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Modeling Emissions from Concentrated Sources into Large-Scale Models: Theory and apriori Testing. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a general procedure to incorporate the effects emissions from localized sources, such as aircraft or ship engines, into chemical transport models (CTM). In this procedure, the species concentrations in each grid box of a CTM are split into plume or small-scale concentrations and background concentrations, respectively, and the corresponding conservation equations are derived. The plume concentrations can be interpreted as subgrid contributions for the CTM grid-box averaged concentrations. The chemical reactions occurring inside the plume are parameterized by introducing suitable “effective” reaction rates rather than modifying the emission indices of the species inside the plume. Various methods for implementation into large-scale models are discussed that differ by the accuracy of the description of plume process. The mathematical consistency of the method is verified on simple idealized setting consisting of a reactive plume in homogeneous turbulence.
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Huang X, Ding A, Gao J, Zheng B, Zhou D, Qi X, Tang R, Wang J, Ren C, Nie W, Chi X, Xu Z, Chen L, Li Y, Che F, Pang N, Wang H, Tong D, Qin W, Cheng W, Liu W, Fu Q, Liu B, Chai F, Davis SJ, Zhang Q, He K. Enhanced secondary pollution offset reduction of primary emissions during COVID-19 lockdown in China. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa137. [PMID: 34676092 PMCID: PMC7337733 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To control the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), China imposed nationwide restrictions on the movement of its population (lockdown) after the Chinese New Year of 2020, leading to large reductions in economic activities and associated emissions. Despite such large decreases in primary pollution, there were nonetheless several periods of heavy haze pollution in eastern China, raising questions about the well-established relationship between human activities and air quality. Here, using comprehensive measurements and modeling, we show that the haze during the COVID lockdown was driven by enhancements of secondary pollution. In particular, large decreases in NOx emissions from transportation increased ozone and nighttime NO3 radical formation, and these increases in atmospheric oxidizing capacity in turn facilitated the formation of secondary particulate matter. Our results, afforded by the tragic natural experiment of the COVID-19 pandemic, indicate that haze mitigation depends upon a coordinated and balanced strategy for controlling multiple pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Tang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuanhua Ren
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liangduo Chen
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Che
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Nini Pang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Wei Qin
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environment Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Steven J Davis
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Masiol M, Harrison RM. Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 95:409-455. [PMID: 32288558 PMCID: PMC7108289 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Civil aviation is fast-growing (about +5% every year), mainly driven by the developing economies and globalisation. Its impact on the environment is heavily debated, particularly in relation to climate forcing attributed to emissions at cruising altitudes and the noise and the deterioration of air quality at ground-level due to airport operations. This latter environmental issue is of particular interest to the scientific community and policymakers, especially in relation to the breach of limit and target values for many air pollutants, mainly nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, near the busiest airports and the resulting consequences for public health. Despite the increased attention given to aircraft emissions at ground-level and air pollution in the vicinity of airports, many research gaps remain. Sources relevant to air quality include not only engine exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from aircraft, but also emissions from the units providing power to the aircraft on the ground, the traffic due to the airport ground service, maintenance work, heating facilities, fugitive vapours from refuelling operations, kitchens and restaurants for passengers and operators, intermodal transportation systems, and road traffic for transporting people and goods in and out to the airport. Many of these sources have received inadequate attention, despite their high potential for impact on air quality. This review aims to summarise the state-of-the-art research on aircraft and airport emissions and attempts to synthesise the results of studies that have addressed this issue. It also aims to describe the key characteristics of pollution, the impacts upon global and local air quality and to address the future potential of research by highlighting research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Whitt DB, Jacobson MZ, Wilkerson JT, Naiman AD, Lele SK. Vertical mixing of commercial aviation emissions from cruise altitude to the surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Cariolle D, Caro D, Paoli R, Hauglustaine DA, Cuénot B, Cozic A, Paugam R. Parameterization of plume chemistry into large-scale atmospheric models: Application to aircraft NOxemissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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DeCaria AJ, Pickering KE, Stenchikov GL, Ott LE. Lightning-generated NOXand its impact on tropospheric ozone production: A three-dimensional modeling study of a Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols and Ozone (STERAO-A) thunderstorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. DeCaria
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | | | - Georgiy L. Stenchikov
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Rutgers University; New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Lesley E. Ott
- Department of Meteorology; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
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Park M, Randel WJ, Kinnison DE, Garcia RR, Choi W. Seasonal variation of methane, water vapor, and nitrogen oxides near the tropopause: Satellite observations and model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | | | | | | | - Wookap Choi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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Parrish DD. Fraction and composition of NOytransported in air masses lofted from the North American continental boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Forster C. The residence times of aircraft emissions in the stratosphere using a mean emission inventory and emissions along actual flight tracks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Zhang X. Numerical modeling of lightning-produced NOxusing an explicit lightning scheme: 1. Two-dimensional simulation as a “proof of concept”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Huntrieser H, Feigl C, Schlager H, Schröder F, Gerbig C, van Velthoven P, Flatøy F, Théry C, Petzold A, Höller H, Schumann U. Airborne measurements of NOx, tracer species, and small particles during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Huntrieser
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - C. Feigl
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - H. Schlager
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - F. Schröder
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - C. Gerbig
- Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - P. van Velthoven
- Section of Atmospheric Composition; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute; De Bilt Netherlands
| | - F. Flatøy
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
| | - C. Théry
- Atmospheric Environment Research Section, Environnement Atmosphérique et Givrage du Département Mesures Physiques; Office National d'Etudes et de Recherche Aérospatiales; Chatillon France
| | - A. Petzold
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - H. Höller
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - U. Schumann
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
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12
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Kentarchos AS. Impact of aircraft NOxemissions on tropospheric ozone calculated with a chemistry-general circulation model: Sensitivity to higher hydrocarbon chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Bond DW, Zhang R, Tie X, Brasseur G, Huffines G, Orville RE, Boccippio DJ. NOxproduction by lightning over the continental United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Tie X, Zhang R, Brasseur G, Emmons L, Lei W. Effects of lightning on reactive nitrogen and nitrogen reservoir species in the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Improvement and evaluation of the parameterisation of nitrogen oxide production by lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-1917(01)00050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Mayer M, Wang C, Webster M, Prinn RG. Linking local air pollution to global chemistry and climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Schumann U, Schlager H, Arnold F, Ovarlez J, Kelder H, Hov Ø, Hayman G, Isaksen ISA, Staehelin J, Whitefield PD. Pollution from aircraft emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor: Overview on the POLINAT projects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Koike M, Kondo Y, Ikeda H, Gregory GL, Anderson BE, Sachse GW, Blake DR, Liu SC, Singh HB, Thompson AM, Kita K, Zhao Y, Sugita T, Shetter RE, Toriyama N. Impact of aircraft emissions on reactive nitrogen over the North Atlantic Flight Corridor region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Allen D, Pickering K, Stenchikov G, Thompson A, Kondo Y. A three-dimensional total odd nitrogen (NOy) simulation during SONEX using a stretched-grid chemical transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Thompson AM, Singh HB, Schlager H. Introduction to special section: Subsonic Assessment Ozone and Nitrogen Oxide Experiment (SONEX) and Pollution From Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (POLINAT 2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Bieberbach G, Fuelberg HE, Thompson AM, Schmitt A, Hannan JR, Gregory GL, Kondo Y, Knabb RD, Sachse GW, Talbot RW. Mesoscale numerical investigations of air traffic emissions over the North Atlantic during SONEX flight 8: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Smyshlyaev SP, Geller MA, Yudin VA. Sensitivity of model assessments of high-speed civil transport effects on stratospheric ozone resulting from uncertainties in the NOxproduction from lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Ziereis H, Schlager H, Schulte P, Köhler I, Marquardt R, Feigl C. In situ measurements of the NOxdistribution and variability over the eastern North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Crawford J, Davis D, Olson J, Chen G, Liu S, Gregory G, Barrick J, Sachse G, Sandholm S, Heikes B, Singh H, Blake D. Assessment of upper tropospheric HOxsources over the tropical Pacific based on NASA GTE/PEM data: Net effect on HOxand other photochemical parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Logan JA. An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere: Recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Höller H, Finke U, Huntrieser H, Hagen M, Feigl C. Lightning-produced NOx(LINOX): Experimental design and case study results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Cho JYN, Zhu Y, Newell RE, Anderson BE, Barrick JD, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Carroll MA, Albercook GM. Horizontal wavenumber spectra of winds, temperature, and trace gases during the Pacific Exploratory Missions: 1. Climatology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Newell RE, Thouret V, Cho JYN, Stoller P, Marenco A, Smit HG. Ubiquity of quasi-horizontal layers in the troposphere. Nature 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/18642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Müller JF, Brasseur G. Sources of upper tropospheric HOX: A three-dimensional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Brunner D, Staehelin J, Jeker D. Large-scale nitrogen oxide plumes in the tropopause region and implications for ozone. Science 1998; 282:1305-9. [PMID: 9812892 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5392.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Continuous measurements of nitrogen oxide and ozone were performed from a commercial airliner during 1 year at cruising altitudes below and above the tropopause. The upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides distribution was found to be strongly influenced by large-scale plumes extending about 100 to 1300 kilometers along the flight track. The plumes were frequently observed downwind of thunderstorms and frontal systems, which most probably caused upward transport of polluted air from the continental boundary layer or nitrogen oxide production in lightning strokes, or both. Particularly in summer, average ozone concentrations in the plumes were enhanced compared to the tropospheric background levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brunner
- D. Brunner, Atmospheric Composition Research Division, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. J. Staehelin and D. Jeker, Institute for Atmospheric Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hoenggerb
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31
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Huntrieser H, Schlager H, Feigl C, Höller H. Transport and production of NOXin electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Duncan BN, Chameides WL. Effects of urban emission control strategies on the export of ozone and ozone precursors from the urban atmosphere to the troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Marenco A, Thouret V, Nédélec P, Smit H, Helten M, Kley D, Karcher F, Simon P, Law K, Pyle J, Poschmann G, Von Wrede R, Hume C, Cook T. Measurement of ozone and water vapor by Airbus in-service aircraft: The MOZAIC airborne program, an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Horowitz LW, Liang J, Gardner GM, Jacob DJ. Export of reactive nitrogen from North America during summertime: Sensitivity to hydrocarbon chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Petry H, Hendricks J, Möllhoff M, Lippert E, Meier A, Ebel A, Sausen R. Chemical conversion of subsonic aircraft emissions in the dispersing plume: Calculation of effective emission indices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Wennberg PO, Hanisco TF, Jaegle L, Jacob DJ, Hintsa EJ, Lanzendorf EJ, Anderson JG, Gao R, Keim ER, Donnelly SG, Negro LAD, Fahey DW, McKeen SA, Salawitch RJ, Webster CR, May RD, Herman RL, Proffitt MH, Margitan JJ, Atlas EL, Schauffler SM, Flocke F, McElroy CT, Bui TP. Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals, and the production of O3 in the upper troposphere. Science 1998; 279:49-53. [PMID: 9417019 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5347.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the hydrogen radicals OH and HO2 in the middle and upper troposphere were measured simultaneously with those of NO, O3, CO, H2O, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons, and with the ultraviolet and visible radiation field. The data allow a direct examination of the processes that produce O3 in this region of the atmosphere. Comparison of the measured concentrations of OH and HO2 with calculations based on their production from water vapor, ozone, and methane demonstrate that these sources are insufficient to explain the observed radical concentrations in the upper troposphere. The photolysis of carbonyl and peroxide compounds transported to this region from the lower troposphere may provide the source of HOx required to sustain the measured abundances of these radical species. The mechanism by which NO affects the production of O3 is also illustrated by the measurements. In the upper tropospheric air masses sampled, the production rate for ozone (determined from the measured concentrations of HO2 and NO) is calculated to be about 1 part per billion by volume each day. This production rate is faster than previously thought and implies that anthropogenic activities that add NO to the upper troposphere, such as biomass burning and aviation, will lead to production of more O3 than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- PO Wennberg
- P. O. Wennberg, T. F. Hanisco, E. J. Hintsa, E. J. Lanzendorf, J. G. Anderson, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. L. Ja
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