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Tanaka H, Matsumoto M, Yagasaki T. Efficiency and energy balance for substitution of CH4 in clathrate hydrates with CO2 under multiple-phase coexisting conditions. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:194504. [PMID: 37987520 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many experimental and theoretical studies on CH4-CO2 hydrates have been performed aiming at the extraction of CH4 as a relatively clean energy resource and concurrent sequestration of CO2. However, vague or insufficient characterization of the environmental conditions prevents us from a comprehensive understanding of even equilibrium properties of CH4-CO2 hydrates for this substitution. We propose possible reaction schemes for the substitution, paying special attention to the coexisting phases, the aqueous and/or the fluid, where CO2 is supplied from and CH4 is transferred to. We address the two schemes for the substitution operating in three-phase and two-phase coexistence. Advantages and efficiencies of extracting CH4 in the individual scheme are estimated from the chemical potentials of all the components in all the phases involved in the substitution on the basis of a statistical mechanical theory developed recently. It is found that although substitution is feasible in the three-phase coexistence, its working window in temperature-pressure space is much narrower compared to the two-phase coexistence condition. Despite that the substitution normally generates only a small amount of heat, a large endothermic substitution is suggested in the medium pressure range, caused by the vaporization of liquid CO2 due to mixing with a small amount of the released CH4. This study provides the first theoretical framework toward the practical use of hydrates replacing CH4 with CO2 and serves as a basis for quantitative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tanaka
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takuma Yagasaki
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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2
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Sholihah M, Sean WY. Numerical Simulation on the Dissociation, Formation, and Recovery of Gas Hydrates on Microscale Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165021. [PMID: 34443609 PMCID: PMC8400366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the structures of gas hydrates, the mechanisms of formation, and dissociation with modern instruments on the experimental aspects, including Raman, X-ray, XRD, X-CT, MRI, and pore networks, and numerical analyses, including CFD, LBM, and MD, were carried out. The gas hydrate characteristics for dissociation and formation are multi-phase and multi-component complexes. Therefore, it was important to carry out a comprehensive investigation to improve the concept of mechanisms involved in microscale porous media, emphasizing micro-modeling experiments, 3D imaging, and pore network modeling. This article reviewed the studies, carried out to date, regarding conditions surrounding hydrate dissociation, hydrate formation, and hydrate recovery, especially at the pore-scale phase in numerical simulations. The purpose of visualizing pores in microscale sediments is to obtain a robust analysis to apply the gas hydrate exploitation technique. The observed parameters, including temperature, pressure, concentration, porosity, saturation rate, and permeability, etc., present an interrelationship, to achieve an accurate production process method and recovery of gas hydrates.
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Effect of Permeability on Hydrate-Bearing Sediment Productivity and Stability in Ulleung Basin, East Sea, South Korea. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14061752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methane hydrate has attracted attention as a next-generation resource, and many researchers have conducted various studies to estimate its productivity. Numerical simulation is the optimal method for estimating methane gas productivity. Meanwhile, using a reasonable input parameter is essential for obtaining accurate numerical modeling results. Permeability is a geotechnical property that exhibits the greatest impact on productivity. The permeability of hydrate-bearing sediment varies based on the sediment pore structure and hydrate saturation. In this study, an empirical permeability model was derived from experimental data using soil specimens from the Ulleung Basin, and the model was applied in numerical analysis to evaluate the sediment gas productivity and ground stability. The gas productivity and stability of hydrate-bearing sediments were compared by applying a widely used permeability model and the proposed model to a numerical model. Additionally, a parametric study was performed to examine the effects of initial hydrate saturation on the sediment gas productivity and stability. There were significant differences in the productivity and stability analysis results according to the proposed permeability model. Therefore, it was found that for accurate numerical analysis, a regional permeability model should be applied.
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Microscale Processes and Dynamics during CH4–CO2 Guest-Molecule Exchange in Gas Hydrates. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14061763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The exchange of CH4 by CO2 in gas hydrates is of interest for the production of natural gas from methane hydrate with net zero climate gas balance, and for managing risks that are related to sediment destabilization and mobilization after gas-hydrate dissociation. Several experimental studies on the dynamics and efficiency of the process exist, but the results seem to be partly inconsistent. We used confocal Raman spectroscopy to map an area of several tens to hundreds µm of a CH4 hydrate sample during its exposure to liquid and gaseous CO2. On this scale, we could identify and follow different processes in the sample that occur in parallel. Next to guest-molecule exchange, gas-hydrate dissociation also contributes to the release of CH4. During our examination period, about 50% of the CO2 was bound by exchange for CH4 molecules, while the other half was bound by new formation of CO2 hydrates. We evaluated single gas-hydrate grains with confirmed gas exchange and applied a diffusion equation to quantify the process. Obtained diffusion coefficients are in the range of 10−13–10−18 m2/s. We propose to use this analytical diffusion equation for a simple and robust modeling of CH4 production by guest-molecule exchange and to combine it with an additional term for gas-hydrate dissociation.
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5
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Enhanced Hydrate-Based Geological CO2 Capture and Sequestration as a Mitigation Strategy to Address Climate Change. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Geological sequestration of CO2-rich gas as a CO2 capture and storage technique has a lower technical and cost barrier compared to industrial scale-up. In this study, we have proposed CO2 capture and storage via hydrate in geological formation within the hydrate stability zone as a novel technique to contribute to global warming mitigation strategies, including carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and to prevent vast methane release into the atmosphere caused by hydrate melting. We have attempted to enhance total gas uptake and CO2 capture efficiency in hydrate in the presence of kinetic promoters while using diluted CO2 gas (CO2-N2 mixture). Experiments are performed using unfrozen sands within hydrate stability zone condition and in the presence of low dosage surfactant and amino acids. Hydrate formation parameters, including sub-cooling temperature, induction time, total gas uptake, and split fraction, are calculated during the single-step formation and dissociation process. The effect of sands with varying particle sizes (160–630 µm, 1400–5000 µm), low dosage promoter (500–3000 ppm) and CO2 concentration in feed gas (20–30 mol%) on formation kinetic parameters was investigated. Enhanced formation kinetics are observed in the presence of surfactant (1000–3000 ppm) and hydrophobic amino acids (3000 ppm) at 120 bar and 1 ℃ experimental conditions. We report induction time in the range of 7–170 min and CO2 split fraction (0.60–0.90) in hydrate for 120 bar initial injection pressure. CO2 split fraction can be enhanced by reducing sand particle size or increasing the CO2 mol% in incoming feed gas at given injection pressure. This study also reports that formation kinetics in a porous medium are influenced by hydrate morphology. Hydrate morphology influences gas and water migration within sediments and controls pore space or particle surface correlation with the formation kinetics within coarse sediments. This investigation demonstrates the potential application of bio-friendly amino acids as promoters to enhance CO2 capture and storage within hydrate. Sufficient contact time at gas-liquid interface and higher CO2 separation efficiency is recorded in the presence of amino acids. The findings of this study could be useful in exploring the promoter-driven pore habitat of CO2-rich hydrates in sediments to address climate change.
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Abstract
CO2-rich gas injection into natural gas hydrate reservoirs is proposed as a carbon-neutral, novel technique to store CO2 while simultaneously producing CH4 gas from methane hydrate deposits without disturbing geological settings. This method is limited by the mass transport barrier created by hydrate film formation at the liquid–gas interface. The very low gas diffusivity through hydrate film formed at this interface causes low CO2 availability at the gas–hydrate interface, thus lowering the recovery and replacement efficiency during CH4-CO2 exchange. In a first-of-its-kind study, we have demonstrate the successful application of low dosage methanol to enhance gas storage and recovery and compare it with water and other surface-active kinetic promoters including SDS and L-methionine. Our study shows 40–80% CH4 recovery, 83–93% CO2 storage and 3–10% CH4-CO2 replacement efficiency in the presence of 5 wt% methanol, and further improvement in the swapping process due to a change in temperature from 1–4 °C is observed. We also discuss the influence of initial water saturation (30–66%), hydrate morphology (grain-coating and pore-filling) and hydrate surface area on the CH4-CO2 hydrate swapping. Very distinctive behavior in methane recovery caused by initial water saturation (above and below Swi = 0.35) and hydrate morphology is also discussed. Improved CO2 storage and methane recovery in the presence of methanol is attributed to its dual role as anti-agglomerate and thermodynamic driving force enhancer between CH4-CO2 hydrate phase boundaries when methanol is used at a low concentration (5 wt%). The findings of this study can be useful in exploring the usage of low dosage, bio-friendly, anti-agglomerate and hydrate inhibition compounds in improving CH4 recovery and storing CO2 in hydrate reservoirs without disturbing geological formation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first experimental study to explore the novel application of an anti-agglomerate and hydrate inhibitor in low dosage to address the CO2 hydrate mass transfer barrier created at the gas–liquid interface to enhance CH4-CO2 hydrate exchange. Our study also highlights the importance of prior information about methane hydrate reservoirs, such as residual water saturation, degree of hydrate saturation and hydrate morphology, before applying the CH4-CO2 hydrate swapping technique.
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Mathematical Model of Decomposition of Methane Hydrate during the Injection of Liquid Carbon Dioxide into a Reservoir Saturated with Methane and Its Hydrate. MATHEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/math8091482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The article describes a mathematical model of pumping of heated liquid carbon dioxide into a reservoir of finite extent, the pores of which in the initial state contain methane and methane gas hydrate. This model takes into account the existence in the reservoir of three characteristic regions. We call the first region “near”, the second “intermediate”, and the third “far”. According to the problem statement, the first region contains liquid CO2 and hydrate, the second region is saturated with methane and water, the third contains methane and hydrate. The main features of mathematical models that provide a consistent description of the considered processes are investigated. It was found that at sufficiently high injection pressures and low pressures at the right reservoir boundary, the boundary of carbon dioxide hydrate formation can come up with the boundary of methane gas hydrate decomposition. It is also shown that at sufficiently low values of pressure of injection of carbon dioxide and pressure at the right boundary of the reservoir, the pressure at the boundary of hydrate formation of carbon dioxide drops below the boiling pressure of carbon dioxide. In this case, for a consistent description of the considered processes, it is necessary to correct the mathematical model in order to take into account the boiling of carbon dioxide. Maps of possible solutions have been built, which show in what ranges of parameters one or another mathematical model is consistent.
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Bassani CL, Sum AK, Herri JM, Morales REM, Cameirão A. A Multiscale Approach for Gas Hydrates Considering Structure, Agglomeration, and Transportability under Multiphase Flow Conditions: II. Growth Kinetic Model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L. Bassani
- Department PEG, Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Multiphase Flow Research Center (NUEM), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, Bloco N, CEP 81280-340 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amadeu K. Sum
- Phases to Flow Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Herri
- Department PEG, Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Rigoberto E. M. Morales
- Multiphase Flow Research Center (NUEM), Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, 5000, Bloco N, CEP 81280-340 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Cameirão
- Department PEG, Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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Shagapov VS, Rafikova GR, Khasanov MK. The Theory of the Replacement of Methane by Carbon Dioxide in Gas Hydrates. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0040579518060118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Kaur SP, Sujith KS, Ramachandran CN. Formation of a nanobubble and its effect on the structural ordering of water in a CH 4-N 2-CO 2-H 2O mixture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9157-9166. [PMID: 29560970 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07934f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of methane (CH4) from its hydrate by a mixture of nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) involves the dissociation of methane hydrate leading to the formation of a CH4-N2-CO2-H2O mixture that can significantly influence the subsequent steps of the replacement process. In the present work, we study the evolution of dissolved gas molecules in this mixture by applying classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our study shows that a higher CO2 : N2 ratio in the mixture enhances the formation of nanobubbles composed of N2, CH4 and CO2 molecules. To understand how the CO2 : N2 ratio affects nanobubble nucleation, the distribution of molecules in the bubble formed is examined. It is observed that unlike N2 and CH4, the density of CO2 in the bubble reaches a maximum at the surface of the bubble. The accumulation of CO2 molecules at the surface makes the bubble more stable by decreasing the excess pressure inside the bubble as well as surface tension at its interface with water. It is found that a frequent exchange of gas molecules takes place between the bubble and the surrounding liquid and an increase in concentration of CO2 in the mixture leads to a decrease in the number of such exchanges. The effect of nanobubbles on the structural ordering of water molecules is examined by determining the number of water rings formed per unit volume in the mixture. The role of nanobubbles in water structuring is correlated to the dynamic nature of the bubble arising from the exchange of gas molecules between the bubble and the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Pal Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
| | - K S Sujith
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
| | - C N Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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11
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Bassani CL, Barbuto FA, Sum AK, Morales RE. A three-phase solid-liquid-gas slug flow mechanistic model coupling hydrate dispersion formation with heat and mass transfer. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of CH4 and CO2 Hydrate Remodeling Cores in Qilian Mountain. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Khasanov MK. Mathematical model of formation of carbon dioxide hydrate upon injection of carbon dioxide into a methane hydrate stratum. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s004057951705030x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Elasticity and Stability of Clathrate Hydrate: Role of Guest Molecule Motions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1290. [PMID: 28465527 PMCID: PMC5431056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to determine the elastic constants of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) hydrates at one hundred pressure–temperature data points, respectively. The conditions represent marine sediments and permafrost zones where gas hydrates occur. The shear modulus and Young’s modulus of the CO2 hydrate increase anomalously with increasing temperature, whereas those of the CH4 hydrate decrease regularly with increase in temperature. We ascribe this anomaly to the kinetic behavior of the linear CO2 molecule, especially those in the small cages. The cavity space of the cage limits free rotational motion of the CO2 molecule at low temperature. With increase in temperature, the CO2 molecule can rotate easily, and enhance the stability and rigidity of the CO2 hydrate. Our work provides a key database for the elastic properties of gas hydrates, and molecular insights into stability changes of CO2 hydrate from high temperature of ~5 °C to low decomposition temperature of ~−150 °C.
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15
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Voronov V, Gorodetskii E, Podnek V, Grigoriev B. Properties of equilibrium carbon dioxide hydrate in porous medium. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Hansen TC, Falenty A, Kuhs WF. Lattice constants and expansivities of gas hydrates from 10 K up to the stability limit. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4940729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Hansen
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Falenty
- GZG, Abt. Kristallographie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W. F. Kuhs
- GZG, Abt. Kristallographie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Kumar A, Sakpal T, Bhattacharjee G, Kumar A, Kumar R. Impact of H2S Impurity on Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Formation Kinetics in Fixed Bed Arrangements. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Kumar
- Chemical
Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR—National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Tushar Sakpal
- Chemical
Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR—National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Gaurav Bhattacharjee
- Chemical
Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR—National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Chemical
Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Chemical
Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR—National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
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18
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Sujith KS, Ramachandran CN. Carbon dioxide induced bubble formation in a CH4–CO2–H2O ternary system: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3746-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of carbon dioxide in the formation of gas bubbles in a CH4–CO2–H2O ternary system is studied using molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Sujith
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee
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19
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Transport Mechanisms for CO2-CH4 Exchange and Safe CO2 Storage in Hydrate-Bearing Sandstone. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en8054073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Evaluation of Different CH4-CO2 Replacement Processes in Hydrate-Bearing Sediments by Measuring P-Wave Velocity. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6126242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Tung YT, Chen LJ, Chen YP, Lin ST. In Situ Methane Recovery and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Methane Hydrates: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:15295-302. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2088675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Tien Tung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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22
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Huang SN, Pascal TA, Goddard WA, Maiti PK, Lin ST. Absolute Entropy and Energy of Carbon Dioxide Using the Two-Phase Thermodynamic Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:1893-901. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tod A. Pascal
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Prabal K. Maiti
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shiang-Tai Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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