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Dziewonski AM, Forte AM, Su W, Woodward RL. Seismic Tomography and Geodynamics. RELATING GEOPHYSICAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES: THE JEFFREYS VOLUME 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm076p0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Aspherical Structure of the Mantle, Tectonic Plate Motions, Nonhydrostatic Geoid, and Topography of the Core-Mantle Boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm072p0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Woodward RL, Forte AM, Su WJ, Dziewonski AM. Constraints on the Large-Scale Structure of the Earth's Mantle. EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH AND PLANETS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm074p0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yoder CF. Astrometric and Geodetic Properties of Earth and the Solar System. AGU REFERENCE SHELF 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/rf001p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Lerch FJ, Nerem RS, Putney BH, Felsentreger TL, Sanchez BV, Marshall JA, Klosko SM, Patel GB, Williamson RG, Chinn DS, Chan JC, Rachlin KE, Chandler NL, McCarthy JJ, Luthcke SB, Pavlis NK, Pavlis DE, Robbins JW, Kapoor S, Pavlis EC. A geopotential model from satellite tracking, altimeter, and surface gravity data: GEM-T3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zlotnicki V, Siedler G, Klein B. Can the weak surface currents of the Cape Verde frontal zone be measured with altimetry? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jc02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nerem RS, Jekeli C, Kaula WM. Gravity field determination and characteristics: Retrospective and prospective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb03257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dickman SR, Nam YS. Revised predictions of long-period ocean tidal effects on Earth's rotation rate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mitrovica JX, Peltier WR. Present-day secular variations in the zonal harmonics of Earth's geopotential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nerem RS, Lerch FJ, Williamson RG, Klosko SM, Robbins JW, Patel GB. Gravity model improvement using the DORIS tracking system on the SPOT 2 satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pari G, Peltier WR. The heat flow constraint on mantle tomography-based convection models: Towards a geodynamically self-consistent inference of mantle viscosity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Malla RP, Wu SC, Lichten SM. Geocenter location and variations in earth orientation using Global Positioning System measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zuber MT, Smith DE, Lemoine FG, Neumann GA. The shape and internal structure of the moon from the clementine mission. Science 2010; 266:1839-43. [PMID: 17737077 DOI: 10.1126/science.266.5192.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Global topographic and gravitational field models derived from data collected by the Clementine spacecraft reveal a new picture of the shape and internal structure of the moon. The moon exhibits a 16-kilometer range of elevation, with the greatest topographic excursions occurring on the far side. Lunar highlands are in a state of near-isostatic compensation, whereas impact basins display a wide range of compensation states that do not correlate simply with basin size or age. A global crustal thickness map reveals crustal thinning under all resolvable lunar basins. The results indicate that the structure and thermal history of the moon are more complex than was previously believed.
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Forte AM, Woodward RL, Dziewonski AM. Joint inversions of seismic and geodynamic data for models of three-dimensional mantle heterogeneity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Forte AM, Mitrovica JX, Espesset A. Geodynamic and seismic constraints on the thermochemical structure and dynamics of convection in the deep mantle. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2002; 360:2521-2543. [PMID: 12460479 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We revisit a recent study by Forte & Mitrovica in which global geophysical observables associated with mantle convection were inverted and the existence of a strong increase in viscosity near a depth of 2000 km was inferred. Employing mineral-physics data and theory we also showed that, although there are chemical anomalies in the lowermost mantle, they are unable to inhibit the dominant thermal buoyancy of the deep-mantle mega-plumes below Africa and the Pacific Ocean. New Monte Carlo simulations are employed to explore the impact of uncertainties in current mineral-physics constraints on inferences of deep-mantle thermochemical structure. To explore the impact of the high-viscosity peak at a depth of 2000 km on the evolution of lower-mantle structure, we carried out time-dependent convection simulations. The latter show that the stability and longevity of the dominant long-wavelength heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle are controlled by this viscosity peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro M Forte
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Williams JG, Boggs DH, Yoder CF, Ratcliff JT, Dickey JO. Lunar rotational dissipation in solid body and molten core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Forte AM, Mitrovica JX. Deep-mantle high-viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data. Nature 2001; 410:1049-56. [PMID: 11323661 DOI: 10.1038/35074000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surface geophysical data that are related to the process of thermal convection in the Earth's mantle provide constraints on the rheological properties and density structure of the mantle. We show that these convection-related data imply the existence of a region of very high effective viscosity near 2,000 km depth. This inference is obtained using a viscous-flow model based on recent high-resolution seismic models of three-dimensional structure in the mantle. The high-viscosity layer near 2,000 km depth results in a re-organization of flow from short to long horizontal length scales, which agrees with seismic tomographic observations of very long wavelength structures in the deep mantle. The high-viscosity region also strongly suppresses flow-induced deformation and convective mixing in the deep mantle. Here we predict compositional and thermal heterogeneity in this region, using viscous-flow calculations based on the new viscosity profile, together with independent mineral physics data. These maps are consistent with the anti-correlation of anomalies in seismic shear and bulk sound velocity in the deep mantle. The maps also show that mega-plumes in the lower mantle below the central Pacific and Africa are, despite the presence of compositional heterogeneity, buoyant and actively upwelling structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Forte
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Biology & Geology Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada.
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Abstract
The tectosphere, namely the portions of Earth's mantle lying below cratons, has a thermochemical structure that differs from average suboceanic mantle. The tectosphere is thought to be depleted in its basaltic components and to have an intrinsic buoyancy that balances the mass increase associated with its colder temperature relative to suboceanic mantle. Inversions of a large set of geodynamic data related to mantle convection, using tomography-based mantle flow models, indicate that the tectosphere is chemically depleted and relatively cold to 250 kilometers depth below Earth's surface. The approximate equilibrium between thermal and chemical buoyancy contributes to cratonic stability over geological time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Forte
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Pari G, Peltier WR. Subcontinental mantle dynamics: A further analysis based on the joint constraints of dynamic surface topography and free-air graviy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Forte AM. Seismic-geodynamic constraints on mantle flow: Implications for layered convection, mantle viscosity, and seismic anisotropy in the deep mantle. EARTH'S DEEP INTERIOR: MINERAL PHYSICS AND TOMOGRAPHY FROM THE ATOMIC TO THE GLOBAL SCALE 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm117p0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Pari G, Peltier WR. Global surface heat flux anomalies from seismic tomography-based models of mantle flow: Implications for mantle convection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scharroo R, Visser P. Precise orbit determination and gravity field improvement for the ERS satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jc03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Forte AM, Woodward RL. Seismic-geodynamic constraints on three-dimensional structure, vertical flow, and heat transfer in the mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lemoine FGR, Smith DE, Zuber MT, Neumann GA, Rowlands DD. A 70th degree lunar gravity model (GLGM-2) from Clementine and other tracking data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97je01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pari G, Peltier WR. The free-air gravity constraint on subcontinental mantle dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tapley BD, Watkins MM, Ries JC, Davis GW, Eanes RJ, Poole SR, Rim HJ, Schutz BE, Shum CK, Nerem RS, Lerch FJ, Marshall JA, Klosko SM, Pavlis NK, Williamson RG. The Joint Gravity Model 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Forte AM, Dziewonski AM, O'connell RJ. Continent-Ocean Chemical Heterogeneity in the Mantle Based on Seismic Tomography. Science 1995; 268:386-8. [PMID: 17746544 DOI: 10.1126/science.268.5209.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Seismic models of global-scale lateral heterogeneity in the mantle show systematic differences below continents and oceans that are too large to be purely thermal in origin. An inversion of the geoid, based on a seismic model that includes viscous flow in the mantle, indicates that the differences beneath continents and oceans can be accounted for by differences in composition in the upper mantle superposed on mantle-wide thermal heterogeneities. The net continent-ocean density differences, integrated over depth, are small and cause only a low flux of mass and heat across the asthenosphere and mantle transition zone.
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Bills BG, Rubincam DP. Constraints on density models from radial moments: Applications to Earth, Moon, and Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95je02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marshall JA, Zelensky NR, Klosko SM, Chinn DS, Luthcke SB, Rachlin KE, Williamson RG. The temporal and spatial characteristics of TOPEX/POSEIDON radial orbit error. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jc01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Dickey JO, Bender PL, Faller JE, Newhall XX, Ricklefs RL, Ries JG, Shelus PJ, Veillet C, Whipple AL, Wiant JR, Williams JG, Yoder CF. Lunar Laser Ranging: A Continuing Legacy of the Apollo Program. Science 1994; 265:482-90. [PMID: 17781305 DOI: 10.1126/science.265.5171.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
On 21 July 1969, during the first manned lunar mission, Apollo 11, the first retroreflector array was placed on the moon, enabling highly accurate measurements of the Earthmoon separation by means of laser ranging. Lunar laser ranging (LLR) turns the Earthmoon system into a laboratory for a broad range of investigations, including astronomy, lunar science, gravitational physics, geodesy, and geodynamics. Contributions from LLR include the three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in accuracy in the lunar ephemeris, a several-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the measurement of the variations in the moon's rotation, and the verification of the principle of equivalence for massive bodies with unprecedented accuracy. Lunar laser ranging analysis has provided measurements of the Earth's precession, the moon's tidal acceleration, and lunar rotational dissipation. These scientific results, current technological developments, and prospects for the future are discussed here.
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Nerem RS, Lerch FJ, Marshall JA, Pavlis EC, Putney BH, Tapley BD, Eanes RJ, Ries JC, Schutz BE, Shum CK, Watkins MM, Klosko SM, Chan JC, Luthcke SB, Patel GB, Pavlis NK, Williamson RG, Rapp RH, Biancale R, Nouel F. Gravity model development for TOPEX/POSEIDON: Joint Gravity Models 1 and 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Haines BJ, Born GH, Williamson RG, Koblinsky CJ. Application of the GEM-T2 gravity field to altimetric satellite orbit computation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Delcroix T, Boulanger JP, Masia F, Menkes C. Geosat-derived sea level and surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific during the 1986–1989 El Niño and La Niña. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fu LL, Christensen EJ, Yamarone CA, Lefebvre M, Ménard Y, Dorrer M, Escudier P. TOPEX/POSEIDON mission overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tapley BD, Ries JC, Davis GW, Eanes RJ, Schutz BE, Shum CK, Watkins MM, Marshall JA, Nerem RS, Putney BH, Klosko SM, Luthcke SB, Pavlis D, Williamson RG, Zelensky NP. Precision orbit determination for TOPEX/POSEIDON. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stammer D, Wunsch C. Preliminary assessment of the accuracy and precision of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data with respect to the large-scale ocean circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tapley BD, Schutz BE, Eanes RJ, Ries JC, Watkins MM. Lageos laser ranging contributions to geodynamics, geodesy, and orbital dynamics. CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPACE GEODESY TO GEODYNAMICS: EARTH DYNAMICS 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/gd024p0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chelton DB, Schlax MG. Spectral characteristics of time-dependent orbit errors in altimeter height measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jc00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wessel P. Observational constraints on models of the Hawaiian Hot Spot Swell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith DE, Lerch FJ, Nerem RS, Zuber MT, Patel GB, Fricke SK, Lemoine FG. An improved gravity model for Mars: Goddard Mars model 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93je01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Geodetic results from Lageos 1 and Doris satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/gd023p0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cazenave A, Houry S, Lago B, Dominh K. Geosat-derived geoid anomalies at medium wavelength. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jb03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Optimum data weighting and error calibration for estimation of gravitational parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00806341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cartwright DE, Ray RD. Energetics of global ocean tides from Geosat altimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wunsch C. Global-scale sea surface variability from combined altimetric and tide gauge measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jc01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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