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Fischer EV, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Millet DB, Mao J, Paulot F, Singh HB, Roiger A, Ries L, Talbot R, Dzepina K, Pandey Deolal S. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2679-2698. [PMID: 33758588 PMCID: PMC7983850 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. P. Sulprizio
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Princeton University, GFDL, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F. Paulot
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - L. Ries
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Talbot
- Federal Environment Agency, GAW Global Station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze, Germany
| | - K. Dzepina
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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Zhang G, Mu Y, Liu J, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:65-74. [PMID: 24649692 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring (October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer (March to August), ranging from 1.37-3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values (below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September (1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4 was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter (69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3 showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon (ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn (R = 0.91), spring (R = 0.94), and summer (R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes (deltaO3/deltaPAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3 consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.
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Cantrell CA, Shetter RE, Lind JA, McDaniel AH, Calvert JG, Parrish DD, Fehsenfeld FC, Buhr MP, Trainer M. An improved chemical amplifier technique for peroxy radical measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Turnipseed AA, Huey LG, Nemitz E, Stickel R, Higgs J, Tanner DJ, Slusher DL, Sparks JP, Flocke F, Guenther A. Eddy covariance fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs) and NOyto a coniferous forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Emmons LK, Hauglustaine DA, Müller JF, Carroll MA, Brasseur GP, Brunner D, Staehelin J, Thouret V, Marenco A. Data composites of airborne observations of tropospheric ozone and its precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jonquières I, Marenco A. Redistribution by deep convection and long-range transport of CO and CH4emissions from the Amazon basin, as observed by the airborne campaign TROPOZ II during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mauzerall DL, Logan JA, Jacob DJ, Anderson BE, Blake DR, Bradshaw JD, Heikes B, Sachse GW, Singh H, Talbot B. Photochemistry in biomass burning plumes and implications for tropospheric ozone over the tropical South Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prasad SS, Zipf EC, Zhao X. Potential atmospheric sources and sinks of nitrous oxide: 3. Consistency with the observed distributions of the mixing ratios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Edy J, Cautenet S, Brémaud P. Modeling ozone and carbon monoxide redistribution by shallow convection over the Amazonian rain forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacob DJ, Heikes EG, Fan SM, Logan JA, Mauzerall DL, Bradshaw JD, Singh HB, Gregory GL, Talbot RW, Blake DR, Sachse GW. Origin of ozone and NOxin the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moxim WJ, Levy H, Kasibhatla PS. Simulated global tropospheric PAN: Its transport and impact on NOx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Perros PE. Large-scale distribution of peroxyacetylnitrate from aircraft measurements during the TROPOZ II experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kleindienst TE. Recent developments in the chemistry and biology of peroxyacetyl nitrate. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1994. [DOI: 10.1163/156856794x00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Singh HB, Herlth D, O'Hara D, Zahnle K, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Talbot R, Crutzen PJ, Kanakidou M. Relationship of peroxyacetyl nitrate to active and total odd nitrogen at northern high latitudes: influence of reservoir species on NOx and O3. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1992; 97:16523-30. [PMID: 11538395 DOI: 10.1029/91jd00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), NO, NO2, HNO3, NOy (total odd nitrogen), and O3 were made in the high-latitude troposphere over North America and Greenland (35 degrees to 82 degrees N) during the Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE 3A) (July-August 1988) throughout 0-to 6-km altitudes. These data are analyzed to quantitatively describe the relationships between various odd nitrogen species and assess their significance to global tropospheric chemistry. In the free troposphere, PAN was as much as 25 times more abundant than NOx. PAN to NOx ratio increased with increasing altitude and latitude. PAN was found to be the single most abundant reactive nitrogen species in the free troposphere and constituted a major fraction of NOy, PAN to NOy ratios were about 0.1 in the boundary layer and increased to 0.4 in the free troposphere. A 2-D global photochemical model with C1-C3 hydrocarbon chemistry is used to compare model predictions with measured results. A sizable portion (approximately 50%) of the gaseous reactive nitrogen budget is unaccounted for, and unknown organic nitrates and pernitrates are expected to be present. Model calculations (August 1, 70 degrees N) show that a major fraction of the observed NOx (50 to 70% of median) may find its source in the available PAN reservoir. PAN and the unknown reservoir species may have the potential to control virtually the entire NOx availability of the high latitude troposphere. It is predicted that the summer NOx and O3 mixing ratios in the Arctic/sub-Arctic troposphere would be considerably lower in the absence of the ubiquitous PAN reservoir. Conversely, this PAN reservoir may be responsible for the observed temporal increase in tropospheric O3 at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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Shepson P, Hastie D, So K, Schiff H, Wong P. Relationships between PAN, PPN and O3 at urban and rural sites in Ontario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Singh HB, O'Hara D, Herlth D, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Blake DR, Crutzen PJ, Kanakidou MA. Atmospheric measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate and other organic nitrates at high latitudes: Possible sources and sinks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacob DJ, Wofsy SC. Budgets of reactive nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ozone over the Amazon forest during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bakwin PS, Wofsy SC, Fan SM. Measurements of reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) within and above a tropical forest canopy in the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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