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Climatology of Cloud Phase, Cloud Radiative Effects and Precipitation Properties over the Tibetan Plateau. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current passive sensors fail to accurately identify cloud phase, thus largely limiting the quantification of radiative contributions and precipitation of different cloud phases over the Tibet Plateau (TP), especially for the mixed-phase and supercooled water clouds. By combining the 4 years of (January 2007–December 2010) cloud phase (2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR), radiative fluxes (2B-FLXHR-LIDAR), and precipitation (2C-PRECIP-COLUMN) products from CloudSat, this study systematically quantifies the radiative contribution of cloud phases and precipitation over the TP. Statistical results indicate that the ice cloud frequently occurs during the cold season, while mixed-phase cloud fraction is more frequent during the warm season. In addition, liquid clouds exhibit a weak seasonal variation, and the relative cloud fraction is very low, but supercooled water cloud has a larger cloud distribution (the value reaches about 0.24) than those of warm water clouds in the eastern part of the TP during the warm season. Within the atmosphere, the ice cloud has the largest radiative contribution during the cold season, the mixed-phase cloud is the second most important cloud phase for the cloud radiative contribution during the warm season, and supercooled water clouds’ contribution is particularly important during the cold season. In particular, the precipitation frequency over the TP is mainly dominated by the ice and mixed-phase clouds and is larger over the southeastern part of the TP during the warm season.
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Abstract
Some of the most challenging questions in atmospheric science relate to how clouds will respond as the climate warms. On centennial scales, the response of clouds could either weaken or enhance the warming due to greenhouse gas emissions. Here we use space lidar observations to quantify changes in cloud altitude, cover, and opacity over the oceans between 2008 and 2014, together with a climate model with a lidar simulator to also simulate these changes in the present-day climate and in a future, warmer climate. We find that the longwave cloud altitude feedback, found to be robustly positive in simulations since the early climate models and backed up by physical explanations, is not the dominant longwave feedback term in the observations, although it is in the model we have used. These results suggest that the enhanced longwave warming due to clouds might be overestimated in climate models. These results highlight the importance of developing a long-term active sensor satellite record to reduce uncertainties in cloud feedbacks and prediction of future climate.
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Tan Z, Kaul CM, Pressel KG, Cohen Y, Schneider T, Teixeira J. An Extended Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Scheme for Unified Representation of Subgrid-Scale Turbulence and Convection. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2018; 10:770-800. [PMID: 29780442 PMCID: PMC5947327 DOI: 10.1002/2017ms001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale weather forecasting and climate models are beginning to reach horizontal resolutions of kilometers, at which common assumptions made in existing parameterization schemes of subgrid-scale turbulence and convection-such as that they adjust instantaneously to changes in resolved-scale dynamics-cease to be justifiable. Additionally, the common practice of representing boundary-layer turbulence, shallow convection, and deep convection by discontinuously different parameterizations schemes, each with its own set of parameters, has contributed to the proliferation of adjustable parameters in large-scale models. Here we lay the theoretical foundations for an extended eddy-diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) scheme that has explicit time-dependence and memory of subgrid-scale variables and is designed to represent all subgrid-scale turbulence and convection, from boundary layer dynamics to deep convection, in a unified manner. Coherent up and downdrafts in the scheme are represented as prognostic plumes that interact with their environment and potentially with each other through entrainment and detrainment. The more isotropic turbulence in their environment is represented through diffusive fluxes, with diffusivities obtained from a turbulence kinetic energy budget that consistently partitions turbulence kinetic energy between plumes and environment. The cross-sectional area of up and downdrafts satisfies a prognostic continuity equation, which allows the plumes to cover variable and arbitrarily large fractions of a large-scale grid box and to have life cycles governed by their own internal dynamics. Relatively simple preliminary proposals for closure parameters are presented and are shown to lead to a successful simulation of shallow convection, including a time-dependent life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Tan
- California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | | | | | - Yair Cohen
- California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Tapio Schneider
- California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCAUSA
| | - João Teixeira
- California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCAUSA
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4
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Yin J, Porporato A. Diurnal cloud cycle biases in climate models. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2269. [PMID: 29273812 PMCID: PMC5741665 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clouds' efficiency at reflecting solar radiation and trapping the terrestrial radiation is strongly modulated by the diurnal cycle of clouds (DCC). Much attention has been paid to mean cloud properties due to their critical role in climate projections; however, less research has been devoted to the DCC. Here we quantify the mean, amplitude, and phase of the DCC in climate models and compare them with satellite observations and reanalysis data. While the mean appears to be reliable, the amplitude and phase of the DCC show marked inconsistencies, inducing overestimation of radiation in most climate models. In some models, DCC appears slightly shifted over the ocean, likely as a result of tuning and fortuitously compensating the large DCC errors over the land. While this model tuning does not seem to invalidate climate projections because of the limited DCC response to global warming, it may potentially increase the uncertainty of climate predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Amilcare Porporato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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Pressel KG, Mishra S, Schneider T, Kaul CM, Tan Z. Numerics and subgrid-scale modeling in large eddy simulations of stratocumulus clouds. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2017; 9:1342-1365. [PMID: 28943997 PMCID: PMC5586241 DOI: 10.1002/2016ms000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stratocumulus clouds are the most common type of boundary layer cloud; their radiative effects strongly modulate climate. Large eddy simulations (LES) of stratocumulus clouds often struggle to maintain fidelity to observations because of the sharp gradients occurring at the entrainment interfacial layer at the cloud top. The challenge posed to LES by stratocumulus clouds is evident in the wide range of solutions found in the LES intercomparison based on the DYCOMS-II field campaign, where simulated liquid water paths for identical initial and boundary conditions varied by a factor of nearly 12. Here we revisit the DYCOMS-II RF01 case and show that the wide range of previous LES results can be realized in a single LES code by varying only the numerical treatment of the equations of motion and the nature of subgrid-scale (SGS) closures. The simulations that maintain the greatest fidelity to DYCOMS-II observations are identified. The results show that using weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) numerics for all resolved advective terms and no explicit SGS closure consistently produces the highest-fidelity simulations. This suggests that the numerical dissipation inherent in WENO schemes functions as a high-quality, implicit SGS closure for this stratocumulus case. Conversely, using oscillatory centered difference numerical schemes for momentum advection, WENO numerics for scalars, and explicitly modeled SGS fluxes consistently produces the lowest-fidelity simulations. We attribute this to the production of anomalously large SGS fluxes near the cloud tops through the interaction of numerical error in the momentum field with the scalar SGS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Pressel
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Earth SciencesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Siddhartha Mishra
- Seminar for Applied Mathematics, Department of MathematicsETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tapio Schneider
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Earth SciencesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Colleen M. Kaul
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Earth SciencesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Zhihong Tan
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Earth SciencesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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6
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Evaluation of Two Cloud Parameterizations and Their Possible Adaptation to Arctic Climate Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos3030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Jiang JH, Su H, Zhai C, Perun VS, Del Genio A, Nazarenko LS, Donner LJ, Horowitz L, Seman C, Cole J, Gettelman A, Ringer MA, Rotstayn L, Jeffrey S, Wu T, Brient F, Dufresne JL, Kawai H, Koshiro T, Watanabe M, LÉcuyer TS, Volodin EM, Iversen T, Drange H, Mesquita MDS, Read WG, Waters JW, Tian B, Teixeira J, Stephens GL. Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models using NASA “A-Train” satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Yue Q, Kahn BH, Fetzer EJ, Teixeira J. Relationship between marine boundary layer clouds and lower tropospheric stability observed by AIRS, CloudSat, and CALIOP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Abbot DS, Voigt A, Koll D. The Jormungand global climate state and implications for Neoproterozoic glaciations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Su H, Jiang JH, Teixeira J, Gettelman A, Huang X, Stephens G, Vane D, Perun VS. Comparison of regime-sorted tropical cloud profiles observed by CloudSat with GEOS5 analyses and two general circulation model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Wang Z, Wechsler P, Kuestner W, French J, Rodi A, Glover B, Burkhart M, Lukens D. Wyoming Cloud Lidar: instrument description and applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:13576-13587. [PMID: 19654765 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.013576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Wyoming Cloud Lidar (WCL), a compact two-channel elastic lidar, was designed to obtain cloud measurements together with the Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) on the University of Wyoming King Air and the National Science Foundation/National Center of Atmospheric Research C-130 aircraft. The WCL has been deployed in four field projects under a variety of atmospheric and cloud conditions during the last two years. Throughout these campaigns, it has exhibited the needed reliability for turn-key operation from aircraft. We provide here an overview of the instrument and examples to illustrate the measurements capability of the WCL. Although the WCL as a standalone instrument can provide unique measurements for cloud and boundary layer aerosol studies, the synergy of WCL and WCR measurements coupled with in situ sampling from an aircraft provide a significant step forward in our ability to observe and understand cloud microphysical property evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhien Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
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12
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Su H, Jiang JH, Gu Y, Neelin JD, Kahn BH, Feldman D, Yung YL, Waters JW, Livesey NJ, Santee ML, Read WG. Variations of tropical upper tropospheric clouds with sea surface temperature and implications for radiative effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Dong X, Minnis P, Xi B, Sun-Mack S, Chen Y. Comparison of CERES-MODIS stratus cloud properties with ground-based measurements at the DOE ARM Southern Great Plains site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Turner DD. Improved ground-based liquid water path retrievals using a combined infrared and microwave approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Huang Y, Ramaswamy V, Soden B. An investigation of the sensitivity of the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation to atmospheric temperature and water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Horváth Á, Davies R. Comparison of microwave and optical cloud water path estimates from TMI, MODIS, and MISR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Liu H, Crawford JH, Pierce RB, Norris P, Platnick SE, Chen G, Logan JA, Yantosca RM, Evans MJ, Kittaka C, Feng Y, Tie X. Radiative effect of clouds on tropospheric chemistry in a global three-dimensional chemical transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Zhang T, Sun DZ. Response of water vapor and clouds to El Niño warming in three National Center for Atmospheric Research atmospheric models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Held IM, Delworth TL, Lu J, Findell KL, Knutson TR. Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17891-6. [PMID: 16322101 PMCID: PMC1312412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509057102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sahel, the transition zone between the Saharan desert and the rainforests of Central Africa and the Guinean Coast, experienced a severe drying trend from the 1950s to the 1980s, from which there has been partial recovery. Continuation of either the drying trend or the more recent ameliorating trend would have far-ranging implications for the economy and ecology of the region. Coupled atmosphere/ocean climate models being used to simulate the future climate have had difficulty simulating Sahel rainfall variations comparable to those observed, thus calling into question their ability to predict future climate change in this region. We describe simulations using a new global climate model that capture several aspects of the 20th century rainfall record in the Sahel. An ensemble mean over eight realizations shows a drying trend in the second half of the century of nearly half of the observed amplitude. Individual realizations can be found that display striking similarity to the observed time series and drying pattern, consistent with the hypothesis that the observations are a superposition of an externally forced trend and internal variability. The drying trend in the ensemble mean of the model simulations is attributable to anthropogenic forcing, partly to an increase in aerosol loading and partly to an increase in greenhouse gases. The model projects a drier Sahel in the future, due primarily to increasing greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Held
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA.
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20
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Tinel C, Testud J, Pelon J, Hogan RJ, Protat A, Delanoë J, Bouniol D. The Retrieval of Ice-Cloud Properties from Cloud Radar and Lidar Synergy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1175/jam2229.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Clouds are an important component of the earth’s climate system. A better description of their microphysical properties is needed to improve radiative transfer calculations. In the framework of the Earth, Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) mission preparation, the radar–lidar (RALI) airborne system, developed at L’Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (France), can be used as an airborne demonstrator. This paper presents an original method that combines cloud radar (94–95 GHz) and lidar data to derive the radiative and microphysical properties of clouds. It combines the apparent backscatter reflectivity from the radar and the apparent backscatter coefficient from the lidar. The principle of this algorithm relies on the use of a relationship between the extinction coefficient and the radar specific attenuation, derived from airborne microphysical data and Mie scattering calculations. To solve radar and lidar equations in the cloud region where signals can be obtained from both instruments, the extinction coefficients at some reference range z0 must be known. Because the algorithms are stable for inversion performed from range z0 toward the emitter, z0 is chosen at the farther cloud boundary as observed by the lidar. Then, making an assumption of a relationship between extinction coefficient and backscattering coefficient, the whole extinction coefficient, the apparent reflectivity, cloud physical parameters, the effective radius, and ice water content profiles are derived. This algorithm is applied to a blind test for downward-looking instruments where the original profiles are derived from in situ measurements. It is also applied to real lidar and radar data, obtained during the 1998 Cloud Lidar and Radar Experiment (CLARE’98) field project when a prototype airborne RALI system was flown pointing at nadir. The results from the synergetic algorithm agree reasonably well with the in situ measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tinel
- Centre d’études Terrestre et Planétaires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Testud
- Centre d’études Terrestre et Planétaires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Pelon
- Service d’Aéronomie, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
| | - Robin J. Hogan
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Protat
- Centre d’études Terrestre et Planétaires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
| | - Julien Delanoë
- Centre d’études Terrestre et Planétaires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bouniol
- Centre d’études Terrestre et Planétaires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
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Pallé E, Goode PR, Montañés-Rodríguez P, Koonin SE. Changes in Earth's Reflectance over the Past Two Decades. Science 2004; 304:1299-301. [PMID: 15166373 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We correlate an overlapping period of earthshine measurements of Earth's reflectance (from 1999 through mid-2001) with satellite observations of global cloud properties to construct from the latter a proxy measure of Earth's global shortwave reflectance. This proxy shows a steady decrease in Earth's reflectance from 1984 to 2000, with a strong climatologically significant drop after 1995. From 2001 to 2003, only earthshine data are available, and they indicate a complete reversal of the decline. Understanding how the causes of these decadal changes are apportioned between natural variability, direct forcing, and feedbacks is fundamental to confidently assessing and predicting climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pallé
- Big Bear Solar Observatory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 40386 North Shore Lane, Big Bear City, CA 92314, USA
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22
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Caldeira K, Jain AK, Hoffert MI. Climate sensitivity uncertainty and the need for energy without CO2 emission. Science 2003; 299:2052-4. [PMID: 12663924 DOI: 10.1126/science.1078938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change calls for "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." Even if we could determine a "safe" level of interference in the climate system, the sensitivity of global mean temperature to increasing atmospheric CO2 is known perhaps only to a factor of three or less. Here we show how a factor of three uncertainty in climate sensitivity introduces even greater uncertainty in allowable increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and allowable CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, unless climate sensitivity is low and acceptable amounts of climate change are high, climate stabilization will require a massive transition to CO2 emission-free energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Caldeira
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-103, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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23
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Hansen J. Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Holland MM, Bitz CM, Weaver AJ. The influence of sea ice physics on simulations of climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jc000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Lee MI, Kang IS, Kim JK, Mapes BE. Influence of cloud-radiation interaction on simulating tropical intraseasonal oscillation with an atmospheric general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Kristjánsson JE, Edwards JM, Mitchell DL. Impact of a new scheme for optical properties of ice crystals on climates of two GCMs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Watterson IG, Dix MR, Colman RA. A comparison of present and doubled CO2climates and feedbacks simulated by three general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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29
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Wang PH, Rind D, Trepte CR, Kent GS, Yue GK, Skeens KM. An empirical model study of the tropospheric meridional circulation based on SAGE II observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Pfeilsticker K, Erle F, Funk O, Veitel H, Platt U. First geometrical pathlengths probability density function derivation of the skylight from spectroscopically highly resolving oxygen A-band observations: 1. Measurement technique, atmospheric observations and model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Descloitres J, Buriez JC, Parol F, Fouquart Y. POLDER observations of cloud bidirectional reflectances compared to a plane-parallel model using the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project cloud phase functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Li Z, Navon IM. Adjoint sensitivity of the Earth's radiation budget in the NCEP medium-range forecasting model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R, Lacis A, Asamoah K, Beckford K, Borenstein S, Brown E, Cairns B, Carlson B, Curran B, de Castro S, Druyan L, Etwarrow P, Ferede T, Fox M, Gaffen D, Glascoe J, Gordon H, Hollandsworth S, Jiang X, Johnson C, Lawrence N, Lean J, Lerner J, Lo K, Logan J, Luckett A, McCormick MP, McPeters R, Miller R, Minnis P, Ramberran I, Russell G, Russell P, Stone P, Tegen I, Thomas S, Thomason L, Thompson A, Wilder J, Willson R, Zawodny J. Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Colman RA, McAvaney BJ. A study of general circulation model climate feedbacks determined from perturbed sea surface temperature experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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