1
|
Campbell JR, Michael Battaglia, Dingilian KK, Cesler-Maloney M, Simpson WR, Robinson ES, DeCarlo PF, Temime-Roussel B, D'Anna B, Holen AL, Wu J, Pratt KA, Dibb JE, Nenes A, Weber RJ, Mao J. Enhanced aqueous formation and neutralization of fine atmospheric particles driven by extreme cold. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4373. [PMID: 39231233 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The prevailing view for aqueous secondary aerosol formation is that it occurs in clouds and fogs, owing to the large liquid water content compared to minute levels in fine particles. Our research indicates that this view may need reevaluation due to enhancements in aqueous reactions in highly concentrated small particles. Here, we show that low temperature can play a role through a unique effect on particle pH that can substantially modulate secondary aerosol formation. Marked increases in hydroxymethanesulfonate observed under extreme cold in Fairbanks, Alaska, demonstrate the effect. These findings provide insight on aqueous chemistry in fine particles under cold conditions expanding possible regions of secondary aerosol formation that are pH dependent beyond conditions of high liquid water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Campbell
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Michael Battaglia
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kayane K Dingilian
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Meeta Cesler-Maloney
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - William R Simpson
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Ellis S Robinson
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew L Holen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Judy Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack E Dibb
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Yan J, Saiz-Lopez A, Jiang B, Yue F, Yu X, Xie Z. Mixing state and distribution of iodine-containing particles in Arctic Ocean during summertime. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155030. [PMID: 35390390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine chemistry plays a key role in ozone destruction and new aerosol formation in the marine boundary layer (MBL), especially in polar regions. We investigated iodine-containing particles (0.2-2 μm) in the Arctic Ocean using a ship-based single particle aerosol mass spectrometer from July to August 2017. Seven main particle types were identified: dust, biomass combustion particles, sea salt, organic S, aromatics, hydrocarbon-like compounds, and amines. The number fraction of iodine-containing particles was higher inside the Arctic Circle (>65°N) than outside (55-65°N). According to the air mass back trajectories, the latitudinal distribution of iodine-containing particles can be mainly attributed to iodine emissions from the sea ice edge region. Diurnal trends were found, especially during the second half of cruise, with peak iodine-containing particle number fractions during low-light conditions and relatively low number fractions at midday. These results imply that solar radiation plays a significant role in modulating particulate iodine in the Arctic atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longquan Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpei Yan
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bei Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fange Yue
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiawei Yu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Campbell J, Battaglia M, Dingilian K, Cesler-Maloney M, St Clair JM, Hanisco TF, Robinson E, DeCarlo P, Simpson W, Nenes A, Weber RJ, Mao J. Source and Chemistry of Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in Fairbanks, Alaska. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7657-7667. [PMID: 35544773 PMCID: PMC9227704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fairbanks, Alaska, is a subarctic city with fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations that exceed air quality regulations in winter due to weak dispersion caused by strong atmospheric inversions, local emissions, and the unique chemistry occurring under the cold and dark conditions. Here, we report on observations from the winters of 2020 and 2021, motivated by our pilot study that showed exceptionally high concentrations of fine particle hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) or related sulfur(IV) species (e.g., sulfite and bisulfite). We deployed online particle-into-liquid sampler-ion chromatography (PILS-IC) in conjunction with a suite of instruments to determine HMS precursors (HCHO, SO2) and aerosol composition in general, with the goal to characterize the sources and sinks of HMS in wintertime Fairbanks. PM2.5 HMS comprised a significant fraction of PM2.5 sulfur (26-41%) and overall PM2.5 mass concentration of 2.8-6.8% during pollution episodes, substantially higher than what has been observed in other regions, likely due to the exceptionally low temperatures. HMS peaked in January, with lower concentrations in December and February, resulting from changes in precursors and meteorological conditions. Strong correlations with inorganic sulfate and organic mass during pollution events suggest that HMS is linked to processes responsible for poor air quality episodes. These findings demonstrate unique aspects of air pollution formation in cold and humid atmospheres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James
R. Campbell
- Geophysical
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - Michael Battaglia
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kayane Dingilian
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Meeta Cesler-Maloney
- Geophysical
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - Jason M. St Clair
- Atmospheric
Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
- Joint
Center for Earth Systems Technology, University
of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, United States
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric
Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Ellis Robinson
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Peter DeCarlo
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - William Simpson
- Geophysical
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Center for
the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research
and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture,
Civil and Environmental Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical
Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moch JM, Dovrou E, Mickley LJ, Keutsch FN, Liu Z, Wang Y, Dombek TL, Kuwata M, Budisulistiorini SH, Yang L, Decesari S, Paglione M, Alexander B, Shao J, Munger JW, Jacob DJ. Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:e2020JD032706. [PMID: 33282612 PMCID: PMC7685164 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur compounds are an important constituent of particulate matter, with impacts on climate and public health. While most sulfur observed in particulate matter has been assumed to be sulfate, laboratory experiments reveal that hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an adduct formed by aqueous phase chemical reaction of dissolved HCHO and SO2, may be easily misinterpreted in measurements as sulfate. Here we present observational and modeling evidence for a ubiquitous global presence of HMS. We find that filter samples collected in Shijiazhuang, China, and examined with ion chromatography within 9 days show as much as 7.6 μg m-3 of HMS, while samples from Singapore examined 9-18 months after collection reveal ~0.6 μg m-3 of HMS. The Shijiazhuang samples show only minor traces of HMS 4 months later, suggesting that HMS had decomposed over time during sample storage. In contrast, the Singapore samples do not clearly show a decline in HMS concentration over 2 months of monitoring. Measurements from over 150 sites, primarily derived from the IMPROVE network across the United States, suggest the ubiquitous presence of HMS in at least trace amounts as much as 60 days after collection. The degree of possible HMS decomposition in the IMPROVE observations is unknown. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we estimate that HMS may account for 10% of global particulate sulfur in continental surface air and over 25% in many polluted regions. Our results suggest that reducing emissions of HCHO and other volatile organic compounds may have a co-benefit of decreasing particulate sulfur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Moch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Eleni Dovrou
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tracy L. Dombek
- Analytical Sciences Division, RTI International, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNCUSA
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, and BIC‐ESATPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Liudongqing Yang
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Marco Paglione
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
| | - Jingyuan Shao
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
- College of Flying TechnologyCivil Aviation University of ChinaTianjinChina
| | - J. William Munger
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Melo Cardozo IM, Sousa ET, da Rocha GO, Pereira Dos Anjos J, de Andrade JB. Determination of free- and bound-carbonyl compounds in airborne particles by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 217:121033. [PMID: 32498836 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the development and application of a new analytical methodology for determination of free- and bound-carbonyl compounds (CC) (as the CC themselves and as the hydroxyalkylsulfonic acids - HASA, respectively) in airborne particles. Free- and bound-CC determination were done through reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) and analysis by UFLC-MS. The method was successfully validated, showing good figures for linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9937), sensibility (3 fg ˂ LOD ˂ 20 fg for methacrolein and heptanal, respectively) and repeatability (5.9% ˂ RSD ˂ 13%). The proposed method was successfully applied in real samples of inhalable atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) and urban dust certified reference material (SRM 1649 b). The main CC determined in the SRM 1649 b was formaldehyde (75.4 μg g-1 in the free form, and 1898 μg g-1 in the bound form). In addition, for the bound-CC form (HASA), concentrations were determined for acetaldehyde (60.3 μg g-1), acetone (20.5 μg g-1), acrolein (9.15 μg g-1), propionaldehyde (17.1 μg g-1) and valeraldehyde (12.2 μg g-1). For PM10 samples, formaldehyde (148 μg g-1) and acetaldehyde (28.9 μg g-1) were quantified as free aldehydes and as HASA (hydroxymethanelsulfonic acid and hydroxyethanesulfonic acid were 432 μg g-1 and 211 μg g-1, respectively). Other bound-CC were, on average, within 19.2 μg g-1 (acrolein) and 62.1 μg g-1 (valeraldehyde). For all samples, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde and valeraldehyde were quantified only as HASA (bound-CC). Therefore, we could identify and quantify six carbonyl compounds using the proposed method. It is worth mentioning the hydrolysis step was crucial for the correct quantification of the HASAs. This was, in turn, what enabled the quantification of a greater number of analytes in the airborne samples. Hence, this procedure was found to be comprehensive, precise, accurate and suitable to be employed for determination of free-CC and HASA (bound-CC) in atmospheric particulate samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Marcela Melo Cardozo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Eliane Teixeira Sousa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Gisele O da Rocha
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, UFBA, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Jeancarlo Pereira Dos Anjos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, UFBA, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 40170-010, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, UFBA, Salvador, BA, 40170-290, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 40170-010, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Electrochemical Evidence of non-Volatile Reduced Sulfur Species in Water-Soluble Fraction of Fine Marine Aerosols. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The traditional voltammetric method at the mercury electrode, and an acidification step developed for the determination of reduced sulfur species (RSS) in natural waters, was for the first time used for the quantification of RSS in the water-soluble fraction of fine marine aerosols collected at the Middle Adriatic location (Rogoznica Lake). The evidence of two types of non-volatile RSS that have different interaction with the Hg electrode was confirmed: mercapto-type which complexes Hg as RS–Hg and sulfide/S0-like compounds which deposits HgS. The analytical protocol that was used for RSS determination in aerosol samples is based on separate voltammetric studies of a methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MPA) as a representative of mercapto-type compounds and sulfide as a representative of inorganic RSS. Our preliminary study indicates the presence of mainly RS–Hg compounds in spring samples, ranging from 2.60–15.40 ng m−3, while both, the mercapto-type (0.48–2.23 ng m−3) and sulfide and/or S0-like compounds (0.02–0.26 ng m−3) were detected in early autumn samples. More expressed and defined RS–Hg peaks recorded in the spring potentially indicate their association with biological activity in the area. Those samples were also characterized by a higher water-soluble organic carbon content and a more abundant surface-active fraction, pointing to enhanced solubility and stabilization of RSS in the aqueous atmospheric phase.
Collapse
|
7
|
Eom JW, Lee B. Analytical methods for atmospheric particulate aerosols: Focused on the physical properties and chemical composition of metals and water soluble ionic compounds. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2015.28.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Shakya KM, Peltier RE. Non-sulfate sulfur in fine aerosols across the United States: Insight for organosulfate prevalence. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 100:159-166. [PMID: 25620874 PMCID: PMC4301615 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the discrepancies in long-term sulfur measurements from 2000 to 2012 by two separate speciation methods, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and ion chromatography (IC) across the United States (334 sites). Overall, there was a good correlation between sulfur measurements by XRF spectroscopy and IC (R ≥ 0.90 for most of the sites). However, the inorganic sulfate measured by ion chromatography was not sufficient to account for all the sulfur measured by XRF spectroscopy at many of the sites. Discrepancies were observed with the high ratios of sulfur measured by XRF spectroscopy to that by IC. Such high ratios also exhibited seasonal variation, and differed across land use types; significant differences occurred at locations classified as forest, agriculture, and mobile, but not in locations classified as commercial, desert, industrial, and residential. On average, the excess, or non-sulfate, sulfur (unmeasured organic sulfur or other inorganic species of sulfur) was variable and observed as high as ~13% of organic carbon and ~2% of PM2.5. The contribution of such assumed organosulfur was larger in the eastern region than other geographical locations in the United States. Besides the temporal and spatial trends, the additional sulfur was found to be related to other factors such as aerosol acidity and emission sources. The results suggest that these unmeasured sulfur species could have significant contribution to aerosol burden, and the understanding of these could help to control PM2.5 levels and to assess other effects of sulfur aerosols.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shakya KM, Peltier RE. Investigating missing sources of sulfur at Fairbanks, Alaska. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9332-9338. [PMID: 23927829 DOI: 10.1021/es402020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated disparities in elemental sulfur and inorganic sulfate concentrations in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) data from 2005 to 2012 at a monitoring station in Fairbanks, AK. In approximately 28% of the observations from 2005 to 2012, elemental sulfur by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy significantly exceeded the inorganic sulfur by ion chromatography (IC), suggesting the presence of a significant quantity of unmeasured sulfur compounds. The mean ratio of sulfur by XRF to that by IC for only these cases was 1.22 ± 0.11. The largest discrepancies between elemental sulfur and sulfate were most frequently observed in the summer, although discrepancies were observed year round. Assuming the additional sulfur (other than inorganic sulfate) as the upper limit estimate, this work shows that organosulfur species (or the additional sulfur) account for 1.29% of organic carbon (OC) and 0.75% of PM2.5 in Fairbanks. An analysis of all available air quality system (AQS) data suggests that these recurring phenomena are linked to seasons, total carbon, inorganic nitrate, and elemental sources during cold periods and ozone during warm periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kabindra M Shakya
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Drewnick F. Speciation analysis in on-line aerosol mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2127-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Gaston CJ, Pratt KA, Qin X, Prather KA. Real-Time detection and mixing state of methanesulfonate in single particles at an inland urban location during a phytoplankton bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1566-72. [PMID: 20121235 DOI: 10.1021/es902069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), produced by oceanic phytoplankton, is oxidized to form methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfate, which influence particle chemistry and hygroscopicity. Unlike sulfate, MSA has no known anthropogenic source making it a useful tracer for ocean-derived biogenic sulfur. Despite numerous observations of MSA, predominately in marine environments, the production pathways of MSA have remained elusive highlighting the need for additional measurements, particularly at inland locations. During the Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside, CA from July-August 2005, MSA was detected in submicrometer and supermicrometer particles using real-time, single-particle mass spectrometry. MSA was detected due to blooms of DMS-producing organisms along the California coast. The detection of MSA depended on both the origin of the sampled air mass as well as the concentration of oceanic chlorophyll present. MSA was mainly mixed with coastally emitted particle types implying that partitioning of MSA occurred before transport to Riverside. Importantly, particles containing vanadium had elevated levels of MSA compared to particles not containing vanadium, suggesting a possible catalytic role of vanadium in MSA formation. This study demonstrates how anthropogenic, metal-containing aerosols can enhance the atmospheric processing of biogenic emissions, which needs to be considered when modeling coastal as well as urban locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Gaston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Narukawa M, Matsumi Y, Takahashi K, Yabushita A. Measurements of Ammonium and Sodium salt Aerosol Particles Using a Laser-ionization Single-particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
13
|
Lee SH. Nitrate and oxidized organic ions in single particle mass spectra during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) is used to analyze the size and composition of individual particles containing pesticides. Pesticide residues are found in the atmosphere as a result of spray drift, volatilization, and suspension of coated soils. The ability of the ATOFMS to identify the presence of these contaminants on individual particles is assessed for particles created from pure solutions of several commonly used pesticides, as well as pesticides mixed with an organic matrix, and coated on soils. The common names of the pesticides studied are 2,4-D, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, malathion, permethrin, and propoxur. Analysis of the mass spectra produced by single- and two-step laser desorption/ionization of pesticide-containing particles allows for identification of peaks that can be used for detection of pesticide residues in the ambient aerosol. The identified marker peaks are used to approximate detection limits for the pesticides applied to soils, which are on the order of a fraction of a monolayer for individual particles. Results suggest that this technique may be useful for studying the real-time partitioning and distribution of pesticides in the atmosphere immediately following application in agricultural regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Whiteaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Piechowski M, Keppel-Jones K, Aranda-Rodriguez R. Determination of hydroxymethanesulfonic acid in environmental samples by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<1123::aid-jssc1123>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
16
|
Tan PV, Malpica O, Evans GJ, Owega S, Fila MS. Chemically-assigned classification of aerosol mass spectra. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:826-838. [PMID: 12148807 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An Algorithm for Discriminant Analysis of Mass Spectra--ADAMS--was created that classified aerosol mass spectra into dominant chemically-assigned classes, and grouped rare cases in an outlier class. ADAMS was trained with ambient particulate matter (PM) mass spectra, and then validated through classification tests on known spectra with random noise added, various standard chemicals, and salt-spiked polystyrene latex microspheres. The classification results showed that ADAMS gave a reasonable chemical description of the particle populations. In contrast to adaptive resonance theory (ART-2a) classification, ADAMS could be trained to be advantageously sensitive or insensitive to selected chemical markers. Application of ADAMS to Toronto ambient PM and diesel PM (NIST 2975) demonstrated that these samples could be well described, with a low proportion of the cases falling into the outlier class. Such an algorithm may find application for source-receptor modeling of aerosol mass spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip V Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kane DB, Wang J, Frost K, Johnston MV. Detection of negative ions from individual ultrafine particles. Anal Chem 2002; 74:2092-6. [PMID: 12033311 DOI: 10.1021/ac011126x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol mass spectrometers can be used to classify individual airborne particles on the basis of chemical composition. While positive ion mass spectra are normally used to characterize ultrafine particles (defined here as particles smaller than 200 nm in diameter), negative ion mass spectra can provide complementary information. To effectively utilize the negative ion mass spectra of ultrafine particles, it is important to understand biases in the formation and detection of negative ions. It is found that the intensity of negative ions is generally less than that of positive ions, due to the creation of electrons in the ablation process that must react to form negative ions. The ablation efficiency, defined as the probability that an ablated particle produces a detectable ion signal, exhibits both size and composition dependencies. The ablation efficiency for detection of negative ions follows the same trends as the ablation efficiency for the detection of positive ions: sodium chloride and ammonium nitrate have higher ablation efficiencies than oleic acid, and the ablation efficiency decreases with the particle diameter. The ablation efficiency of negative ions is less than or equal to the ablation efficiency of positive ions, and the relative difference increases as the particle diameter decreases. Pure ammonium sulfate particles exhibit an ablation efficiency too low to be measured in the present experiments. However, trace amounts of sulfate in mixed-composition particles can be readily detected in the negative ion mass spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Kane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fergenson DP, Song XH, Ramadan Z, Allen JO, Hughes LS, Cass GR, Hopke PK, Prather KA. Quantification of ATOFMS data by multivariate methods. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3535-41. [PMID: 11510815 DOI: 10.1021/ac010022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) is capable of measuring the sizes and chemical compositions of individual polydisperse aerosol particles in real time. A qualitative estimate of the particle composition is acquired in the form of a mass spectrum that must be subsequently interpreted in order to draw conclusions regarding atmospheric relevance. The actual problem involves developing a calibration that allows the mass spectral data to be transformed into estimates of the composition of the atmospheric aerosol. A properly calibrated ATOFMS system should be able to quantitatively determine atmospheric concentrations of various species. Ideally, it would be able to accomplish this more rapidly, accurately, with higher size and time resolution, and at a far lower marginal cost than the manual sampling methods that are currently employed. Attempts have already been made at using ATOFMS and similar techniques to extract the bulk chemical species concentration present in an ensemble of particles. This study represents the use of a multivariate calibration method, two-dimensional partial least-squares analysis, for calibrating single-particle mass spectral data. The method presented here is far less labor-intensive than the univariate methods attempted to date and allows for less observer bias. Because of the labor savings, this is also the most comprehensive calibration performed to date, resulting in the quantification of 44 different chemical species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Fergenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Noble CA, Prather KA. Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: a historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:248-274. [PMID: 10986694 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<248::aid-mas3>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time single particle mass spectrometry, or continuous aerosol mass spectrometry, was originally developed in the 1970s for the purpose of identifying the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter in real-time. Although this technique has continued to evolve throughout the following decades, the fundamental characteristic of this method remains the same, involving the continuous introduction of solid particle or liquid droplets directly into the ion source region of a mass spectrometer. Continuous sample introduction allows for the chemical analysis of single airborne particles in real-time. A number of mass analyzers have been employed in real-time single particle mass spectrometry. The original real-time single particle mass spectrometer used a magnetic sector mass analyzer. Quadrupole, double-focusing, and ion trap mass spectrometers have also been utilized. The majority of the current real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques use time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the literature, a variety of general names have been applied to real-time single particle mass spectrometry methods. These names include direct-inlet mass spectrometry, on-line laser microprobe mass spectrometry, particle analysis by mass spectrometry, particle beam mass spectrometry, and rapid-single particle mass spectrometry. This review covers real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques that were developed from 1973 through 1998, specifically for analyzing airborne particulate matter, including environmental aerosols, biological aerosols, and clean-room aerosols. Because the majority of the historical and current real-time single particle mass spectrometers have been employed for atmospheric aerosols, this topic is the primary focus of this review. This review does not include on-line mass spectrometry methods that are employed as a detector for other instrumental methods, such as liquid chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CA Noble
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Over the past decade, aerosol mass spectrometry has developed into a powerful method for characterizing individual particles in air. Recent advances in the design of inlets and mass spectrometers have extended the size range of particles that can be analyzed. In this tutorial, fundamental aspects of particle motion in sampling inlets are introduced. Basic experimental configurations for achieving a high analysis rate and the ability of laser ablation to provide chemical composition information are reviewed. An example of the use of this technology to study atmospheric phenomena is also presented. Significant opportunity exists for designing new experiments at the interface of aerosol mass spectrometry and conventional molecular mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- D T Suess
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zelenyuk A, Cabalo J, Baer T, Miller RE. Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Aniline Aerosol Particles by IR/UV Laser Irradiation. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1802-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac980971l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zelenyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Jerry Cabalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Tomas Baer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Roger E. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murphy DM, Thomson DS, Middlebrook AM, Schein ME. In situ single-particle characterization at Cape Grim. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
Wood SH, Prather KA. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods for real time analysis of individual aerosol particles. Trends Analyt Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(98)00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Aardahl CL, Vehring R, Weber R, Schweiger G, Davis EJ, Wiedensohler A. Electrodynamic Trapping of Aerocolloidal Particles: Experimental and Theoretical Trapping Limits. J Colloid Interface Sci 1997; 192:228-37. [PMID: 9268562 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerocolloidal particles have been trapped from an uncharged source aerosol using an electrodynamic balance. Graphite and soot particles were charged photoelectrically using a Xe2 (172 nm) excimer lamp, while particles of titanium dioxide, sodium nitrate, and diethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS) were charged using a unipolar corona charger prior to injection into the chamber. It was found that the Stokesian drag force produced by convection in the balance chamber can destabilize the levitated microparticle when it exceeds the electrostatic force required to center the particle. Although the electrostatic restoring force can be increased by increasing either the particle charge or the ac field strength, charging of the particles is more difficult as the particle diameter is decreased, which gives rise to a trapping limit. Monodisperse DEHS particles were used to determine the experimental trapping limit for unipolar charging. For the experimental apparatus used in this study, a diameter of about 1 μm was found to be the trapping limit for DEHS. Results are compared to the theoretical trapping limit calculated by a force balance on a particle exposed to motion of the surrounding gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CL Aardahl
- Ruhr Universitat Bochum, Maschinenbau, Laseranwendungstechnik und Messsysteme, Bochum, 44780, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Fox
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Peter T, Murphy DM. Airborne Particle Analysis. Science 1996. [DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5295.1996-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel M. Murphy
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| |
Collapse
|