidence in our approach for real-world situations, a set of ozonesonde profile data are also used in this study. The role of simulation-based comparative assessment of algorithms before application on remotely sensed measurements is pivotal. Under identical simulation settings, RTLS results are compared to those of stochastic optimal estimation method (OEM), a very popular method for hyperspectral retrievals despite its aforementioned fundamental drawback. Different tweaking of error covariances for improving the OEM results, used commonly in operations, are also investigated under a simulated environment. Although this work is an extension of our previous work for H2O profile retrievals, several new concepts are introduced in this study: (a) the information content analysis using sub-space analysis to understand ill-posed inversion in depth; (b) comparison of different sensors for same gas profile retrieval under identical conditions; (c) extended capability for simultaneous retrievals using two classes of variables; (d) additional stabilizer of Laplacian second derivative operator; and (e) the representation of results using a new metric called "information gain". Our findings highlight issues with OEM, such as loss of information as compared to a priori knowledge after using measurements. On the other hand, RTLS can produce "information gain" of ~40-50% deterministically from the same set of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K. Koner
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Ct., College Park, MD 20740, USA
- NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, E/RA3, 5830 University Research Ct., College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-405-6568
| | - Prasanjit Dash
- NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, E/RA3, 5830 University Research Ct., College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Global Science and Technology, Inc., and affiliate CIRA, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Choi HD, Liu H, Crawford JH, Considine DB, Allen DJ, Duncan BN, Horowitz LW, Rodriguez JM, Strahan SE, Zhang L, Liu X, Damon MR, Steenrod SD. Global O 3-CO Correlations in a Chemistry and Transport Model During July-August: Evaluation with TES Satellite Observations and Sensitivity to Input Meteorological Data and Emissions. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:8429-8452. [PMID: 32457810 PMCID: PMC7250209 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-8429-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examine the capability of the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry and transport model to reproduce global mid-tropospheric (618hPa) O3-CO correlations determined by the measurements from Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard NASA's Aura satellite during boreal summer (July-August). The model is driven by three meteorological data sets (fvGCM with sea surface temperature for 1995, GEOS4-DAS for 2005, and MERRA for 2005), allowing us to examine the sensitivity of model O3-CO correlations to input meteorological data. Model simulations of radionuclide tracers (222Rn, 210Pb, and 7Be) are used to illustrate the differences in transport-related processes among the meteorological data sets. Simulated O3 values are evaluated with climatological ozone profiles from ozonesonde measurements and satellite tropospheric O3 columns. Despite the fact that three simulations show significantly different global and regional distributions of O3 and CO concentrations, all simulations show similar patterns of O3-CO correlations on a global scale. These patterns are consistent with those derived from TES observations, except in the tropical easterly biomass burning outflow regions. Discrepancies in regional O3-CO correlation patterns in the three simulations may be attributed to differences in convective transport, stratospheric influence, and subsidence, among other processes. To understand how various emissions drive global O3-CO correlation patterns, we examine the sensitivity of GMI/MERRA model-calculated O3 and CO concentrations and their correlations to emission types (fossil fuel, biomass burning, biogenic, and lightning NOx emissions). Fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions are mainly responsible for the strong positive O3-CO correlations over continental outflow regions in both hemispheres. Biogenic emissions have a relatively smaller impact on O3-CO correlations than other emissions, but are largely responsible for the negative correlations over the tropical eastern Pacific, reflecting the fact that O3 is consumed and CO generated during the atmospheric oxidation process of isoprene under low NOx conditions. We find that lightning NOx emissions degrade both positive correlations at mid-/high- latitudes and negative correlations in the tropics because ozone production downwind of lightning NOx emissions is not directly related to the emission and transport of CO. Our study concludes that O3-CO correlations may be used effectively to constrain the sources of regional tropospheric O3 in global 3-D models, especially for those regions where convective transport of pollution plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA
| | | | - David B. Considine
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Now at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan E. Strahan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
| | - Lin Zhang
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Now at Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Megan R. Damon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD
| | - Stephen D. Steenrod
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD
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Myriokefalitakis S, Daskalakis N, Fanourgakis GS, Voulgarakis A, Krol MC, Aan de Brugh JMJ, Kanakidou M. Ozone and carbon monoxide budgets over the Eastern Mediterranean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:40-52. [PMID: 27135565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the long-range transport (LRT) on O3 and CO budgets over the Eastern Mediterranean has been investigated using the state-of-the-art 3-dimensional global chemistry-transport model TM4-ECPL. A 3-D budget analysis has been performed separating the Eastern from the Western basins and the boundary layer (BL) from the free troposphere (FT). The FT of the Eastern Mediterranean is shown to be a strong receptor of polluted air masses from the Western Mediterranean, and the most important source of polluted air masses for the Eastern Mediterranean BL, with about 40% of O3 and of CO in the BL to be transported from the FT aloft. Regional anthropogenic sources are found to have relatively small impact on regional air quality in the area, contributing by about 8% and 18% to surface levels of O3 and CO, respectively. Projections using anthropogenic emissions for the year 2050 but neglecting climate change calculate a surface O3 decrease of about 11% together with a surface CO increase of roughly 10% in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Myriokefalitakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - N Daskalakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - G S Fanourgakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Voulgarakis
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M C Krol
- Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
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Chaliyakunnel S, Millet DB, Wells KC, Cady-Pereira KE, Shephard MW. A Large Underestimate of Formic Acid from Tropical Fires: Constraints from Space-Borne Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5631-40. [PMID: 27149080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (HCOOH) is one of the most abundant carboxylic acids and a dominant source of atmospheric acidity. Recent work indicates a major gap in the HCOOH budget, with atmospheric concentrations much larger than expected from known sources. Here, we employ recent space-based observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer with the GEOS-Chem atmospheric model to better quantify the HCOOH source from biomass burning, and assess whether fire emissions can help close the large budget gap for this species. The space-based data reveal a severe model HCOOH underestimate most prominent over tropical burning regions, suggesting a major missing source of organic acids from fires. We develop an approach for inferring the fractional fire contribution to ambient HCOOH and find, based on measurements over Africa, that pyrogenic HCOOH:CO enhancement ratios are much higher than expected from direct emissions alone, revealing substantial secondary organic acid production in fire plumes. Current models strongly underestimate (by 10 ± 5 times) the total primary and secondary HCOOH source from African fires. If a 10-fold bias were to extend to fires in other regions, biomass burning could produce 14 Tg/a of HCOOH in the tropics or 16 Tg/a worldwide. However, even such an increase would only represent 15-20% of the total required HCOOH source, implying the existence of other larger missing sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaliyakunnel
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - D B Millet
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - K C Wells
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - K E Cady-Pereira
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research , Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - M W Shephard
- Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
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Ford B, Heald CL. An A-train and model perspective on the vertical distribution of aerosols and CO in the Northern Hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu L, Su H, Jiang JH. Regional simulations of deep convection and biomass burning over South America: 1. Model evaluations using multiple satellite data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tilmes S, Pan LL, Hoor P, Atlas E, Avery MA, Campos T, Christensen LE, Diskin GS, Gao RS, Herman RL, Hintsa EJ, Loewenstein M, Lopez J, Paige ME, Pittman JV, Podolske JR, Proffitt MR, Sachse GW, Schiller C, Schlager H, Smith J, Spelten N, Webster C, Weinheimer A, Zondlo MA. An aircraft-based upper troposphere lower stratosphere O3, CO, and H2O climatology for the Northern Hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ho SP, Edwards DP, Gille JC, Luo M, Osterman GB, Kulawik SS, Worden H. A global comparison of carbon monoxide profiles and column amounts from Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nassar R, Logan JA, Megretskaia IA, Murray LT, Zhang L, Jones DBA. Analysis of tropical tropospheric ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor during the 2006 El Niño using TES observations and the GEOS-Chem model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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