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Sorooshian A, Anderson B, Bauer SE, Braun RA, Cairns B, Crosbie E, Dadashazar H, Diskin G, Ferrare R, Flagan RC, Hair J, Hostetler C, Jonsson HH, Kleb MM, Liu H, MacDonald AB, McComiskey A, Moore R, Painemal D, Russell LM, Seinfeld JH, Shook M, Smith WL, Thornhill K, Tselioudis G, Wang H, Zeng X, Zhang B, Ziemba L, Zuidema P. AEROSOL-CLOUD-METEOROLOGY INTERACTION AIRBORNE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS: Using Lessons Learned from the U.S. West Coast in the Design of ACTIVATE off the U.S. East Coast. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2019; 100:1511-1528. [PMID: 33204036 PMCID: PMC7668289 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-18-0100.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe report on a multiyear set of airborne field campaigns (2005–16) off the California coast to examine aerosols, clouds, and meteorology, and how lessons learned tie into the upcoming NASA Earth Venture Suborbital (EVS-3) campaign: Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE; 2019–23). The largest uncertainty in estimating global anthropogenic radiative forcing is associated with the interactions of aerosol particles with clouds, which stems from the variability of cloud systems and the multiple feedbacks that affect and hamper efforts to ascribe changes in cloud properties to aerosol perturbations. While past campaigns have been limited in flight hours and the ability to fly in and around clouds, efforts sponsored by the Office of Naval Research have resulted in 113 single aircraft flights (>500 flight hours) in a fixed region with warm marine boundary layer clouds. All flights used nearly the same payload of instruments on a Twin Otter to fly below, in, and above clouds, producing an unprecedented dataset. We provide here i) an overview of statistics of aerosol, cloud, and meteorological conditions encountered in those campaigns and ii) quantification of model-relevant metrics associated with aerosol–cloud interactions leveraging the high data volume and statistics. Based on lessons learned from those flights, we describe the pragmatic innovation in sampling strategy (dual-aircraft approach with combined in situ and remote sensing) that will be used in ACTIVATE to generate a dataset that can advance scientific understanding and improve physical parameterizations for Earth system and weather forecasting models, and for assessing next-generation remote sensing retrieval algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Susanne E Bauer
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, and Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | | | - Mary M Kleb
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, and Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia
| | - Lynn M Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | - Kenneth Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research Center, and Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia
| | | | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Weiss-Penzias P, Sorooshian A, Coale K, Heim W, Crosbie E, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Wang Z, Jonsson H. Aircraft Measurements of Total Mercury and Monomethyl Mercury in Summertime Marine Stratus Cloudwater from Coastal California, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2527-2537. [PMID: 29401398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water samples from marine stratus clouds were collected during 16 aircraft flights above the Pacific Ocean near the Central California coast during the summer of 2016. These samples were analyzed for total mercury (THg), monomethyl mercury (MMHg), and 32 other chemical species in addition to aerosol physical parameters. The mean concentrations of THg and MMHg in the cloudwater samples were 9.2 ± 6.0 ng L-1 (2.3-33.8 ng L-1) ( N = 97) and 0.87 ± 0.66 ng L-1 (0.17-2.9 ng L-1) ( N = 22), respectively. This corresponds to 9.5% (3-21%) MMHg as a fraction of THg. Low and high nonsea salt calcium ion (nss-Ca2+) concentrations in cloudwater were used to classify flights as "marine" and "continental", respectively. Mean [MMHg]marine was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than [MMHg]continental consistent with an ocean source of dimethyl Hg (DMHg) to the atmosphere. Mean THg in cloudwater was not significantly different between the two categories, indicating multiple emissions sources. Mean [THg]continental was correlated with pH, CO, NO3-, NH4+, and other trace metals, whereas [THg]marine was correlated with MMHg and Na+. THg concentrations were negatively correlated with altitude, consistent with ocean and land emissions, coupled with removal at the cloud-top due to drizzle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Weiss-Penzias
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology , University of California at Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Kenneth Coale
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories , Moss Landing , California 95039 , United States
| | - Wesley Heim
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories , Moss Landing , California 95039 , United States
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton , Virginia 23666 , United States
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Haflidi Jonsson
- Naval Postgraduate School , Monterey , California 93943 , United States
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A multi-year data set on aerosol-cloud-precipitation-meteorology interactions for marine stratocumulus clouds. Sci Data 2018; 5:180026. [PMID: 29485627 PMCID: PMC5827690 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne measurements of meteorological, aerosol, and stratocumulus cloud properties have been harmonized from six field campaigns during July-August months between 2005 and 2016 off the California coast. A consistent set of core instruments was deployed on the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies Twin Otter for 113 flight days, amounting to 514 flight hours. A unique aspect of the compiled data set is detailed measurements of aerosol microphysical properties (size distribution, composition, bioaerosol detection, hygroscopicity, optical), cloud water composition, and different sampling inlets to distinguish between clear air aerosol, interstitial in-cloud aerosol, and droplet residual particles in cloud. Measurements and data analysis follow documented methods for quality assurance. The data set is suitable for studies associated with aerosol-cloud-precipitation-meteorology-radiation interactions, especially owing to sharp aerosol perturbations from ship traffic and biomass burning. The data set can be used for model initialization and synergistic application with meteorological models and remote sensing data to improve understanding of the very interactions that comprise the largest uncertainty in the effect of anthropogenic emissions on radiative forcing.
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