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Gao J, Li Y, Xie Z, Wang L, Hu B, Bao F. Which aerosol type dominate the impact of aerosols on ozone via changing photolysis rates? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158580. [PMID: 36075440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of aerosols on ozone via influencing photolysis rates is a combined effect of absorbing aerosols (AA) and scattering aerosols (SA). However, AA and SA show different optical properties and influence photolysis rates differently, which then cause different impacts on ozone. Till now, the dominate factor is disconfirmed, which is largely due to the impact of SA on ozone not reaching to a consistent conclusion. In this study, the WRF-Chem model was implemented to simulate the air pollutants over the North China Plain (NCP). The impacts of AA and SA on ozone via influencing photolysis rates were quantitatively isolated and analyzed. Our results also demonstrated the decreasing effect of AA on ozone within planet boundary layer (PBL) which is consistent with the conclusions of previous studies. But for SA, it decreased the ozone chemical contribution (CHEM) near surface but increased which in the upper layers of PBL, that enlarge the ozone vertical gradients. In this case, more vertical exchanges of ozone would occur with the effect of vertical mixing motion of atmosphere, then the opposite CHEM variations were counteracted with each other and finally led to very slight changes in ozone within PBL. Thus, it can be summarized that AA dominate this impact of aerosols on ozone. Reducing AA could cause a general increase in ozone (ΔO3) over the NCP. Based on the aerosol levels of this case, ΔO3 would be seen over 86 % of the areas in the NCP when reducing AA by 3/4 and ΔO3 was more significant in the megacities. Our study highlights the different relationships between ozone and aerosol types, which suggests that more attentions should be paid on aerosol types, especially AA, when making the synergetic control strategy of aerosols and ozone in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Gao
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmosphere Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmosphere Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangwen Bao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Chang Y, Du T, Song X, Wang W, Tian P, Guan X, Zhang N, Wang M, Guo Y, Shi J, Zhang L. Changes in physical and chemical properties of urban atmospheric aerosols and ozone during the COVID-19 lockdown in a semi-arid region. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 287:119270. [PMID: 35818429 PMCID: PMC9259058 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic response of urban atmospheric aerosols and ozone (O3) to reduction of anthropogenic emissions is complicated and still needs further study. Thus, the changes in physical and chemical properties of urban atmospheric aerosols and O3 during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown were investigated at three urban sites and one rural site in Lanzhou with semi-arid climate. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased at four sites by ∼ 20% while O3 increased by >100% at two urban sites during the COVID-19 lockdown. Both primary emissions and secondary formation of PM2.5 decreased during the lockdown. Significant increase in both sulfur and nitrogen oxidation ratios was found in the afternoon, which accounted for 48.7% of the total sulfate and 40.4% of the total nitrate, respectively. The positive matrix factorization source apportionment revealed increased contribution of secondary formation and decreased contribution of vehicle emissions. Aerosol scattering and absorption decreased by 33.6% and 45.3%, resulting in an increase in visibility by 30% and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 520 nm slightly increased by 0.02. The enhanced O3 production was explained by increased volatile organic compounds to nitrogen oxides ratio, decreased aerosol, as well as increased SSA. The primary emissions of secondary aerosol precursors significantly decreased while Ox (i.e., NO2 and O3) exhibited little change. Consequently, Ox to CO ratio, PM2.5 to elemental carbon (EC) ratio, secondary inorganic aerosols to EC ratio, and secondary organic carbon to EC ratio increased, confirming enhanced secondary aerosol production efficiency during the lockdown. Positive feedback among O3 concentration, secondary aerosol formation, and SSA was revealed to further promote O3 production and secondary aerosol formation. These results provide scientific guidance for collaborative management of O3 and particulate matter pollution for cities with semi-arid climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Tao Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Naiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yumin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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3
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Luo Y, Zhao T, Yang Y, Zong L, Kumar KR, Wang H, Meng K, Zhang L, Lu S, Xin Y. Seasonal changes in the recent decline of combined high PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution and associated chemical and meteorological drivers in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156312. [PMID: 35636546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China suffers from combined air pollution (CAP) comprising dual high O3 and PM2.5, particularly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, which is an urban agglomeration in the North China Plain. To characterize the seasonal changes in regional CAP, 82 CAP days were identified during the study period from 2015 to 2019 with the co-occurring pollution of O3 and PM2.5 in the BTH. It is found that CAP seasonality has undergone distinct changes with a declining trend in the interannual variations in CAP over recent years. It is also revealed that the monthly CAP peaks have recently shifted from summer to early spring (March and April), indicating seasonal changes in CAP in the BTH. Furthermore, the of chemical and meteorological roles in CAP changes was investigated using environmental and meteorological observation data. The recent reduction in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations had enhanced O3 production and atmospheric oxidizability, thereby causing increments in secondary PM2.5 proportion. The interaction between O3 and PM2.5 was responsible for changing the CAP of dual high O3 and PM2.5 to the transition/spring season in the context of mitigation of air pollutant emissions. Furthermore, principal component analysis in the T-mode (T-PCA) was applied to identify four synoptic circulation patterns that regulate CAP occurrence. The results show that the CAP occurrence was regulated by the dominant patterns of synoptic circulation in the BTH. Warm temperature and strong downward ultraviolet radiation anomalies were observed in the BTH, indicating the importance of meteorological drivers in O3 photochemical production on the CAP. The frequency of key synoptic circulation patterns during the spring season increased annually, thereby inducing seasonal changes in the atmospheric environment with CAP in the BTH in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanjian Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Zong
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Kanike Raghavendra Kumar
- Department of Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522302, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Hebei Provincial Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuo Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yushan Xin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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4
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Gao J, Li Y, Xie Z, Hu B, Wang L, Bao F, Fan S. The impact of the aerosol reduction on the worsening ozone pollution over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region via influencing photolysis rates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153197. [PMID: 35063532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the implementation of the toughest-ever emission control actions across China from 2013 to present, the aerosols are decreasing annually but ozone is simultaneously increasing, especially over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, where ozone pollution can even spread into winter. Quantifying each impact of aerosols on ozone in all seasons is urgent for the worsening ozone pollution in the improved aerosol air quality. In this study, we focused on the impact of aerosols on ozone via influencing photolysis rates. The air pollutants were simulated over the Central East China (CEC) in 2018 by using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. By implementing emissions with base years of 2014 and 2018, we quantified the increase in ozone (ΔOzone_photolysis) caused by the decreasing aerosol concentrations (ΔPM2.5) by influencing photolysis rates over the BTH region in all seasons. Furthermore, combined with the ozone observations, the contribution of ΔOzone_photolysis to the total changes in ozone (ΔOzone_total) in all seasons was quantitatively discussed. Our results showed that ΔPM2.5 showed obvious seasonal variations, which PM2.5 decreased more significantly in winter and autumn than in spring and summer, although significant reductions in anthropogenic emissions were observed in all seasons. Consistent seasonal variations were also observed in ΔOzone_photolysis, and the mean increases reached 5.5 μg m-3, 2.6 μg m-3, 1.2 μg m-3, and 1.4 μg m-3 in winter, autumn, spring, spring, and summer, respectively. Compared with ΔOzone_total, ΔOzone_photolysis accounted for 36.3%, 17.2%, 3.5% and 10.6% of ΔOzone_total in winter, autumn, spring, and summer, respectively, suggesting that ΔOzone_photolysis was not the primary contributor to the current changes in ozone over the BTH region. However, the 36.3% contribution to ΔOzone_total in winter suggested that ΔOzone_photolysis is still an important contributor and should not be ignored when discussing the formation of high ozone episodes occurring in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Gao
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmosphere Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmosphere Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangwen Bao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shidong Fan
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Center for the Oceanic and Atmospheric Science at SUSTech (COAST), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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5
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GONÇALVES JR SÉRGIOJ, MAGALHÃES NEWTON, CHARELLO RENATAC, EVANGELISTA HEITOR, GODOI RICARDOH. Relative contributions of fossil fuel and biomass burning sources to black carbon aerosol on the Southern Atlantic Ocean Coast and King George Island (Antarctic Peninsula). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210805. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SÉRGIO J. GONÇALVES JR
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil
| | - NEWTON MAGALHÃES
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil
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6
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Stocker M, Ladstädter F, Steiner AK. Observing the climate impact of large wildfires on stratospheric temperature. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22994. [PMID: 34836946 PMCID: PMC8626459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires are expected to become more frequent and intense in the future. They not only pose a serious threat to humans and ecosystems, but also affect Earth’s atmosphere. Wildfire plumes can reach into the stratosphere, but little is known about their climate impact. Here, we reveal observational evidence that major wildfires can have a severe impact on the atmospheric temperature structure and short-term climate in the stratosphere. Using advanced satellite observation, we find substantial warming of up to 10 K of the lower stratosphere within the wildfire plumes during their early development. The short-term climate signal in the lower stratosphere lasts several months and amounts to 1 K for the Northern American wildfires in 2017, and up to striking 3.5 K for the Australian wildfires in 2020. This is stronger than any signal from recent volcanic eruptions. Such extreme events affect atmospheric composition and climate trends, underpinning their importance for future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stocker
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC), University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Ladstädter
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC), University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology/Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea K Steiner
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC), University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology/Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Shao M, Wang W, Yuan B, Parrish DD, Li X, Lu K, Wu L, Wang X, Mo Z, Yang S, Peng Y, Kuang Y, Chen W, Hu M, Zeng L, Su H, Cheng Y, Zheng J, Zhang Y. Quantifying the role of PM 2.5 dropping in variations of ground-level ozone: Inter-comparison between Beijing and Los Angeles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147712. [PMID: 34134364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decade the ambient fine particle (PM2.5) levels have shown a trend of distinct dropping in China, while ground-level ozone concentrations have been increasing in Beijing and many other Chinese mega-cities. The variation pattern in Los Angeles was markedly different, with PM2.5 and ozone decreasing together over past decades. In this study, we utilize observation-based methods to establish the parametric relationship between PM2.5 concentration and key aerosol physical properties (including aerosol optical depth and aerosol surface concentration), and an observation-based 1-D photochemical model to quantify the response of PM2.5 decline in enhancing ground-level ozone pollution over a large PM2.5 concentration range (10-120 μg m-3). We find that the significance of ozone enhancement due to PM2.5 dropping depends on both the PM2.5 levels and optical properties of particles. Ozone formation increased by 37% in 2006-2016 due to PM2.5 dropping in Beijing, while it becomes less important (7%) as PM2.5 reaches below 40 μg/m3, similar to Los Angeles since 1980s. Therefore, the two cities show the convergence of air pollutant characteristics. Hence a control strategy prioritizing reactive volatile organic compound abatement is projected to yield simultaneous ozone and PM2.5 reductions in Beijing, as experienced in Los Angeles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China.
| | - David D Parrish
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Keding Lu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luolin Wu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ziwei Mo
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suxia Yang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Peng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Liang L. Calibrating low-cost sensors for ambient air monitoring: Techniques, trends, and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111163. [PMID: 33887275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost sensors (LCSs) are widely acknowledged for bringing a paradigm shift in supplemental traditional air monitoring by air regulatory agencies. However, there is concern regarding its data quality and performance stability, which has greatly restricted its large-scale applications. Knowing the recent techniques, progress, and challenges of LCS calibration is of immense significance to promote the field of environmental monitoring. By summarizing the published evidence, this review shows that the global sensor market is rapidly expanding due to the surging needs, but the calibration efforts have been focused on a limited selection of sensors. Relative humidity correction, regression, and machine learning are the three mainstream calibration techniques. Although there is no one-size-fits-all solution, a feature of the latest research tendency is machine learning. The duration of calibration is largely neglected in the experiment design, but it is found to affect the performance of different calibration methods, especially those that are data-driven. Geographically, China and the United States gained the most research attention in the sensor calibration field, but the spatial mismatch between particulate matter hotspots and calibration sites is quite evident for the rest of the world. Incomplete and unevenly distributed research footprints could limit the large-scale test of method generalizability, as well as diminish the monitoring capacity in underserved areas that suffer greater environmental justice crises. In general, model performance is enhanced by including the key influencing factors, but the degree of improvement is not evidently related to the number of explanatory variables. Overall, studies prove the critical importance of field calibration before sensor deployment, but more studies are needed to establish experiment protocols that can be customized to specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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9
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Zhao S, Hu B, Liu H, Du C, Xia X, Wang Y. The influence of aerosols on the NO 2 photolysis rate in a suburban site in North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144788. [PMID: 33636767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of NO2 is an important driving force of tropospheric ozone. The intensity of this photolysis reaction affects atmospheric oxidation and photochemical pollution process. Photolysis rate of nitrogen dioxide (JNO2) is affected by aerosols, temperature, solar zenith angle (SZA), clouds, and so on. Among them, aerosol is an important influencing factor because of its complicated and irregular change; aerosol quantitative effect on JNO2 is constructive for the coordinated control of O3 and particulate matter. In order to quantitatively assess the impact of aerosols on JNO2 in the long-term, the reconstructed JNO2 data in a suburban site in North China from 2005 to 2019 are used. We found that JNO2 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) presented logarithmic relations under different solar zenith angle (SZA) levels, the aerosol attenuation effect on JNO2 decreased as AOD increased. Two main influencing factors of JNO2, SZA, and AOD, were fitted into a quadratic polynomial to quantify the AOD effect on JNO2. The results showed that the average annual AOD effect on JNO2 in Xianghe from 2005 to 2019 was -28.6% compared to an aerosol free atmosphere; the seasonal mean AOD effect in spring, summer, autumn, and winter was -27.1% and -35.1%, -25.5% and -26.3%, respectively. During the study period, JNO2 increased with an average of 5 × 10-5 s-1 per year, while the annual average aerosol optical depth (AOD) was 0.80 ± 0.10, showing an overall downward trend. Annual mean AOD attenuation effect on JNO2 decreased over time; the decreases were larger in spring and summer, and smaller in autumn and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuman Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanxi Meteorological Observatory, Xi'an 710014, China
| | - Chaojie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology/Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen 361021, China
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10
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Ulpiani G. On the linkage between urban heat island and urban pollution island: Three-decade literature review towards a conceptual framework. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141727. [PMID: 32890803 PMCID: PMC7434321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the doubling of urban population within the next two decades and the disproportionate growth of megacities, it is critical to explore the synergism between urban heat and pollution. In this paper, a systematic review is conducted on the existing knowledge, collected since 1990, on the link between urban heat island (UHI) and urban pollution island (UPI). Results from 16 countries and 11 Köppen-Geiger climatic zones are perused and compared to delineate methodological and experimental trends, geographical dependencies and research gaps. Detailed content analysis is conducted according to five prominent topics: i) the role of UHI on temperature-dependent chemistry, ii) the daytime/nighttime variability in the UHI-UPI interaction, iii) the role of urban geomorphic types, forms and growth schemes, iv) future trends and v) primary and secondary effects of UHI mitigation on urban air quality. Different approaches and observations are eventually harmonized to outline opportunities and challenges towards the disentanglement and/or the two-way mitigation of both phenomena. This will help governments and urban planners to deliver coping strategies and precautions towards a more salutogenic urban design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ulpiani
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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11
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Wang P, Qiao X, Zhang H. Modeling PM 2.5 and O 3 with aerosol feedbacks using WRF/Chem over the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126735. [PMID: 32325353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With a large population and fast economic growth, the Sichuan Basin (SCB) has been suffering from air pollution in recent years. However, limited studies have estimated air pollution levels in consideration of the feedbacks of aerosols on meteorology in the SCB. In this study, simulation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) over the SCB with a horizontal resolution of 36 km over China and 12 km was conducted for summer (July) and winter (January) in 2015 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). The model well captured the variations of PM2.5 and daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) O3 in the 18 cities, especially O3 in July and PM2.5 in January. From rim to center, averaged PM2.5 increased from 40 μg/m3 to 100 μg/m3 in January while averaged O3 ranged from 60 to 90 ppb in July. Aerosol radiation decreased surface temperature by 1-2 °C, wind speed (WS) by ∼ 0.3 m/s, planetary boundary layer (PBL) height by 10-20%, solar radiation (SR) by ∼30%, and precipitation by 0.02-0.2 mm, while increased relative humidity (RH) by up to 2-4% in January, which resulted in up to 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 in January and 2 ppb decrease of O3 in July. The effect increased as the increase of PM2.5 concentration and can be up to 18% in January and 25% in July. This study highlights the importance of considering meteorology feedbacks in understanding and controlling air pollution in the SCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Xue Qiao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA; Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai, 200062, China.
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12
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Huang RJ, Yang L, Shen J, Yuan W, Gong Y, Guo J, Cao W, Duan J, Ni H, Zhu C, Dai W, Li Y, Chen Y, Chen Q, Wu Y, Zhang R, Dusek U, O'Dowd C, Hoffmann T. Water-Insoluble Organics Dominate Brown Carbon in Wintertime Urban Aerosol of China: Chemical Characteristics and Optical Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7836-7847. [PMID: 32479722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chromophores responsible for light absorption in atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) are not well characterized, which hinders our understanding of BrC chemistry, the links with optical properties, and accurate model representations of BrC to global climate and atmospheric oxidative capacity. In this study, the light absorption properties and chromophore composition of three BrC fractions of different polarities were characterized for urban aerosol collected in Xi'an and Beijing in winter 2013-2014. These three BrC fractions show large differences in light absorption and chromophore composition, but the chromophores responsible for light absorption are similar in Xi'an and Beijing. Water-insoluble BrC (WI-BrC) fraction dominates the total BrC absorption at 365 nm in both Xi'an (51 ± 5%) and Beijing (62 ± 13%), followed by a humic-like fraction (HULIS-BrC) and high-polarity water-soluble BrC. The major chromophores identified in HULIS-BrC are nitrophenols and carbonyl oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with 2-3 aromatic rings (in total 18 species), accounting for 10% and 14% of the light absorption of HULIS-BrC at 365 nm in Xi'an and Beijing, respectively. In comparison, the major chromophores identified in WI-BrC are PAHs and OPAHs with 4-6 aromatic rings (in total 16 species), contributing 6% and 8% of the light absorption of WI-BrC at 365 nm in Xi'an and Beijing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Detection Technology R & D on Food Safety, Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
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13
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Aerosol-photolysis interaction reduces particulate matter during wintertime haze events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9755-9761. [PMID: 32300007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916775117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol-radiation interaction (ARI) plays a significant role in the accumulation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by stabilizing the planetary boundary layer and thus deteriorating air quality during haze events. However, modification of photolysis by aerosol scattering or absorbing solar radiation (aerosol-photolysis interaction or API) alters the atmospheric oxidizing capacity, decreases the rate of secondary aerosol formation, and ultimately alleviates the ARI effect on PM2.5 pollution. Therefore, the synergetic effect of both ARI and API can either aggravate or even mitigate PM2.5 pollution. To test the effect, a fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Chem model has been used to simulate a heavy haze episode in North China Plain. Our results show that ARI contributes to a 7.8% increase in near-surface PM2.5 However, API suppresses secondary aerosol formation, and the combination of ARI and API results in only 4.8% net increase of PM2.5 Additionally, API increases the solar radiation reaching the surface and perturbs aerosol nucleation and activation to form cloud condensation nuclei, influencing aerosol-cloud interaction. The results suggest that API reduces PM2.5 pollution during haze events, but adds uncertainties in climate prediction.
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14
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McNider RT, Pour-Biazar A. Meteorological modeling relevant to mesoscale and regional air quality applications: a review. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:2-43. [PMID: 31799913 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1694602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The highest correlative relations for air pollution levels are often with meteorological variables such as temperature and wind speed. Today, sophisticated gridded high-resolution meteorological models are used to produce meteorological fields that drive chemical transport models for air quality management. Errors in specification of the physical atmosphere such as temperature, clouds and winds can affect the air quality predictions. Additionally, the efficiency and efficacy of emission control strategies can be compromised by errors in the meteorological fields. In this paper, the role of meteorology in air quality behavior, primarily from the viewpoint of regional ozone modeling as carried out in the U.S., is reviewed. Particular attention is given to physics and new techniques for improving meteorological model performance. Uncertainties in model turbulent mixing in the nighttime boundary layer, where large model differences exist, are examined. The role of spatial mesoscale features such as topography and land/water systems in models are discussed. The nocturnal low-level jet, a mesoscale temporal and spatial feature, and its impact on air quality are examined. Traditional air quality concerns have focused on synoptic conditions at the center of high-pressure systems. However, high ozone levels have also been associated with stationary fronts. The ability of models to capture mesoscale structure and yet retain synoptic structure and its timing is challenging. Data assimilation and its ability to improve model performance are examined. Particular attention is given to vertical nudging strategies that can affect formation of the nocturnal low-level jets. Finally, clouds can have a major impact on air quality since insolation impacts temperature, biogenic emissions and photolysis rates and extremes in stability. Traditional techniques, which attempt to insert cloud water where there is not dynamical support, can lead to additional errors. New dynamical approaches for improving model cloud performance are discussed.Implications: This article shows that there has been a considerable improvement in meteorological models used for air quality simulations. In particular, improvement in the tools for incorporating both traditional observations and new satellite data for retrospective studies has been beneficial to air quality community. However, while this trend is continuing, many challenges remain. As an example, due to having many options available in configuring a model simulation, there is a need to evaluate and recommend sets of options that provide important performance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T McNider
- Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Arastoo Pour-Biazar
- Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
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15
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New positive feedback mechanism between boundary layer meteorology and secondary aerosol formation during severe haze events. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6095. [PMID: 29666505 PMCID: PMC5904139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe haze events during which particulate matter (PM) increases quickly from tens to hundreds of microgram per cubic meter in 1–2 days frequently occur in China. Although it has been known that PM is influenced by complex interplays among emissions, meteorology, and physical and chemical processes, specific mechanisms remain elusive. Here, a new positive feedback mechanism between planetary boundary layer (PBL), relative humidity (RH), and secondary PM (SPM) formation is proposed based on a comprehensive field experiment and model simulation. The decreased PBL associated with increased PM increases RH by weakening the vertical transport of water vapor; the increased RH in turn enhances the SPM formation through heterogeneous aqueous reactions, which further enhances PM, weakens solar radiation, and decreases PBL height. This positive feedback, together with the PM-Radiation-PBL feedback, constitutes a key mechanism that links PM, radiation, PBL properties (e.g. PBL height and RH), and SPM formation, This mechanism is self-amplifying, leading to faster PM production, accumulation, and more severe haze pollution.
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16
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Xing J, Wang J, Mathur R, Wang S, Sarwar G, Pleim J, Hogrefe C, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Wong DC, Hao J. Impacts of aerosol direct effects on tropospheric ozone through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis rates. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:9869-9883. [PMID: 30147710 PMCID: PMC6104653 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol direct effects (ADEs), i.e., scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation, reduce radiation reaching the ground and the resultant photolysis attenuation can decrease ozone (O3) formation in polluted areas. One the other hand, evidence also suggests that ADE-associated cooling suppresses atmospheric ventilation, thereby enhancing surface-level O3. Assessment of ADE impacts is thus important for understanding emission reduction strategies that seek co-benefits associated with reductions in both particuate matter and O3 levels. This study quantifies the impacts of ADEs on tropospheric ozone by using a two-way online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry model, WRF- CMAQ, using a process analysis methodology. Two mani-festations of ADE impacts on O3 including changes in atmospheric dynamics (ᐃDynamics) and changes in photolysis rates (∆Photolysis) were assessed separately through multiple scenario simulations for January and July of 2013 over China. Results suggest that ADEs reduced surface daily maxima 1 h O3 (DM1O3) in China by up to 39μgm-3 through the combination of ∆Dynamics and ∆Photolysis in January but enhanced surface DM1O3 by up to 4μgm-3 in July. Increased O3 in July is largely attributed to ∆Dynamics, which causes a weaker O3 sink of dry deposition and a stronger O3 source of photochemistry due to the stabilization of the at-mosphere. Meanwhile, surface OH is also enhanced at noon in July, though its daytime average values are reduced in January. An increased OH chain length and a shift towards more volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited conditions are found due to ADEs in both January and July. This study suggests that reducing ADEs may have the potential risk of increasing O3 in winter, but it will benefit the reduction in maxima O3 in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rohit Mathur
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David C. Wong
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Urban heat islands in China enhanced by haze pollution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12509. [PMID: 27551987 PMCID: PMC4996972 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI), the phenomenon of higher temperatures in urban land than the surrounding rural land, is commonly attributed to changes in biophysical properties of the land surface associated with urbanization. Here we provide evidence for a long-held hypothesis that the biogeochemical effect of urban aerosol or haze pollution is also a contributor to the UHI. Our results are based on satellite observations and urban climate model calculations. We find that a significant factor controlling the nighttime surface UHI across China is the urban–rural difference in the haze pollution level. The average haze contribution to the nighttime surface UHI is 0.7±0.3 K (mean±1 s.e.) for semi-arid cities, which is stronger than that in the humid climate due to a stronger longwave radiative forcing of coarser aerosols. Mitigation of haze pollution therefore provides a co-benefit of reducing heat stress on urban residents. The impact of locally-sourced aerosols on the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has been difficult to quantify due to opposing long and shortwave radiation effects. Here, using satellite observations and climate model simulations, the authors reveal that urban haze pollution intensifies the nighttime UHI in China.
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18
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Gerasopoulos E, Kazadzis S, Vrekoussis M, Kouvarakis G, Liakakou E, Kouremeti N, Giannadaki D, Kanakidou M, Bohn B, Mihalopoulos N. Factors affecting O3and NO2photolysis frequencies measured in the eastern Mediterranean during the five-year period 2002-2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Jiang X, Wiedinmyer C, Carlton AG. Aerosols from fires: an examination of the effects on ozone photochemistry in the Western United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11878-11886. [PMID: 23013157 DOI: 10.1021/es301541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a first attempt to investigate the roles of fire aerosols in ozone (O(3)) photochemistry using an online coupled meteorology-chemistry model, the Weather Research and Foresting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Four 1-month WRF-Chem simulations for August 2007, with and without fire emissions, were carried out to assess the sensitivity of O(3) predictions to the emissions and subsequent radiative feedbacks associated with large-scale fires in the Western United States (U.S.). Results show that decreases in planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) resulting from the radiative effects of fire aerosols and increases in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the fires tend to increase modeled O(3) concentrations near the source. Reductions in downward shortwave radiation reaching the surface and surface temperature due to fire aerosols cause decreases in biogenic isoprene emissions and J(NO(2)) photolysis rates, resulting in reductions in O(3) concentrations by as much as 15%. Thus, the results presented in this study imply that considering the radiative effects of fire aerosols may reduce O(3) overestimation by traditional photochemical models that do not consider fire-induced changes in meteorology; implementation of coupled meteorology-chemistry models are required to simulate the atmospheric chemistry impacted by large-scale fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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20
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Ten Hoeve JE, Jacobson MZ, Remer LA. Comparing results from a physical model with satellite and in situ observations to determine whether biomass burning aerosols over the Amazon brighten or burn off clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Ford B, Heald CL. An A-train and model perspective on the vertical distribution of aerosols and CO in the Northern Hemisphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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de Laat ATJ, Stein Zweers DC, Boers R, Tuinder ONE. A solar escalator: Observational evidence of the self-lifting of smoke and aerosols by absorption of solar radiation in the February 2009 Australian Black Saturday plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Zheng S, He Y. Aerosol effects on ozone concentrations in Beijing: a model sensitivity study. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:645-656. [PMID: 22894099 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most previous O3 simulations were based only on gaseous phase photochemistry. However, some aerosol-related processes, namely, heterogeneous reactions occurring on the aerosol surface and photolysis rate alternated by aerosol radiative influence, may affect O3 photochemistry under high aerosol loads. A three-dimensional air quality model, Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution, was employed to simulate the effects of the above-mentioned processes on O3 formation under typical high O3 episodes in Beijing during summer. Five heterogeneous reactions, i.e., NO2, NO3, N2O5, HO2, and O3, were individually investigated to elucidate their effects on 03 formation. The results showed that the heterogeneous reactions significantly affected O3 formation in the urban plume. NO2 heterogeneous reaction increased O3 to 90 ppb, while HO2 heterogeneous reaction decreased O3 to 33 ppb. In addition, O3 heterogeneous loss decreased O3 to 31 ppb. The effects of NO2, NO3, and N2O5 heterogeneous reactions showed opposite O3 concentration changes between the urban and extra-urban areas because of the response of the reactions to the two types of O3 formation regimes. When the aerosol radiative influence was included, the photolysis rate decreased and O3 decreased significantly to 73 ppb O3. The two aerosol-related processes should be considered in the study of O3 formation because high aerosol concentration is a ubiquitous phenomenon that affects the urban- and regional air quality in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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24
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Chen J, Wenger JC, Venables DS. Near-Ultraviolet Absorption Cross Sections of Nitrophenols and Their Potential Influence on Tropospheric Oxidation Capacity. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12235-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp206929r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John C. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dean S. Venables
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Jacobson MZ. Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Liao H, Zhang Y, Chen WT, Raes F, Seinfeld JH. Effect of chemistry-aerosol-climate coupling on predictions of future climate and future levels of tropospheric ozone and aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Jacobson MZ, Kaufman YJ, Rudich Y. Examining feedbacks of aerosols to urban climate with a model that treats 3-D clouds with aerosol inclusions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jeong GR, Sokolik IN. Effect of mineral dust aerosols on the photolysis rates in the clean and polluted marine environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pour-Biazar A, McNider RT, Roselle SJ, Suggs R, Jedlovec G, Byun DW, Kim S, Lin CJ, Ho TC, Haines S, Dornblaser B, Cameron R. Correcting photolysis rates on the basis of satellite observed clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard T. McNider
- Atmospheric Science Department; University of Alabama; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - Shawn J. Roselle
- Atmospheric Science Modeling Division, Air Resources Laboratory; NOAA; Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA
| | - Ron Suggs
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - Gary Jedlovec
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - Daewon W. Byun
- Institute for Multidimensional Air Quality Studies; University of Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Soontae Kim
- Institute for Multidimensional Air Quality Studies; University of Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - C. J. Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering; Lamar University; Beaumont Texas USA
| | - Thomas C. Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Lamar University; Beaumont Texas USA
| | - Stephanie Haines
- Earth System Science Center; University of Alabama; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | | | - Robert Cameron
- Minerals Management Service; Gulf of Mexico OCS Region; New Orleans Louisiana USA
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31
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Liao H. Global impacts of gas-phase chemistry-aerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Li G, Zhang R, Fan J, Tie X. Impacts of black carbon aerosol on photolysis and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Trentmann J. An analysis of the chemical processes in the smoke plume from a savanna fire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kirchstetter TW, Novakov T, Hobbs PV. Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1004] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Kirchstetter
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley California USA
| | - T. Novakov
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley California USA
| | - Peter V. Hobbs
- Atmospheric Sciences Department; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
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35
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Shon ZH, Kim KH, Bower KN, Lee G, Kim J. Assessment of the photochemistry of OH and NO3 on Jeju Island during the Asian-dust-storm period in the spring of 2001. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 55:1127-1142. [PMID: 15050810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2002] [Revised: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the influence of the long-range transport of dust particles and air pollutants on the photochemistry of OH and NO3 on Jeju Island, Korea (33.17 degrees N, 126.10 degrees E) during the Asian-dust-storm (ADS) period of April 2001. Three ADS events were observed during the periods of April 10-12, 13-14, and 25-26. Average concentration levels of daytime OH and nighttime NO3 on Jeju Island during the ADS period were estimated to be about 1x10(6) and 2x10(8) moleculescm(-3) ( approximately 9 pptv), respectively. OH levels during the ADS period were lower than those during the non-Asian-dust-storm (NADS) period by a factor of 1.5. This was likely to result from higher CO levels and the significant loading of dust particles, reducing the photolysis frequencies of ozone. Decreases in NO3 levels during the ADS period was likely to be determined mainly by the enhancement of the N2O5 heterogeneous reaction on dust aerosol surfaces. Averaged over 24 h, the reaction between HO2 and NO was the most important source of OH during the study period, followed by ozone photolysis, which contributed more than 95% of the total source. The reactions with CO, NO2, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) during the study period were major sinks for OH. The reaction of N2O5 on aerosol surfaces was a more important sink for nighttime NO3 during the ADS due to the significant loading of dust particles. The reaction of NO3 with NMHCs and the gas-phase reaction of N2O5 with water vapor were both significant loss mechanisms during the study period, especially during the NADS. However, dry deposition of these oxidized nitrogen species and a heterogeneous reaction of NO3 were of no importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zang-Ho Shon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busanjingu Gayadong San 24, Busan 614-714, South Korea.
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36
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Yu H, Dickinson RE, Chin M, Kaufman YJ, Zhou M, Zhou L, Tian Y, Dubovik O, Holben BN. Direct radiative effect of aerosols as determined from a combination of MODIS retrievals and GOCART simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - R. E. Dickinson
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - M. Chin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Y. J. Kaufman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - M. Zhou
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - L. Zhou
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Y. Tian
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - O. Dubovik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - B. N. Holben
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
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37
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Lefer BL, Shetter RE, Hall SR, Crawford JH, Olson JR. Impact of clouds and aerosols on photolysis frequencies and photochemistry during TRACE-P: 1. Analysis using radiative transfer and photochemical box models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Lefer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. E. Shetter
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. R. Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - J. R. Olson
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
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38
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Bian H, Zender CS. Mineral dust and global tropospheric chemistry: Relative roles of photolysis and heterogeneous uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Bian
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California at Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | - Charles S. Zender
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California at Irvine; Irvine California USA
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39
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Meloni D. Tropospheric aerosols in the Mediterranean: 3. Measurements and modeling of actinic radiation profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Liao H. Interactions between tropospheric chemistry and aerosols in a unified general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Trentmann J. Three-dimensional solar radiation effects on the actinic flux field in a biomass-burning plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Riemer N. Modeling aerosols on the mesoscale-γ: Treatment of soot aerosol and its radiative effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Menon S, Hansen J, Nazarenko L, Luo Y. Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science 2002; 297:2250-3. [PMID: 12351786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1075159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a tendency toward increased summer floods in south China, increased drought in north China, and moderate cooling in China and India while most of the world has been warming. We used a global climate model to investigate possible aerosol contributions to these trends. We found precipitation and temperature changes in the model that were comparable to those observed if the aerosols included a large proportion of absorbing black carbon ("soot"), similar to observed amounts. Absorbing aerosols heat the air, alter regional atmospheric stability and vertical motions, and affect the large-scale circulation and hydrologic cycle with significant regional climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabi Menon
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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45
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Balis DS. Measurements and modeling of photolysis rates during the Photochemical Activity and Ultraviolet Radiation (PAUR) II campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Jacobson MZ. Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Park RJ, Stenchikov GL, Pickering KE, Dickerson RR, Allen DJ, Kondragunta S. Regional air pollution and its radiative forcing: Studies with a single-column chemical and radiation transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Jacobson MZ. GATOR-GCMM: A global- through urban-scale air pollution and weather forecast model: 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Kondratyev YK, Varotsos CA. Global tropospheric ozone dynamics. Part II: Numerical modelling of tropospheric ozone variability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2001; 8:113-9. [PMID: 11405209 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Various causes of tropospheric changes have been considered in Part I in connection with the analysis of observation data. It is clear however, that the principal instrument for understanding numerous and often interacting causes of ozone changes is numerical modelling. A review of the current status of the numerical modelling has been made for the variability of the ozone concentration in the troposphere. Observation data on tropospheric ozone and relevant numerical modelling results show that a necessity exists to get more adequate global observational data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kondratyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Ecological Safety, 18 Korpusnaya Str., 197042 St., Petersburg, Russia
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50
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Decker EH, Elliott S, Smith FA, Blake DR, Rowland FS. ENERGY AND MATERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE URBAN ECOSYSTEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
▪ Abstract This paper reviews the available data and models on energy and material flows through the world's 25 largest cities. Throughput is categorized as stored, transformed, or passive for the major flow modes. The aggregate, fuel, food, water, and air cycles are all examined. Emphasis is placed on atmospheric pathways because the data are abundant. Relevant models of urban energy and material flows, demography, and atmospheric chemistry are discussed. Earth system–level loops from cities to neighboring ecosystems are identified. Megacities are somewhat independent of their immediate environment for food, fuel, and aggregate inputs, but all are constrained by their regional environment for supplying water and absorbing wastes. We elaborate on analogies with biological metabolism and ecosystem succession as useful conceptual frameworks for addressing urban ecological problems. We conclude that whereas data are numerous for some individual cities, cross-cutting compilations are lacking in biogeochemical analysis and modeling. Synthesis of the existing information will be a crucial first step. Cross-cutting field research and integrated, multidisciplinary simulations will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan H. Decker
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Los Alamos, 87545
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Scott Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Los Alamos, 87545
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Felisa A. Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Los Alamos, 87545
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Los Alamos, 87545
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - F. Sherwood Rowland
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
- Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Los Alamos, 87545
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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