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Lugaz N, Farrugia CJ, Winslow RM, Al-Haddad N, Kilpua EKJ, Riley P. Factors Affecting the Geo-effectiveness of Shocks and Sheaths at 1 AU. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016; 121:10861-10879. [PMID: 29629250 PMCID: PMC5882492 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja023100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We identify all fast-mode forward shocks, whose sheath regions resulted in a moderate (56 cases) or intense (38 cases) geomagnetic storm during 18.5 years from January 1997 to June 2015. We study their main properties, interplanetary causes and geo-effects. We find that half (49/94) such shocks are associated with interacting coronal mass ejections (CMEs), as they are either shocks propagating into a preceding CME (35 cases) or a shock propagating into the sheath region of a preceding shock (14 cases). About half (22/45) of the shocks driven by isolated transients and which have geo-effective sheaths compress pre-existing southward Bz . Most of the remaining sheaths appear to have planar structures with southward magnetic fields, including some with planar structures consistent with field line draping ahead of the magnetic ejecta. A typical (median) geo-effective shock-sheath structure drives a geomagnetic storm with peak Dst of -88 nT, pushes the subsolar magnetopause location to 6.3 RE, i.e. below geosynchronous orbit and is associated with substorms with a peak AL-index of -1350 nT. There are some important differences between sheaths associated with CME-CME interaction (stronger storms) and those associated with isolated CMEs (stronger compression of the magnetosphere). We detail six case studies of different types of geo-effective shock-sheaths, as well as two events for which there was no geomagnetic storm but other magnetospheric effects. Finally, we discuss our results in terms of space weather forecasting, and potential effects on Earth's radiation belts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Lugaz
- Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - C. J. Farrugia
- Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - R. M. Winslow
- Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - N. Al-Haddad
- Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Institute for Astrophysics and Computational Sciences, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E. K. J. Kilpua
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P. Riley
- Predictive Sciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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Farrugia CJ, Freeman MP, Burlaga LF, Lepping RP, Takahashi K. The Earth's magnetosphere under continued forcing: Substorm activity during the passage of an interplanetary magnetic cloud. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Denig WF, Burke WJ, Maynard NC, Rich FJ, Jacobsen B, Sandholt PE, Egeland A, Leontjev S, Vorobjev VG. Ionospheric signatures of dayside magnetopause transients: A case study using satellite and ground measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Freeman MP, Farrugia CJ, Burlaga LF, Hairston MR, Greenspan ME, Ruohoniemi JM, Lepping RP. The interaction of a magnetic cloud with the Earth: Ionospheric convection in the northern and southern hemispheres for a wide range of quasi-steady interplanetary magnetic field conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Freeman MP, Ruohoniemi JM, Greenwald RA. The determination of time-stationary two-dimensional convection patterns with single-station radars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sandholt PE, Moen J, Rudland A, Opsvik D, Denig WF, Hansen T. Auroral event sequences at the dayside polar cap boundary for positive and negative interplanetary magnetic fieldBY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Radioti A, Grodent D, Gérard JC, Milan SE, Bonfond B, Gustin J, Pryor W. Bifurcations of the main auroral ring at Saturn: ionospheric signatures of consecutive reconnection events at the magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Radioti
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - S. E. Milan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester U. K
| | - B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - J. Gustin
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - W. Pryor
- Science Department; Central Arizona College; Coolidge Arizona USA
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Oksavik K, Barth VL, Moen J, Lester M. On the entry and transit of high-density plasma across the polar cap. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Oksavik
- University Centre in Svalbard; Longyearbyen Norway
| | - V. L. Barth
- University Centre in Svalbard; Longyearbyen Norway
- Department of Physics; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Norwegian Polar Institute; Sverdrup Station; Ny-Ålesund Norway
| | - J. Moen
- University Centre in Svalbard; Longyearbyen Norway
- Department of Physics; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - M. Lester
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
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Milan SE, Provan G, Hubert B. Magnetic flux transport in the Dungey cycle: A survey of dayside and nightside reconnection rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Milan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - G. Provan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - B. Hubert
- Laboratory of Planetary and Atmospheric Physics; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
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Newell PT, Sotirelis T, Liou K, Meng CI, Rich FJ. A nearly universal solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function inferred from 10 magnetospheric state variables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. T. Newell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - T. Sotirelis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - K. Liou
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - C.-I. Meng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - F. J. Rich
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory; Hanscom Air Force Base; Bedford Massachusetts USA
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Mitchell CN. Imaging of near-Earth space plasma. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2002; 360:2805-2818. [PMID: 12626267 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the technique of imaging the ionosphere using tomographic principles. It reports on current developments and speculates on the future of this research area. Recent developments in computing and ionospheric measurement, together with the sharing of data via the internet, now allow us to envisage a time when high-resolution, real-time images and 'movies' of the ionosphere will be possible for radio communications planning. There is great potential to use such images for improving our understanding of the physical processes controlling the behaviour of the ionosphere. While real-time images and movies of the electron concentration are now almost possible, forecasting of ionospheric morphology is still in its early stages. It has become clear that the ionosphere cannot be considered as a system in isolation, and consequently new research projects to link together models of the solar-terrestrial system, including the Sun, solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere, are now being proposed. The prospect is now on the horizon of assimilating data from the entire solar-terrestrial system to produce a real-time computer model and 'space weather' forecast. The role of tomography in imaging beyond the ionosphere to include the whole near-Earth space-plasma realm is yet to be realized, and provides a challenging prospect for the future. Finally, exciting possibilities exist in applying such methods to image the atmospheres and ionospheres of other planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn N Mitchell
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Weimer DR. Substorm influence on the ionospheric electric potentials and currents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998ja900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ridley AJ, Lu G, Clauer CR, Papitashvili VO. A statistical study of the ionospheric convection response to changing interplanetary magnetic field conditions using the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja03328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greenwald RA, Ruohoniemi JM, Bristow WA, Sofko GJ, Villain JP, Huuskonen A, Kokubun S, Frank LA. Mesoscale dayside convection vortices and their relation to substorm phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ruohoniemi JM, Greenwald RA. Statistical patterns of high-latitude convection obtained from Goose Bay HF radar observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sánchez ER, Ruohoniemi JM, Meng CI, Friis-Christensen E. Toward an observational synthesis of substorm models: Precipitation regions and high-latitude convection reversals observed in the nightside auroral oval by DMSP satellites and HF radars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Baker KB, Dudeney JR, Greenwald RA, Pinnock M, Newell PT, Rodger AS, Mattin N, Meng CI. HF radar signatures of the cusp and low-latitude boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weimer DR. Models of high-latitude electric potentials derived with a least error fit of spherical harmonic coefficients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lu G, Richmond AD, Emery BA, Reiff PH, de la Beaujardière O, Rich FJ, Denig WF, Kroehl HW, Lyons LR, Ruohoniemi JM, Friis-Christensen E, Opgenoorth H, Persson MAL, Lepping RP, Rodger AS, Hughes T, McEwin A, Dennis S, Morris R, Burns G, Tomlinson L. Interhemispheric asymmetry of the high-latitude ionospheric convection pattern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lockwood M, Smith MF. Low and middle altitude cusp particle signatures for general magnetopause reconnection rate variations: 1. Theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The role of ion drift in the formation of ionisation troughs in the mid- and high-latitude ionosphere—a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(92)90082-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Freeman MP, Southwood DJ, Lester M, Yeoman TK, Reeves GD. Substorm-associated radar auroral surges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saunders MA, Freeman MP, Southwood DJ, Cowley SWH, Lockwood M, Samson JC, Farrugia CJ, Hughes TJ. Dayside ionospheric convection changes in response to long-period interplanetary Magnetic field oscillations: Determination of the ionospheric phase velocity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lockwood M, Smith MF. The variation of reconnection rate at the dayside magnetopause and cusp ion precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weber EJ, Vickrey JF, Gallagher H, Weiss L, Heinselman CJ, Heelis RA, Kelley MC. Coordinated radar and optical measurements of stable auroral arcs at the polar cap boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lockwood M, Cowley SWH, Sandholt PE, Lepping RP. The ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events and solar wind dynamic pressure changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia10p17113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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