Towards a Fast, Open-Path Laser Hygrometer for Airborne Eddy Covariance Measurements

Water vapor fluxes play a key role in the energy budget of the atmosphere, and better flux measurements are needed to improve our understanding of the formation of clouds and storms. Large-scale measurements of these fluxes are possible by employing the eddy correlation (EC) method from an aircraft. A hygrometer used for such measurements needs to deliver a temporal resolution of at least 10 Hz while reliably operating in the harsh conditions on the exterior of an aircraft. Here, we present a design concept for a calibration-free, first-principles, open-path dTDLAS hygrometer with a planar, circular and rotationally symmetric multipass cell with new, angled coupling optics. From our measurements, the uncertainty of the instrument is estimated to be below 4.5% (coverage factor k = 1). A static intercomparison between a dTDLAS prototype of the new optics setup and a traceable dew point mirror hygrometer was conducted and showed a systematic relative deviation of 2.6% with a maximal relative error of 2.2%. Combined with a precision of around 1 ppm H2O at tropospheric conditions, the newly designed setup fulfills the static precision and accuracy requirements of the proposed airborne EC hygrometer.

Upper tropospheric water vapour and its interaction with cirrus clouds as seen from IAGOS long-term routine in situ observations

IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) performs long-term routine in situ observations of atmospheric chemical composition (O₃, CO, NO_x, NO_y, CO₂, CH₄), water vapour, aerosols, clouds, and temperature on a global scale by operating compact instruments on board of passenger aircraft. The unique characteristics of the IAGOS data set originate from the global scale sampling on air traffic routes with similar instrumentation such that the observations are truly comparable and well suited for atmospheric research on a statistical basis. Here, we present the analysis of 15 months of simultaneous observations of relative humidity with respect to ice (RH_ice) and ice crystal number concentration in cirrus (N_ice) from July 2014 to October 2015. The joint data set of 360 hours of RH_ice-N_ice observations in the global upper troposphere and tropopause region is analysed with respect to the in-cloud distribution of RH_ice and related cirrus properties. The majority of the observed cirrus is thin with N_ice < 0.1 cm^-3. The respective fractions of all cloud observations range from 90% over the mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean and the Eurasian Continent to 67% over the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean. The in-cloud RH_ice distributions do not depend on the geographical region of sampling. Types of cirrus origin (in situ origin, liquid origin) are inferred for different N_ice regimes and geographical regions. Most importantly, we found that in-cloud RH_ice shows a strong correlation to N_ice with slightly supersaturated dynamic equilibrium RH_ice associated with higher N_ice values in stronger updrafts.