1
|
Velychko O, Ambrožová I, Kákona M, Ploc O. CHARACTERISATION OF AIRDOS-C DETECTOR FOR MEASUREMENT OF HIGH-ENERGY EVENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:604-610. [PMID: 36005975 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
At the flight altitudes of modern airplanes, cosmic rays intensity is several times higher than on the Earth's surface. The radiation field is not constant in time and due to various effects, not routinely considered in calculations, the exposure can increase several times. Therefore, a continuous monitoring of radiation exposure on board is required. This article characterises newly developed detectors Airdos-C with diverse scintillation crystals. Unlike detectors based on a Si diode, which are commonly used for long-term measurements, these detectors can also be used for detection of high-energy gamma-rays generated in thunderstorms. For a correct interpretation of the measured data it is important to perform an energy calibration and to verify the detector response in known radiation fields. The results obtained with several radionuclide sources were analysed using mathematical statistics methods. The detectors were also exposed onboard aircraft under well-defined conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Velychko
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, Husinec, Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Břehová 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Ambrožová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, Husinec, Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kákona
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, Husinec, Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, Husinec, Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Šlegl J, Langer R, Brunclík T, Mašek P, Strhárský I, Ambrožová I, Chum J, Ploc O. SPECTROMETRY OF HIGH-ENERGY PHOTONS ON HIGH MOUNTAIN OBSERVATORY LOMNICKÝ ŠTÍT DURING THUNDERSTORMS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:623-627. [PMID: 36005989 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lomnický štít, Slovakia, 2634 m above sea level, is known to be a place of extreme electric fields measured during thunderstorms and is thus a suitable place for thunderstorm-related ionising radiation research. We present one of the strongest Thunderstorm ground enhancements (TGE) ever detected, which occurred on 12 September 2021. The TGE was detected with the SEVAN detector and also with the new Georadis RT-56 large volume gamma spectrometer. In the paper, we present spectra of the TGE measured with the spectrometer as well as SEVAN coincidence data supplemented by the data from electric field mill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Šlegl
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Physical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Langer
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Physics of SAV, Watsonova 1935/47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Brunclík
- Georadis s.r.o., Novomoravanská 321/41 619 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Mašek
- Georadis s.r.o., Novomoravanská 321/41 619 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Strhárský
- Institute of Experimental Physics of SAV, Watsonova 1935/47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Iva Ambrožová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chum
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics of CAS, Boční II 1401/1a, 141 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Østgaard N, Christian HJ, Grove JE, Sarria D, Mezentsev A, Kochkin P, Lehtinen N, Quick M, Al‐Nussirat S, Wulf E, Genov G, Ullaland K, Marisaldi M, Yang S, Blakeslee RJ. Gamma Ray Glow Observations at 20-km Altitude. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:7236-7254. [PMID: 31598449 PMCID: PMC6774313 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 2017 an ER-2 aircraft campaign was undertaken over continental United States to observe energetic radiation from thunderstorms and lightning. The payload consisted of a suite of instruments designed to detect optical signals, electric fields, and gamma rays from lightning. Starting from Georgia, USA, 16 flights were performed, for a total of about 70 flight hours at a cruise altitude of 20 km. Of these, 45 flight hours were over thunderstorm regions. An analysis of two gamma ray glow events that were observed over Colorado at 21:47 UT on 8 May 2017 is presented. We explore the charge structure of the cloud system, as well as possible mechanisms that can produce the gamma ray glows. The thundercloud system we passed during the gamma ray glow observation had strong convection in the core of the cloud system. Electric field measurements combined with radar and radio measurements suggest an inverted charge structure, with an upper negative charge layer and a lower positive charge layer. Based on modeling results, we were not able to unambiguously determine the production mechanism. Possible mechanisms are either an enhancement of cosmic background locally (above or below 20 km) by an electric field below the local threshold or an enhancement of the cosmic background inside the cloud but then with normal polarity and an electric field well above the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Østgaard
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - H. J. Christian
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of AlabamaHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - J. E. Grove
- U.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - D. Sarria
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - A. Mezentsev
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - P. Kochkin
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - N. Lehtinen
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - M. Quick
- NASA Marshal Space Flight CenterHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - S. Al‐Nussirat
- Department of Physics and AstronomyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLAUSA
| | - E. Wulf
- U.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - G. Genov
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - K. Ullaland
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - M. Marisaldi
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - S. Yang
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Catalog of 2017 Thunderstorm Ground Enhancement (TGE) events observed on Aragats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6253. [PMID: 31000757 PMCID: PMC6472419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural electron accelerator in the clouds above Aragats high-altitude research station in Armenia operates continuously in 2017 providing more than 100 Thunderstorm Ground enhancements (TGEs). Most important discovery based on analysis of 2017 data is observation and detailed description of the long-lasting TGEs. We present TGE catalog for 2 broad classes according to presence or absence of the high-energy particles. In the catalog was summarized several key parameters of the TGEs and related meteorological and atmospheric discharge observations. The statistical analysis of the data collected in tables reveals the months when TGEs are more frequent, the daytime when TGEs mostly occurred, the mean distance to lightning flash that terminates TGE and many other interesting relations. Separately was discussed the sharp count rate decline and following removal of high-energy particles from the TGE flux after a lightning flash. ADEI multivariate visualization and statistical analysis platform make analytical work on sophisticated problems rather easy; one can try and test many hypotheses very fast and come to a definite conclusion allowing crosscheck and validation
Collapse
|
5
|
Kochkin P, Sarria D, Skeie C, van Deursen APJ, de Boer AI, Bardet M, Allasia C, Flourens F, Østgaard N. In-Flight Observation of Positron Annihilation by ILDAS. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:8074-8090. [PMID: 31032163 PMCID: PMC6473548 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a 511-keV photon flux enhancement that was observed inside a thundercloud and is a result of positron annihilation. The observation was made with the In-flight Lightning Damage Assessment System (ILDAS) on board of an A340 test aircraft. The aircraft was intentionally flying through a thunderstorm at 12-km altitude over Northern Australia in January 2016. Two gamma ray detectors showed a significant count rate increase synchronously with fast electromagnetic field variations registered by an on-board antenna. A sequence of 10 gamma ray enhancements was detected, each lasted for about 1 s. Their spectrum mainly consists of 511-keV photons and their Compton component. The local electric activity during the emission was identified as a series of static discharges of the aircraft. A full-scale Geant4 model of the aircraft was created to estimate the emission area. Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the positrons annihilated in direct vicinity or in the aircraft body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Sarria
- BCSSUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - C. Skeie
- BCSSUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - A. P. J. van Deursen
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
| | - A. I. de Boer
- The Netherlands Aerospace CentreAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - M. Bardet
- The Netherlands Aerospace CentreAmsterdamNetherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kochkin P, van Deursen APJ, Marisaldi M, Ursi A, de Boer AI, Bardet M, Allasia C, Boissin J, Flourens F, Østgaard N. In-Flight Observation of Gamma Ray Glows by ILDAS. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:12801-12811. [PMID: 29497588 PMCID: PMC5815387 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An Airbus A340 aircraft flew over Northern Australia with the In-Flight Lightning Damage Assessment System (ILDAS) installed onboard. A long-duration gamma ray emission was detected. The most intense emission was observed at 12 km altitude and lasted for 20 s. Its intensity was 20 times the background counts, and it was abruptly terminated by a distant lightning flash. In this work we reconstruct the aircraft path and event timeline. The glow-terminating flash triggered a discharge from the aircraft wing that was recorded by a video camera operating onboard. Another count rate increase was observed 6 min later and lasted for 30 s. The lightning activity as reported by ground networks in this region was analyzed. The measured spectra characteristics of the emission were estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. P. J. van Deursen
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
| | | | | | | | - M. Bardet
- Netherlands Aerospace CentreAmsterdamNetherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chilingarian A, Chilingaryan S, Karapetyan T, Kozliner L, Khanikyants Y, Hovsepyan G, Pokhsraryan D, Soghomonyan S. On the initiation of lightning in thunderclouds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1371. [PMID: 28465545 PMCID: PMC5430999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of lightning and elementary particle fluxes in the thunderclouds is not fully understood to date. Using the particle beams (the so-called Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements – TGEs) as a probe we investigate the characteristics of the interrelated atmospheric processes. The well-known effect of the TGE dynamics is the abrupt termination of the particle flux by the lightning flash. With new precise electronics, we can see that particle flux decline occurred simultaneously with the rearranging of the charge centers in the cloud. The analysis of the TGE energy spectra before and after the lightning demonstrates that the high-energy part of the TGE energy spectra disappeared just after lightning. The decline of particle flux coincides on millisecond time scale with first atmospheric discharges and we can conclude that Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanches (RREA) in the thundercloud assist initiation of the negative cloud to ground lightning. Thus, RREA can provide enough ionization to play a significant role in the unleashing of the lightning flash.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Chilingarian
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia. .,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, 115409, Russian Federation.
| | - Suren Chilingaryan
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Tigran Karapetyan
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lev Kozliner
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Yeghia Khanikyants
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Gagik Hovsepyan
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - David Pokhsraryan
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Suren Soghomonyan
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers, 0036, Yerevan, Armenia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Relativistic electron avalanches as a thunderstorm discharge competing with lightning. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7845. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
9
|
Agafonov AV, Bagulya AV, Dalkarov OD, Negodaev MA, Oginov AV, Rusetskiy AS, Ryabov VA, Shpakov KV. Observation of neutron bursts produced by laboratory high-voltage atmospheric discharge. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:115003. [PMID: 24074098 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For the first time the emission of neutron bursts in the process of high-voltage discharge in air was observed. Experiments were carried out at an average electric field strength of ∼1 MV·m(-1) and discharge current of ∼10 kA. Two independent methods (CR-39 track detectors and plastic scintillation detectors) registered neutrons within the range from thermal energies up to energies above 10 MeV and with an average flux density of ≳10(6) cm(-2) per shot inside the discharge zone. Neutron generation occurs at the initial phase of the discharge and correlates with x-ray generation. The data obtained allow us to assume that during the discharge fast neutrons are mainly produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Agafonov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FIAN), Leninsky Prospekt, 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Iwata K, Yamada S, Yuasa T, Kitaguchi T, Kawaharada M, Nakazawa K, Kokubun M, Kato H, Okano M, Tamagawa T, Makishima K. Hardening and termination of long-duration γ rays detected prior to lightning. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:015001. [PMID: 23863005 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of 3-30 MeV prolonged gamma-ray emission that was abruptly terminated by lightning. The gamma-ray detection was made during winter thunderstorms on December 30, 2010, by the Gamma-Ray Observation of Winter Thunderclouds experiment carried out in a coastal area along the Sea of Japan. The gamma-ray flux lasted for less than 3 min, continuously hardening closer to the lightning occurrence. The hardening at energies of 3-10 MeV energies was most prominent. The gamma-ray flux abruptly ceased less than 800 ms before the lightning flash that occurred over 5 km away from the experimental site. In addition, we observed a clear difference in the duration of the 3-10 MeV gamma rays and those >10 MeV, suggesting that the area of >10 MeV gamma-ray emission is considerably smaller than that of the lower-energy gamma rays. This work may give a manifestation that a local region emitting prolonged gamma rays connects with a distant region to initiate lightning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchiya
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Babich LP, Bochkov EI, Dwyer JR, Kutsyk IM. Numerical simulations of local thundercloud field enhancements caused by runaway avalanches seeded by cosmic rays and their role in lightning initiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Smith DM, Hazelton BJ, Grefenstette BW, Dwyer JR, Holzworth RH, Lay EH. Terrestrial gamma ray flashes correlated to storm phase and tropopause height. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Smith
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Physics Department; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - B. J. Hazelton
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Physics Department; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - B. W. Grefenstette
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Physics Department; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - J. R. Dwyer
- Department of Physics and Space Science; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
| | - R. H. Holzworth
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - E. H. Lay
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Torii T, Nakazawa K, Yuasa T, Torii S, Fukuyama T, Yamaguchi T, Kato H, Okano M, Takita M, Makishima K. Observation of an energetic radiation burst from mountain-top thunderclouds. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:255003. [PMID: 19659086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.255003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During thunderstorms on 20 September 2008, a simultaneous detection of gamma rays and electrons was made at a mountain observatory in Japan located 2770 m above sea level. Both emissions, lasting 90 sec, were associated with thunderclouds rather than lightning. The photon spectrum, extending to 10 MeV, can be interpreted as consisting of bremsstrahlung gamma rays arriving from a source which is 60-130 m in distance at 90% confidence level. The observed electrons are likely to be dominated by a primary population escaping from an acceleration region in the clouds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchiya
- Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Riken, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dorman LI, Dorman IV, Iucci N, Parisi M, Ne'eman Y, Pustil'nik LA, Signoretti F, Sternlieb A, Villoresi G, Zukerman IG. Thunderstorms' atmospheric electric field effects in the intensity of cosmic ray muons and in neutron monitor data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. I. Dorman
- Israel Cosmic Ray Center and Israelo-Italian Emilio Segre' Observatory affiliated to Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - I. V. Dorman
- Institute of History of Science and Technology; Moscow Russia
| | - N. Iucci
- Physics Department; “Roma Tre” University; Rome Italy
| | - M. Parisi
- Physics Department; “Roma Tre” University; Rome Italy
| | | | - L. A. Pustil'nik
- Israel Cosmic Ray Center and Israelo-Italian Emilio Segre' Observatory affiliated to Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - F. Signoretti
- Istituto Fisica Spazio Interplanetario, CNR; Rome Italy
| | - A. Sternlieb
- Israel Cosmic Ray Center and Israelo-Italian Emilio Segre' Observatory affiliated to Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - G. Villoresi
- Physics Department; “Roma Tre” University; Rome Italy
| | - I. G. Zukerman
- Israel Cosmic Ray Center and Israelo-Italian Emilio Segre' Observatory affiliated to Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dwyer JR, Uman MA, Rassoul HK, Al-Dayeh M, Caraway L, Jerauld J, Rakov VA, Jordan DM, Rambo KJ, Corbin V, Wright B. Energetic radiation produced during rocket-triggered lightning. Science 2003; 299:694-7. [PMID: 12560549 DOI: 10.1126/science.1078940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector designed to operate in electrically noisy environments, we observed intense bursts of energetic radiation (>> 10 kiloelectron volts) during the dart leader phase of rocket-triggered lightning, just before and possibly at the very start of 31 out of the 37 return strokes measured. The bursts had typical durations of less than 100 microseconds and deposited many tens of megaelectron volts into the detector. These results provide strong evidence that the production of runaway electrons is an important process during lightning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Dwyer
- Department of Physics and Space Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pasko VP, George JJ. Three-dimensional modeling of blue jets and blue starters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor P. Pasko
- CSSL Laboratory; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jeremy J. George
- CSSL Laboratory; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|