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Zhang Y, Chen H, Shi X, Almeida R, Walker R, Lin X, Cheng X, Deng H, Chen Z, Hu X. Reconciling patterns of long-term topographic growth with coseismic uplift by synchronous duplex thrusting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8073. [PMID: 38057349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
How long-term changes in surface topography relate to coseismic uplift is key to understanding the creation of high elevations along active mountain fronts, and remains hotly debated. Here we investigate this link by modeling the development of growth strata and the folding of river terraces above the Pishan duplex system in the southern Tarim Basin. We show that synchronous duplex thrusting of two neighboring faults with varying slip rates, associated with in-sequence propagation of the Pishan thrust system, is required to explain the presence of opposite-dipping panels of growth strata on the duplex front, and basinward migration of terrace fold crests. Importantly, this process of synchronous thrusting within the duplex reconciles the discrepancy between the deformation of terrace folds at the 10-1-100 million-year timescale and the maximum coseismic uplift of the 2015 Mw 6.4 Pishan earthquake on the frontal thrust. These results suggest that topography mismatch at different time scales can reflect the long-term kinematic evolution of fault systems. Thus, our study highlights the importance of characterizing complex subsurface fault kinematics for studying topographic growth, and motivates rethinking of the mountain building process in worldwide active fold-and-thrust belts, from short-term to long-term timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Structures in Oil and Gas Bearing Basins, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Research Center for Structures in Oil and Gas Bearing Basins, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xuhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Research Center for Structures in Oil and Gas Bearing Basins, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
- Xinjiang Pamir Intracontinental Subduction National Observation and Research Station, Beijing, China.
| | - Rafael Almeida
- Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Richard Walker
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiubin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Structures in Oil and Gas Bearing Basins, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Structures in Oil and Gas Bearing Basins, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongdan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Structures in Oil and Gas Bearing Basins, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxin Chen
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
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Lithospheric flexure and rheology determined by climate cycle markers in the Corinth Rift. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4260. [PMID: 30842435 PMCID: PMC6403285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geomorphic strain markers accumulating the effects of many earthquake cycles help to constrain the mechanical behaviour of continental rift systems as well as the related seismic hazards. In the Corinth Rift (Greece), the unique record of onshore and offshore markers of Pleistocene ~100-ka climate cycles provides an outstanding possibility to constrain rift mechanics over a range of timescales. Here we use high-resolution topography to analyse the 3D geometry of a sequence of Pleistocene emerged marine terraces associated with flexural rift-flank uplift. We integrate this onshore dataset with offshore seismic data to provide a synoptic view of the flexural deformation across the rift. This allows us to derive an average slip rate of 4.5–9.0 mm·yr−1 on the master fault over the past ~610 ka and an uplift/subsidence ratio of 1:1.1–2.4. We reproduce the observed flexure patterns, using 3 and 5-layered lithospheric scale finite element models. Modelling results imply that the observed elastic flexure is produced by coseismic slip along 40–60° planar normal faults in the elastic upper crust, followed by postseismic viscous relaxation occurring within the basal lower crust or upper mantle. We suggest that such a mechanism may typify rapid localised extension of continental lithosphere.
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Weissel JK, Karner GD. Flexural uplift of rift flanks due to mechanical unloading of the lithosphere during extension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib10p13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Westaway R. Evidence for dynamic coupling of surface processes with isostatic compensation in the lower crust during active extension of western Turkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Escartín J, Lin J. Ridge offsets, normal faulting, and gravity anomalies of slow spreading ridges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ma XQ, Kusznir NJ. Coseismic and postseismic subsurface displacements and strains for a dip-slip normal fault in a three-layer elastic-gravitational medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anderson RS. Evolution of the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, through tectonic growth and geomorphic decay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Flemings PB, Jordan TE. A synthetic stratigraphic model of foreland basin development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib04p03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Merritts D, Ellis M. Introduction to Special Section on Tectonics and Topography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shaw PR, Lin J. Causes and consequences of variations in faulting style at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bailey GN, Reynolds SC, King GCP. Landscapes of human evolution: models and methods of tectonic geomorphology and the reconstruction of hominin landscapes. J Hum Evol 2010; 60:257-80. [PMID: 20947132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between complex and tectonically active landscapes and patterns of human evolution. We show how active tectonics can produce dynamic landscapes with geomorphological and topographic features that may be critical to long-term patterns of hominin land use, but which are not typically addressed in landscape reconstructions based on existing geological and paleoenvironmental principles. We describe methods of representing topography at a range of scales using measures of roughness based on digital elevation data, and combine the resulting maps with satellite imagery and ground observations to reconstruct features of the wider landscape as they existed at the time of hominin occupation and activity. We apply these methods to sites in South Africa, where relatively stable topography facilitates reconstruction. We demonstrate the presence of previously unrecognized tectonic effects and their implications for the interpretation of hominin habitats and land use. In parts of the East African Rift, reconstruction is more difficult because of dramatic changes since the time of hominin occupation, while fossils are often found in places where activity has now almost ceased. However, we show that original, dynamic landscape features can be assessed by analogy with parts of the Rift that are currently active and indicate how this approach can complement other sources of information to add new insights and pose new questions for future investigation of hominin land use and habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N Bailey
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King's Manor, York, YO1 7EP, UK.
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Ganas A, Parsons T. Three-dimensional model of Hellenic Arc deformation and origin of the Cretan uplift. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bills BG, Currey DR, Marshall GA. Viscosity estimates for the crust and upper mantle from patterns of lacustrine shoreline deformation in the Eastern Great Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bernard S, Avouac JP, Dominguez S, Simoes M. Kinematics of fault-related folding derived from a sandbox experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Feuillet N, Tapponnier P, Manighetti I, Villemant B, King GCP. Differential uplift and tilt of Pleistocene reef platforms and Quaternary slip rate on the Morne-Piton normal fault (Guadeloupe, French West Indies). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Feuillet
- Institut De Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère; Paris France
| | - P. Tapponnier
- Institut De Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère; Paris France
| | - I. Manighetti
- Institut De Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère; Paris France
| | - B. Villemant
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Institut De Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Géochimie des Systèmes Volcaniques; CNRS UMR 7040 Paris France
| | - G. C. P. King
- Institut De Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère; Paris France
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Wilkins SJ. Cross faults in extensional settings: Stress triggering, displacement localization, and implications for the origin of blunt troughs at Valles Marineris, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Feuillet N, Manighetti I, Tapponnier P, Jacques E. Arc parallel extension and localization of volcanic complexes in Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Feuillet
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère, CNRS UMR 7578; Paris France
| | - I. Manighetti
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère, CNRS UMR 7578; Paris France
| | - P. Tapponnier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Laboratoire de Tectonique et Mécanique de la Lithosphère, CNRS UMR 7578; Paris France
| | - E. Jacques
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg; France
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Manighetti I, King GCP, Gaudemer Y, Scholz CH, Doubre C. Slip accumulation and lateral propagation of active normal faults in Afar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lavier LL, Buck WR, Poliakov ANB. Factors controlling normal fault offset in an ideal brittle layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kaufmann G, Amelung F. Reservoir-induced deformation and continental rheology in vicinity of Lake Mead, Nevada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cattin R, Avouac JP. Modeling mountain building and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schultz RA. Localization of bedding plane slip and backthrust faults above blind thrust faults: Keys to wrinkle ridge structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pappalardo RT, Belton MJS, Breneman HH, Carr MH, Chapman CR, Collins GC, Denk T, Fagents S, Geissler PE, Giese B, Greeley R, Greenberg R, Head JW, Helfenstein P, Hoppa G, Kadel SD, Klaasen KP, Klemaszewski JE, Magee K, McEwen AS, Moore JM, Moore WB, Neukum G, Phillips CB, Prockter LM, Schubert G, Senske DA, Sullivan RJ, Tufts BR, Turtle EP, Wagner R, Williams KK. Does Europa have a subsurface ocean? Evaluation of the geological evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nalbant SS, Hubert A, King GCP. Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest Turkey and the north Aegean Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Densmore AL, Ellis MA, Anderson RS. Landsliding and the evolution of normal-fault-bounded mountains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gupta A, Scholz CH. Utility of elastic models in predicting fault displacement fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pappalardo RT, Reynolds SJ, Greeley R. Extensional tilt blocks on Miranda: Evidence for an upwelling origin of Arden Corona. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Contreras J, Scholz CH, King GCP. A model of rift basin evolution constrained by first-order stratigraphic observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Murray MH, Marshall GA, Lisowski M, Stein RS. The 1992M= 7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake: Coseismic deformation at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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ten Brink US, Katzman R, Lin J. Three-dimensional models of deformation near strike-slip faults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arrowsmith JR, Pollard DD, Rhodes DD. Hillslope development in areas of active tectonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kusznir NJ, Roberts AM, Morley CK. Forward and reverse modelling of rift basin formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.080.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Roberts GP, Gawthorpe RL. Strike variation in deformation and diagenesis along segmented normal faults: an example from the eastern Gulf of Corinth, Greece. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.080.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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37
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Schultz RA, Tanaka KL. Lithospheric-scale buckling and thrust structures on Mars: The Coprates rise and south Tharsis ridge belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94je00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jones CH, Wesnousky SG. Variations in Strength and Slip Rate Along the San Andreas Fault System. Science 1992; 256:83-6. [PMID: 17802597 DOI: 10.1126/science.256.5053.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Convergence across the San Andreas fault (SAF) system is partitioned between strike-slip motion on the vertical SAF and oblique-slip motion on parallel dip-slip faults, as illustrated by the recent magnitude M(s) = 6.0 Palm Springs, M(s) = 6.7 Coalinga, and M(s) = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquakes. If the partitioning of slip minimizes the work done against friction, the direction of slip during these recent earthquakes depends primarily on fault dip and indicates that the normal stress coefficient and frictional coefficient (micro) vary among the faults. Additionally, accounting for the active dip-slip faults reduces estimates of fault slip rates along the vertical trace of the SAF by about 50 percent in the Loma Prieta and 100 percent in the North Palm Springs segments.
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Abstract
Many volcanoes emerge from the flank (footwall) of normal faults in continental rift zones. Because such locations are commonly topographically high and exhibit minor compressional structures, the association is enigmatic. A simple flexing plate model shows that deformation of a flexurally supported upper crust during normal faulting generates a dilational strain field in the footwall at the base of the crust. This strain field allows cracking and tapping of preexisting melt.
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Kusznir NJ, Marsden G, Egan SS. A flexural-cantilever simple-shear/pure-shear model of continental lithosphere extension: applications to the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, Grand Banks and Viking Graben, North Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1991.056.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Westaway R. Continental extension on sets of parallel faults: observational evidence and theoretical models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1991.056.01.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Roberts AM, Yielding G. Deformation around basin-margin faults in the North Sea/mid-Norway rift. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1991.056.01.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Anderson RS. Evolution of the Northern Santa Cruz Mountains by Advection of Crust Past a San Andreas Fault Bend. Science 1990; 249:397-401. [PMID: 17755944 DOI: 10.1126/science.249.4967.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The late Quaternary marine terraces near Santa Cruz, California, reflect uplift associated with the nearby restraining bend on the San Andreas fault. Excellent correspondence of the coseismic vertical displacement field caused by the 17 October 1989 magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake and the present elevations of these terraces allows calculation of maximum long-term uplift rates 1 to 2 kilometers west of the San Andreas fault of 0.8 millimeters per year. Over several million years, this uplift, in concert with the right lateral translation of the resulting topography, and with continual attack by geomorphic processes, can account for the general topography of the northern Santa Cruz Mountains.
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Eberhart-Phillips D, Lisowski M, Zoback MD. Crustal strain near the Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault: Analysis of the Los Padres-Tehachapi Trilateration Networks, California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib02p01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Pantosti D, Valensise G. Faulting mechanism and complexity of the November 23, 1980, Campania-Lucania Earthquake, inferred from surface observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib10p15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Lin J, Parmentier EM. A finite amplitude necking model of rifting in brittle lithosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib04p04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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