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Zhang F, Pizzi A, Ruj T, Komatsu G, Yin A, Dang Y, Liu Y, Zou Y. Evidence for structural control of mare volcanism in lunar compressional tectonic settings. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2892. [PMID: 37210379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the long-standing enigmas for lunar tectonic-thermal evolution is the spatiotemporal association of contractional wrinkle ridges and basaltic volcanism in a compressional regime. Here, we show that most of the 30 investigated volcanic (eruptive) centers are linked to contractional wrinkle ridges developed above preexisting basin basement-involved ring/rim normal faults. Based on the tectonic patterns associated with the basin formation and mass loading and considering that during the subsequent compression the stress was not purely isotropic, we hypothesize that tectonic inversion produced not only thrust faults but also reactivated structures with strike-slip and even extensional components, thus providing a valid mechanism for magma transport through fault planes during ridge faulting and folding of basaltic layers. Our findings suggest that lunar syn-tectonic mare emplacement along reactivated inherited faults provides important records of basin-scale structure-involved volcanism, which is more complex than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Alberto Pizzi
- Department of Engineering and Geology, Università d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Trishit Ruj
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Goro Komatsu
- Department of Engineering and Geology, Università d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Università d'Annunzio, Pescara, Italy
| | - An Yin
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1567, USA
| | - Yanan Dang
- National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 200083, China
| | - Yongliao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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The Identification of Impact Craters from GRAIL-Acquired Gravity Data by U-Net Architecture. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification of impact craters on the Moon and other planetary bodies is of great significance to studying and constraining the dynamical process and evolution of the Solar System. Traditionally, this has been performed through the visual examination of images. Due to the effect of overburden, some structural features cannot be effectively identified from optical images, resulting in limitations in the scope, efficiency and accuracy of identification. In this paper, we investigate the viability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to perform the detection of impact craters from GRAIL-acquired gravity data. The ideal values of each hyperparameter in U-net architecture are determined after dozens of iterations of model training, testing and evaluation. The final model was evaluated by the Loss function with the low value of 0.04, indicating that the predicted output of the model reached a relatively high fitting degree with the prior labelled output. The comparative results with different methods show that the proposed method has a clear detection of the target features, with an accuracy of more than 80%. In addition, the detection results of the whole image account for 83% of the number of manually delineated gravity anomalies. The proposed method can still achieve the same quality for the identification of the gravity anomalies caused by impact craters under the condition that the resolution of GRAIL gravity data are not superior. Our results demonstrate that the U-net architecture can be a very effective tool for the rapid and automatic identification of impact craters from gravity map on the Moon, as well as other Solar System bodies.
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Anderson FS, Crow C, Levine J, Whitaker TJ. Pb-Pb Dating of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Samples Using Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001177. [PMID: 33283022 PMCID: PMC7685141 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We are developing an in situ, rock-dating spectrometer for spaceflight called the Chemistry, Organics, and Dating EXperiment (CODEX). CODEX will measure Rb-Sr compositions and determine ages of samples on the Moon or Mars and can be augmented to obtain Pb-Pb ages. Coupling Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb measurements broadens the suite of samples that can be dated and could provide tests of concordance. Here we assess whether geochronologically meaningful Pb-Pb data could be measured in situ by tuning the prototype CODEX to acquire Pb-Pb data from a suite of well-characterized specimens from the Earth, Moon, and Mars. For Keuhl Lake Zircon 91500 our 207Pb/206Pb age of 1,090 ± 40 Ma is indistinguishable from the accepted age. In each of the Martian meteorites we studied, we could not resolve more than a single component of Pb and could not uniquely determine ages; nevertheless, our isotopic measurements were consistent with most previous analyses. On the other hand, we uniquely determined ages for three lunar meteorites. Our age for MIL 05035 is 3,550 ± 170 Ma, within 2σ of published ages for this specimen, in spite of it having <1 ppm Pb. LAP 02205 was contaminated by terrestrial Pb, but by filtering our data to exclude the most contaminated spots, we obtained an age of 3,010 ± 70 Ma, coincident with published values. Finally, our age for NWA 032 is nearly 1,000 Ma older than its age determined from other isotopic systems and is supported by additional Pb measurements made after chemical leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Crow
- Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Jonathan Levine
- Department of Physics and AstronomyColgate UniversityHamiltonNYUSA
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History of the Terminal Cataclysm Paradigm: Epistemology of a Planetary Bombardment That Never (?) Happened. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the history of the paradigm concerning a lunar (or solar-systemwide)terminal cataclysm (also called “Late Heavy Bombardment” or LHB), a putative, brief spikein impacts at ~3.9 Ga ago, preceded by low impact rates. We examine origin of the ideas, why theywere accepted, and why the ideas are currently being seriously revised, if not abandoned. Thepaper is divided into the following sections:1. Overview of paradigm.2. Pre-Apollo views (1949-1969).3. Initial suggestions of cataclysm (ca. 1974).4. Ironies.5. Alternative suggestions, megaregolith evolution (1970s).6. Impact melt rocks “establish” cataclysm (1990).7. Imbrium redux (ca. 1998).8. Impact melt clasts (early 2000s).9. Dating of front-side lunar basins?10. Dynamical models “explain” the cataclysm (c. 2000s).11. Asteroids as a test case.12. Impact melts predating 4.0 Ga ago (ca. 2008-present.).13. Biological issues.14. Growing doubts (ca. 1994-2014).15. Evolving Dynamical Models (ca. 2001-present).16. Connections to lunar origin.17. Dismantling the paradigm (2015-2018).18. “Megaregolith Evolution Model” for explaining the data.19. Conclusions and new directions for future work.The author hopes that this open-access discussion may prove useful for classroom discussionsof how science moves forward through self-correction of hypotheses.
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Sobron P, Wang A, Mayer DP, Bentz J, Kong F, Zheng M. Dalangtan Saline Playa in a Hyperarid Region of Tibet Plateau: III. Correlated Multiscale Surface Mineralogy and Geochemistry Survey. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:1277-1304. [PMID: 30095985 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the first multiscale, systematic field-based testing of correlations between orbital scale advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer visible near-infrared (VNIR)/shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance and thermal infrared relative emissivity and outcrop scale Raman spectroscopy, VNIR reflectance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) mineralogy and chemistry in a saline dry lakebed. This article is one of three reports describing the evolution of salt deposits, meteorological record, and surface and subsurface salt mineralogy in Dalangtan, Qaidam Basin, a hyperarid region of the Tibet Plateau, China, as potential environmental, mineralogical, and biogeochemical analogs to Mars. We have successfully bridged remote sensing data to fine scale mineralogy and chemistry data. We have defined spectral end-members in the northwestern Qaidam Basin and classified areas within the study area on the basis of their spectral similarity to the spectral end-members. Results of VNIR/SWIR classification reveal zonation of spectral units within three large anticlinal domes in the study area that can be correlated between the three structures. Laboratory Raman, VNIR reflectance, XRD, and LIBS data of surface mineral samples collected along a traverse over Xiaoliangshan (XLS) indicate that the surface is dominated by gypsum, Mg sulfates, Na sulfates, halite, and carbonates, with minor concentrations of illite present in most samples as well. Our results can be used as a first step toward better characterizing the potential of orbital reflectance spectroscopy as a method for mineral detection and quantification in salt-rich planetary environments, with the benefit that this technique can be validated on the ground using instruments onboard rovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sobron
- 1 SETI Institute , Mountain View, California
- 2 Impossible Sensing , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alian Wang
- 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David P Mayer
- 4 US Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center , Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Jennifer Bentz
- 5 Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Fanjing Kong
- 6 Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Key Lab of Saline Lake Resources and Enviornments, Ministry of Lands and Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Mianping Zheng
- 6 Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Key Lab of Saline Lake Resources and Enviornments, Ministry of Lands and Resources, Beijing, China
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Zellner NEB. Cataclysm No More: New Views on the Timing and Delivery of Lunar Impactors. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2017; 47:261-280. [PMID: 28470374 PMCID: PMC5602003 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-017-9536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
If properly interpreted, the impact record of the Moon, Earth's nearest neighbour, can be used to gain insights into how the Earth has been influenced by impacting events since its formation ~4.5 billion years (Ga) ago. However, the nature and timing of the lunar impactors - and indeed the lunar impact record itself - are not well understood. Of particular interest are the ages of lunar impact basins and what they tell us about the proposed "lunar cataclysm" and/or the late heavy bombardment (LHB), and how this impact episode may have affected early life on Earth or other planets. Investigations of the lunar impactor population over time have been undertaken and include analyses of orbital data and images; lunar, terrestrial, and other planetary sample data; and dynamical modelling. Here, the existing information regarding the nature of the lunar impact record is reviewed and new interpretations are presented. Importantly, it is demonstrated that most evidence supports a prolonged lunar (and thus, terrestrial) bombardment from ~4.2 to 3.4 Ga and not a cataclysmic spike at ~3.9 Ga. Implications for the conditions required for the origin of life are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle E B Zellner
- Department of Physics, Albion College, 611 E. Porter St, Albion, MI, 49224, USA.
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Scott Anderson F, Levine J, Whitaker TJ. Dating the Martian meteorite Zagami by the ⁸⁷Rb-⁸⁷Sr isochron method with a prototype in situ resonance ionization mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:191-204. [PMID: 25641494 PMCID: PMC4297357 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The geologic history of the Solar System builds on an extensive record of impact flux models, crater counts, and ~270 kg of lunar samples analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. However, estimates of impactor flux may be biased by the fact that most of the dated Apollo samples were only tenuously connected to an assumed geologic context. Moreover, uncertainties in the modeled cratering rates are significant enough to lead to estimated errors for dates on Mars and the Moon of ~1 Ga. Given the great cost of sample return missions, combined with the need to sample multiple terrains on multiple planets, we have developed a prototype instrument that can be used for in situ dating to better constrain the age of planetary samples. METHODS We demonstrate the first use of laser ablation resonance ionization mass spectrometry for (87)Rb-(87)Sr isochron dating of geological specimens. The demands of accuracy and precision have required us to meet challenges including regulation of the ambient temperature, measurement of appropriate backgrounds, sufficient ablation laser intensity, avoidance of the defocusing effect of the plasma created by ablation pulses, and shielding of our detector from atoms and ions of other elements. RESULTS To test whether we could meaningfully date planetary materials, we have analyzed a piece of the Martian meteorite Zagami. In each of four separate measurements we obtained (87)Rb-(87)Sr isochron ages for Zagami consistent with its published age, and, in both of two measurements that reached completion, we obtained better than 200 Ma precision. Combining all our data into a single isochron with 581 spot analyses gives an (87)Rb-(87)Sr age for this specimen of 360 ±90 Ma. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses of the Zagami meteorite represent the first successful application of resonance ionization mass spectrometry to isochron geochronology. Furthermore, the technique is miniaturizable for spaceflight and in situ dating on other planetary bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Anderson
- Southwest Research InstituteSuite 300, 1050 Walnut St, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Jonathan Levine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate UniversityHamilton, NY, 13346, USA
| | - Tom J Whitaker
- Southwest Research InstituteSuite 300, 1050 Walnut St, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
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Miljković K, Wieczorek MA, Collins GS, Laneuville M, Neumann GA, Melosh HJ, Solomon SC, Phillips RJ, Smith DE, Zuber MT. Asymmetric Distribution of Lunar Impact Basins Caused by Variations in Target Properties. Science 2013; 342:724-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1243224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Miljković
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Case 7011, Lamarck A, 5, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Mark A. Wieczorek
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Case 7011, Lamarck A, 5, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Gareth S. Collins
- Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthieu Laneuville
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Case 7011, Lamarck A, 5, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Gregory A. Neumann
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - H. Jay Melosh
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sean C. Solomon
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Roger J. Phillips
- Planetary Science Directorate, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - David E. Smith
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria T. Zuber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Global resurfacing of Mercury 4.0–4.1 billion years ago by heavy bombardment and volcanism. Nature 2013; 499:59-61. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wieczorek MA, Neumann GA, Nimmo F, Kiefer WS, Taylor GJ, Melosh HJ, Phillips RJ, Solomon SC, Andrews-Hanna JC, Asmar SW, Konopliv AS, Lemoine FG, Smith DE, Watkins MM, Williams JG, Zuber MT. The crust of the Moon as seen by GRAIL. Science 2012; 339:671-5. [PMID: 23223394 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution gravity data obtained from the dual Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) spacecraft show that the bulk density of the Moon's highlands crust is 2550 kilograms per cubic meter, substantially lower than generally assumed. When combined with remote sensing and sample data, this density implies an average crustal porosity of 12% to depths of at least a few kilometers. Lateral variations in crustal porosity correlate with the largest impact basins, whereas lateral variations in crustal density correlate with crustal composition. The low-bulk crustal density allows construction of a global crustal thickness model that satisfies the Apollo seismic constraints, and with an average crustal thickness between 34 and 43 kilometers, the bulk refractory element composition of the Moon is not required to be enriched with respect to that of Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wieczorek
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Case 7071, Lamarck A, 5, rue Thomas Mann, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Fassett CI, Head JW, Baker DMH, Zuber MT, Smith DE, Neumann GA, Solomon SC, Klimczak C, Strom RG, Chapman CR, Prockter LM, Phillips RJ, Oberst J, Preusker F. Large impact basins on Mercury: Global distribution, characteristics, and modification history from MESSENGER orbital data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012je004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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