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Tiwari RR, Raghavan S. Spirometric Measurement among Polyurethane Foam Mattress-making Workers of India. Indian J Community Med 2021; 46:313-316. [PMID: 34321750 PMCID: PMC8281860 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_909_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The polyurethane foam (PUF) mattress-making workers are exposed to isocyanates which are known respiratory toxicants and cause effect on pulmonary volumes and flows. Thus, the study was with a rationale to measure the changes in pulmonary flow and volumes due to isocyanates among PUF mattress-making workers. Materials and Methods: The study included 183 male workers from seven PUF making units of western and northern India. Using the interview technique as a tool for data collection, demographic and occupational details of the subjects were recorded on the predesigned and pretested pro forma. The mean of spirometric parameters was compared using one-way ANOVA and t-test. The relation between spirometric parameters and anthropometric parameters was analyzed using the correlation coefficient. Results: The spirometry showed that out of 183 participants, 165 (90.2%) subjects had normal spirometry, 13 (7.1%) had restrictive impairment, and 4 (2.2%) had obstructive impairment. All the mean spirometric values showed a declining trend with increasing age, while only forced expiratory volume in first second and forced vital capacity25%–75% showed a declining trend with increasing duration of employment. The spirometric measurements had a negative correlation with age and positive correlation with height. Conclusion: The spirometric values representing the airway flow were affected. The associated factors include age and duration of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnarayan Ramshankar Tiwari
- Department of Industrial Hygiene, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sampathraju Raghavan
- ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on new findings in the clinical and inflammatory aspects that can help to better identify the different phenotypes of work-related asthma and the development of specific biomarkers useful in diagnosis and follow-up. RECENT FINDINGS Studies on phenotyping of occupational asthma, a subtype of work-related asthma, have mainly compared the clinical, physiological, and inflammatory patterns associated with the type of agent causing occupational asthma, namely, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight agents. Most of this research has found that patients with occupational asthma due to high-molecular-weight agents have an associated presence of rhinitis, conjunctivitis, atopy, and a pattern of early asthmatic reactions during specific inhalation challenge. The inflammatory profile (blood eosinophils, sputum cell count, or exhaled nitric oxide) may be similar when occupational asthma is caused by either type of agent. In some studies, severity of asthma and exacerbations have been associated with exposure to low-molecular-weight agents. The most reliable biomarkers in diagnosis and follow-up are eosinophilia in induced sputum and exhaled nitric oxide. SUMMARY There are several phenotypes, characterized by its pathogenesis and inflammatory profile. Avoidance of the causative agents does not warrant complete recovery of occupational asthma. Treatment with biologic agents may be considered in severe occupational asthma.
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Taghiakbari M, Pralong JA, Lemière C, Moullec G, Saha-Chaudhuri P, Cartier A, Castano R, Suarthana E. Novel clinical scores for occupational asthma due to exposure to high-molecular-weight agents. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:495-501. [PMID: 31005857 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specific inhalation challenge (SIC) as the reference diagnostic test for occupational asthma (OA) is not widely available worldwide. We aimed to develop non-SIC-based models for OA. METHODS Of 427 workers who were exposed to high-molecular-weight agents and referred to OA clinic at Montréal Sacré-Cœur Hospital between 1983 and 2016, we analysed 160 workers who completed non-specific bronchial hyper-responsiveness (NSBHR) tests and still worked 1 month before SIC. OA was defined as positive SIC. Logistic regression models were developed. The accuracy of the models was quantified using calibration and discrimination measures. Their internal validity was evaluated with bootstrapping procedures. The final models were translated into clinical scores and stratified into probability groups. RESULTS The final model, which included age ≤40 years, rhinoconjunctivitis, inhaled corticosteroid use, agent type, NSBHR, and work-specific sensitisation had a reasonable internal validity. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was 0.91 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.95), statistically significantly higher than the combination of positive NSBHR and work-specific sensitisation (AUC=0.84). The top 70% of the clinical scores (ie, the high probability group) showed a significantly higher sensitivity (96.4%vs86.9%) and negative predictive value (93.6%vs84.1%) than the combination of positive NSBHR and work-specific sensitisation (p value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS We developed novel scores for OA induced by high-molecular-weight agents with excellent discrimination. It could be helpful for secondary-care physicians who have access to pulmonary function test and allergy testing in identifying subjects at a high risk of having OA and in deciding on appropriate referral to a tertiary centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Taghiakbari
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques-André Pralong
- Service de pneumologie, Institute for Work and Health, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Lemière
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory Moullec
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paramita Saha-Chaudhuri
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Cartier
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberto Castano
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eva Suarthana
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Vandenplas O, Godet J, Hurdubaea L, Rifflart C, Suojalehto H, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Munoz X, Sastre J, Klusackova P, Moore V, Merget R, Talini D, Kirkeleit J, Mason P, Folletti I, Cullinan P, Moscato G, Quirce S, Hoyle J, Sherson D, Kauppi P, Preisser A, Meyer N, de Blay F. Severe Occupational Asthma: Insights From a Multicenter European Cohort. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 7:2309-2318.e4. [PMID: 30914232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sensitizer-induced occupational asthma (OA) accounts for an appreciable fraction of adult asthma, the severity of OA has received little attention. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the burden and determinants of severe OA in a large multicenter cohort of subjects with OA. METHODS This retrospective study included 997 subjects with OA ascertained by a positive specific inhalation challenge completed in 20 tertiary centers in 11 European countries during the period 2006 to 2015. Severe asthma was defined by a high level of treatment and any 1 of the following criteria: (1) daily need for a reliever medication, (2) 2 or more severe exacerbations in the previous year, or (3) airflow obstruction. RESULTS Overall, 162 (16.2%; 95% CI, 14.0%-18.7%) subjects were classified as having severe OA. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that severe OA was associated with persistent (vs reduced) exposure to the causal agent at work (odds ratio [OR], 2.78; 95% CI, 1.50-5.60); a longer duration of the disease (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.07); a low level of education (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.73-4.18); childhood asthma (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.13-7.36); and sputum production (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.87-4.38). In subjects removed from exposure, severe OA was associated only with sputum production (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.87-7.40); a low education level (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.72-6.80); and obesity (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 0.97-3.97). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that a substantial proportion of subjects with OA experience severe asthma and identifies potentially modifiable risk factors for severe OA that should be targeted to reduce the adverse impacts of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.
| | - Julien Godet
- Groupe Méthode Recherche Clinique, Pôle de Santé Publique, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Hurdubaea
- Division of Asthma and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, University Hospital of Strasbourg and Fédération de Médecine translationnelle, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Rifflart
- Department of Chest Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Hille Suojalehto
- Occcupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Xavier Munoz
- Servei Pneumologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Department of Allergy, Fundacion Jimenez Dıaz and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavlina Klusackova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vicky Moore
- Occupational Lung Disease Unit, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Merget
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Donatella Talini
- Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jorunn Kirkeleit
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paola Mason
- Unit of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilenia Folletti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paul Cullinan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College (NHLI), Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianna Moscato
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, and Allergy and Immunology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer Hoyle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Sherson
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paula Kauppi
- Department of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Preisser
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- Groupe Méthode Recherche Clinique, Pôle de Santé Publique, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric de Blay
- Division of Asthma and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, University Hospital of Strasbourg and Fédération de Médecine translationnelle, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
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Vandenplas O, Godet J, Hurdubaea L, Rifflart C, Suojalehto H, Wiszniewska M, Munoz X, Sastre J, Klusackova P, Moore V, Merget R, Talini D, Svanes C, Mason P, dell'Omo M, Cullinan P, Moscato G, Quirce S, Hoyle J, Sherson DL, Kauppi P, Preisser A, Meyer N, de Blay F. Are high- and low-molecular-weight sensitizing agents associated with different clinical phenotypes of occupational asthma? Allergy 2019; 74:261-272. [PMID: 29956349 DOI: 10.1111/all.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-molecular-weight (HMW) proteins and low-molecular-weight (LMW) chemicals can cause occupational asthma (OA) although few studies have thoroughly compared the clinical, physiological, and inflammatory patterns associated with these different types of agents. The aim of this study was to determine whether OA induced by HMW and LMW agents shows distinct phenotypic profiles. METHODS Clinical and functional characteristics, and markers of airway inflammation were analyzed in an international, multicenter, retrospective cohort of subjects with OA ascertained by a positive inhalation challenge response to HMW (n = 544) and LMW (n = 635) agents. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between OA caused by HMW agents and work-related rhinitis (OR [95% CI]: 4.79 [3.28-7.12]), conjunctivitis (2.13 [1.52-2.98]), atopy (1.49 [1.09-2.05]), and early asthmatic reactions (2.86 [1.98-4.16]). By contrast, OA due to LMW agents was associated with chest tightness at work (2.22 [1.59-3.03]), daily sputum (1.69 [1.19-2.38]), and late asthmatic reactions (1.52 [1.09-2.08]). Furthermore, OA caused by HMW agents showed a higher risk of airflow limitation (1.76 [1.07-2.91]), whereas OA due to LMW agents exhibited a higher risk of severe exacerbations (1.32 [1.01-1.69]). There were no differences between the two types of agents in the baseline sputum inflammatory profiles, but OA caused by HMW agents showed higher baseline blood eosinophilia and a greater postchallenge increase in fractional nitric oxide. CONCLUSION This large cohort study describes distinct phenotypic profiles in OA caused by HMW and LMW agents. There is a need to further explore differences in underlying pathophysiological pathways and outcome after environmental interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur; Université Catholique de Louvain; Yvoir Belgium
| | - Julien Godet
- Pôle de Santé Publique; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
| | - Laura Hurdubaea
- Division of Asthma and Allergy; Department of Chest Diseases; University Hospital of Strasbourg and Fédération de Médecine translationnelle; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
| | - Catherine Rifflart
- Department of Chest Medicine; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur; Université Catholique de Louvain; Yvoir Belgium
| | - Hille Suojalehto
- Occcupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health; Helsinki Finland
| | - Marta Wiszniewska
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health; Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine; Lodz Poland
| | - Xavier Munoz
- Servei Pneumologia; Hospital Vall d'Hebron; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Barcelona Spain
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Department of Allergy; Fundacion Jimenez Dıaz and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Pavlina Klusackova
- Department of Occupational Medicine; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vicky Moore
- Occupational Lung Disease Unit; Birmingham Heartlands Hospital; Birmingham UK
| | - Rolf Merget
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (PA); Ruhr University; Bochum Germany
| | - Donatella Talini
- Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Occupational Medicine; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Paola Mason
- Unit of Occupational Medicine and Public Health; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Marco dell'Omo
- Department of Medicine; Section of Occupational Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Occupational and Environmental Toxicology; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Paul Cullinan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College (NHLI); Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Gianna Moscato
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- Allergy and Immunology Unit; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri; IRCCS; Pavia Italy
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy; Hospital La Paz; Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - Jennifer Hoyle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; North Manchester General Hospital; Manchester UK
| | - David L. Sherson
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Occupational Medicine; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Paula Kauppi
- Department of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Alexandra Preisser
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- Pôle de Santé Publique; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
| | - Frédéric de Blay
- Division of Asthma and Allergy; Department of Chest Diseases; University Hospital of Strasbourg and Fédération de Médecine translationnelle; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
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Magagnotti N, Nannicini C, Sciarra G, Spinelli R, Volpi D. Determining the exposure of chipper operators to inhalable wood dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:784-92. [PMID: 23316075 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The study surveyed wood chipping operations in order to determine the exposure of chipper operators to wood dust and suggest suitable countermeasures. The survey included both industrial and small-scale chipping operations, all located in Central Italy, on the Apennine mountain range. During the survey, 60 samples were collected using standardized methods. For the purpose of the tests, each operator carried a wearable active sampler connected to a suction pump. When operators sat inside an enclosed cab, samples were also collected outside the cab in order to gauge the dust abatement effect of a protected work station. Exposure to dust varied widely with wood conditions and machine productivity, and only occasionally exceeded the 5mg m(-3) legal limit. Operators working inside a cab were three times less exposed than operators working outside, and they were never exposed to concentrations exceeding the legal limit. It is adviceable that people working full-time as chipper operators are positioned inside an enclosed cab, for limiting their exposure to wood dust. Small-scale operators are generally part-timers, which further reduces their long-term exposure.
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Immunological determinants in a murine model of toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2012. [PMID: 23184444 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diisocyanates (DIC) are highly reactive, low-molecular-weight chemicals which are the leading cause of occupational asthma (OA). The aim of the study was to analyze certain aspects of the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in the airways induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in an experimental model in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out on 50 female BALB/cJ/Han/IMP mice, which were exposed by inhalation (intranasal and in the inhalation chamber) to toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI). After the experiment, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected from the animals, and the composition of the induced inflammatory cells, and the concentrations of certain cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α) were evaluated. RESULTS The total number of cells in BALF of the examined group of mice was significantly higher compared to the control mice. There was also a significant increase in neutrophils and eosinophils in the study group compared to the controls. The number of lymphocytes and macrophages did not differ significantly between the two groups. A statistically significant increase in the level of TNF-α was shown to occur in the group exposed to toluene diisocyanate in comparison to the control group. The concentration of IL-4 increased in the study group, compared to the control one, but the differences did not reach the level of significance, p > 0.05. Such difference was not observed for IL-5. CONCLUSIONS We developed a murine model of TDI-induced asthma which caused the influx of inflammatory cells like eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the TDI-treated mice. The increase of the concentration of some proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4) in BALF from the exposed mice was also observed.
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Moscato G, Pala G, Perfetti L, Frascaroli M, Pignatti P. Clinical and inflammatory features of occupational asthma caused by persulphate salts in comparison with asthma associated with occupational rhinitis. Allergy 2010; 65:784-90. [PMID: 20015325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between asthma and rhinitis are still a crucial point in respiratory allergy and have scarcely been analysed in occupational setting. We aimed to compare the clinical and inflammatory features of subjects with occupational asthma only (OA) to subjects with OA associated to occupational rhinitis (OAR) caused by persulphate salts. METHODS The clinical charts of 26 subjects diagnosed in our Unit as respiratory allergy caused by ammonium persulphate (AP), confirmed by specific inhalation challenge (SIC), were reviewed. Twenty-two out of twenty-six patients underwent pre-SIC-induced sputum challenge test (IS) and 24/26 underwent nasal secretion collection and processing. RESULTS Twelve out of twenty-six patients received a diagnosis of OA-only and 14/26 of OAR. Duration of exposure before diagnosis, latency period between the beginning of exposure and asthma symptom onset, basal FEV(1), airway reactivity to methacholine and asthma severity did not differ in the two groups. Eosinophilic inflammation of upper and lower airways characterized both groups. Eosinophil percentage in IS tended to be higher in OAR [11.9 (5.575-13.925)%] than in OA-only [2.95 (0.225-12.5)%] (P = 0.31). Eosinophilia in nasal secretions was present both in subjects with OAR [55 (46-71)%] and in subjects with OA-only [38 (15-73.5)%], without any significant difference. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that OA because of ammonium persulphate coexists with occupational rhinitis in half of the patients. Unexpectedly, rhinitis did not seem to have an impact on the natural history of asthma. The finding of nasal inflammation in subjects with OA-only without clinical manifestations of rhinitis supports the united airway disease concept in occupational respiratory allergy as a result of persulphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moscato
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Institute of Research and Care, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Via Maugeri 10, Pavia, Italy.
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Descatha A, Leproust H, Choudat D, Garnier R, Pairon JC, Ameille J. Factors associated with severity of occupational asthma with a latency period at diagnosis. Allergy 2007; 62:795-801. [PMID: 17573728 PMCID: PMC2668791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severity of occupational asthma at diagnosis is an important prognostic factor. The aim of this study was to determine which factors affect the severity of occupational asthma with a latency period at diagnosis. METHODS The study population consisted of 229 consecutive subjects with occupational asthma with a latency period recruited by four occupational health departments and divided into two groups according to the severity of the disease at diagnosis. The moderate-severe (FEV(1) <70% predicted, or PD(20) methacholine </=300 microg; n = 101) and mild (FEV(1)>/=70% predicted and PD(20) methacholine >300 microg, n = 128) groups were compared in terms of clinical and demographic parameters. Multivariate analysis using logistic regressions was performed to examine factors associated with asthma severity. RESULTS Duration of symptoms before diagnosis was significantly longer in the moderate-severe group (mean +/- SD: 6.3 +/- 6.8 years vs 3.4 +/- 4.4 years, P < 0.001). Sex ratio, age, atopy, smoking habits, duration of exposure before symptoms, and molecular weight of the causal agent were not significantly different between the two groups. On multivariate analysis, only duration of symptoms before diagnosis was associated with asthma severity (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.18, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Severity of occupational asthma with a latency period at diagnosis was associated with duration of symptoms before diagnosis, but not with the type of causal agent. This finding emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and avoidance of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Descatha
- Santé publique et épidémiologie des déterminants professionnels et sociaux de la santé
INSERM : U687IFR69Université Paris Sud - Paris XIUniversité de Versailles-Saint Quentin en YvelinesHôpital Paul Brousse
16, av Paul Vaillant Couturier
94807 VILLEJUIF,FR
- Unité de pathologie professionnelle et de santé au travail
AP-HPHôpital Raymond PoincaréGarches,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Alexis Descatha
| | - Hélène Leproust
- Unité de pathologie professionnelle et de santé au travail
AP-HPHôpital Raymond PoincaréGarches,FR
| | - Dominique Choudat
- Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-France
Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-FranceFR
- Service de pathologie professionnelle
AP-HPUniversité Paris Descartes - Paris VFR
| | - Robert Garnier
- Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-France
Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-FranceFR
- Consultation de pathologie professionnelle
AP-HPHôpital françois Widal
Paris,FR
| | - Jean-Claude Pairon
- Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-France
Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-FranceFR
- Unité de pathologie professionnelle
Centre hospitalier intercommunal de CréteilFR
| | - Jacques Ameille
- Unité de pathologie professionnelle et de santé au travail
AP-HPHôpital Raymond PoincaréGarches,FR
- Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-France
Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-FranceFR
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Barber CM, Naylor S, Bradshaw LM, Francis M, Harris-Roberts J, Rawbone R, Curran AD, Fishwick D. Approaches to the diagnosis and management of occupational asthma amongst UK respiratory physicians. Respir Med 2007; 101:1903-8. [PMID: 17582752 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the approach to the diagnosis and management of occupational asthma amongst general (non-specialist) respiratory consultants in the UK. A random sample of 100 UK general respiratory physicians were invited to participate, and asked to provide information on their diagnostic approach to a case scenario of a patient with possible occupational asthma relating to flour exposure. Participation rates were 42% for the main part of the study. Less than half of consultants specifically reported they would ask whether symptoms improved away from work, and just over a third mentioned examining the patient. All of those interviewed recommended a chest X-ray, and 98% simple spirometry. Eighty-six per cent suggested measurement of serial peak flows, recorded for between 2 and 8 weeks, with measurements taken half-twelve hourly. Less than half advocated a specific flour allergy test, and almost one-quarter (23%) would not perform any immunological test at all. Once a diagnosis of occupational asthma was confirmed, less than two-thirds of those interviewed commented they would recommend some form of exposure reduction, and only 28% specifically stated they would offer compensation advice. The diagnosis of occupational asthma by general respiratory physicians within the UK lacks standardisation, and in some cases falls short of evidence-based best practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Barber
- Centre for Workplace Health, Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN Derbyshire, UK.
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11
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for many chronic illnesses such as coronary heart and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Smoking is often described as a risk factor for occupational asthma even though its effect on the development of asthma is still under debate and the links between smoking and occupational asthma, occupational rhinitis or occupational sensitization are elusive, controversial and contradictory. This review describes these relationships in a wide range of occupations, from laboratory, farm, brewery and hospital workers, to bakers, printers, cleaners, fish processors and others as observed in cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies published over the past thirty-five years i.e. from 1970 to 2005. Surprisingly, the data show there is little to support the view that the risk of occupational asthma is increased in workers who are smokers. However, evidence emerges of an increased risk of occupational sensitization in smoking workers exposed to several high and low molecular weight agents. This in-depth review confirms the relationship between smoking and occupational asthma is complex and contradictory. It deserves more attention and further studies, which need to be conducted without being influenced by selection bias or by the justifiable prejudice against smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siracusa
- Occupational Allergology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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12
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Barbinova L, Baur X. Increase in exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) after work-related isocyanate exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006; 79:387-95. [PMID: 16421715 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-005-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of eNO changes post inhalative isocyanate challenge tests (DeltaeNO) with regard to specific asthmatic reactions and unspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to predict clinical and subclinical responses of isocyanate workers. METHODS 55 workers with isocyanate-related respiratory complaints (29 with BHR and 25 without BHR) underwent occupational-type challenge tests. We determined eNO before, during and up to 22 h after diagnostic isocyanate challenge. RESULTS The 12 asthmatic responders (22%) in the isocyanate-challenge test showed the highest eNO changes 22 h after challenge as well as a significant association between these changes and BHR. There was a positive association between an eNO increase of > 50% and an asthmatic response when compared to nonresponders with an odds ratio of 6.1; 95% CI 1.4-26.3; P = 0.02. More than half of the employees with BHR (52%) but only 20% of those without BHR developed an eNO rise of > 50% after 22 h. Furthermore, a significant positive association was found between the combination of BHR plus eNO increase of 50% after 22 h and the maximum sRaw change (% of baseline value) during the period 0-22 h after isocyanate exposure. The combination of BHR and eNO increase of > 50% was also associated with clinical symptoms during specific challenge tests (cough, shortness of breath, and/or rhinitis). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS An eNO increase 22 h post isocyanate challenge occurred in two-thirds of responders and in approximately half of nonresponders with BHR but only rarely in those without BHR. The combination of BHR and eNO increase in nonresponders may offer a new diagnostic tool to register subjects with an increased risk of developing occupational asthma. However, a large study group to perform follow-up investigations into this topic would be helpful to emphasize the importance of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barbinova
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Ordinariat und Zentralinstitut für Arbeitsmedizin, University of Hamburg, Seewartenstrasse 10, D-20459, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Substantial epidemiologic and clinical evidence indicates that agents inhaled at work can induce asthma. In industrialized countries, occupational factors have been implicated in 9 to 15% of all cases of adult asthma. Work-related asthma includes (1) immunologic occupational asthma (OA), characterized by a latency period before the onset of symptoms; (2) nonimmunologic OA, which occurs after single or multiple exposures to high concentrations of irritant materials; (3) work-aggravated asthma, which is preexisting or concurrent asthma exacerbated by workplace exposures; and (4) variant syndromes. Assessment of the work environment has improved, making it possible to measure concentrations of several high- and low-molecular-weight agents in the workplace. The identification of host factors, polymorphisms, and candidate genes associated with OA is in progress and may improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in OA. A reliable diagnosis of OA should be confirmed by objective testing early after its onset. Removal of the worker from exposure to the causal agent and treatment with inhaled glucocorticoids lead to a better outcome. Finally, strategies for preventing OA should be implemented and their cost-effectiveness examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Mapp
- Section of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
The prevalence of occupational asthma is rising, possibly due to the introduction of different chemicals and substances in the workplace. Etiologic agents include organic and inorganic compounds that are encountered in a variety of industries. Early diagnosis, adequate management of inflammation, and prevention of further exposure are essential to occupational asthma management. Reducing complications and disability while providing work rehabilitation should be the ultimate goal of the health care provider. This article discusses these issues and gives guidance to the clinician treating patients with possible occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Vigo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8122, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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15
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Theron AJ, Ramafi GJ, Feldman C, Grimmer H, Visser SS, Anderson R. Effects of platinum and palladium ions on the production and reactivity of neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:1408-17. [PMID: 15135177 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of platinum, as hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (Pt; 0.0025-25 microM), on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by human neutrophils in vitro. ROS were measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (LECL). Addition of Pt to neutrophils was accompanied by a lag phase of about 1 min, followed by a linear dose-related increase in LECL, which peaked at around 4 min and achieved statistical significance at concentrations of 0.025 microM Pt and higher. Interestingly, Pt-mediated enhancement of LECL was not associated with meaningful alterations in neutrophil oxygen consumption, assembly of NADPH oxidase, or cytosolic Ca2+ and was completely attenuated by superoxide dismutase and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, but not by catalase or scavengers of hydroxyl radical, and was undetectable with cells from individuals with chronic granulomatous disease. Exposure of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor to Pt-treated neutrophils resulted in inactivation of elastase-inhibitory capacity, underscoring the potential toxicity of neutrophil/Pt interactions. The pro-oxidative actions of Pt were mimicked by palladium (Pd), but not by cisplatin or rhodium. These observations demonstrate that Pt and Pd potentiate the reactivity, as opposed to the generation of neutrophil-derived oxidants, an activity that may contribute to airway inflammation in occupationally and possibly environmentally exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette J Theron
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Marabini A, Siracusa A, Stopponi R, Tacconi C, Abbritti G. Outcome of occupational asthma in patients with continuous exposure: a 3-year longitudinal study during pharmacologic treatment. Chest 2004; 124:2372-6. [PMID: 14665523 DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.6.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate (500 microg bid) and salmeterol (50 microg bid) on lung function and respiratory symptoms in 20 subjects with occupational asthma (OA) still exposed to the work environment cause of their disease. METHODS At enrollment and every 6 months for 3 years, respiratory symptom score (from 0 [no symptoms] to 2 [moderate-to-severe symptoms]), spirometry, methacholine challenge, peak expiratory flow (PEF) variability, and the use of rescue salbutamol were evaluated. During the 3 years of follow-up, 10 subjects were excluded from the study because they retired or changed jobs. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Symptoms of work-related asthma started 12.6 +/- 13.1 years (mean +/- SD) before diagnosis. At baseline, mean FEV(1) was 80.2% of predicted values and provocative dose of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PD(20)) was 1,001 +/- 1,275 microg; the workers received 2.1 +/- 2.4 puffs of salbutamol per day. After 3 years, no significant differences in any of the morbidity outcomes (FEV(1), PD(20), PEF variability, use of rescue salbutamol, respiratory symptom score) were found as compared with baseline or run-in values. CONCLUSIONS Regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators seems to prevent respiratory deterioration over a 3-year period in workers with mild-to-moderate persistent OA who were still exposed at work to the environmental cause of their disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marabini
- Occupational Medicine and Toxicology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Via E. Dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
Desloratadine, a potent, once-daily, orally active, nonsedating, histamine H1-receptor antagonist, inhibits the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Once-daily desloratadine therapy rapidly reduces the symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), reduces the use of inhaled albuterol by patients with SAR and concomitant asthma, and improves symptoms and quality of life in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. An open-label, observational study in SAR patients revealed that desloratadine therapy significantly reduced nasal, ocular, dermal, asthma, and total symptoms, and enabled half of the patients with concomitant asthma to reduce their use of asthma medications. Globally, more than 91% of patients and physicians judged desloratadine to have excellent or good efficacy, and more than 98% judged it to have excellent or good tolerability. Furthermore, desloratadine therapy improved quality of life, decreasing by more than 10-fold the percentage of patients whose daily activities and/or sleep were moderately or severely affected by SAR. Allergic rhinitis, a major chronic airway disease that is a risk factor for asthma, warrants extended diagnostic procedures and well-tolerated therapy that encompasses the entire airway, addresses multiple steps in the allergic inflammatory cascade, and is effective on nasal, ocular, dermal, asthma, and total symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bachert
- ENT Department, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
A diversity of airborne dusts, gases, fumes, and vapors can cause dose-related symptoms in individuals exposed in the workplace. More than 250 chemicals have been incriminated as a cause of occupational asthma (OA). The prevalence of OA ranges from 2% to 6% of the asthmatic population. Predisposing factors facilitating the development of OA include the work environment, climatic conditions, genetic proclivities, tobacco and recreational drug use, respiratory infection, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Pathogenetically, new-onset OA may be immunologic or nonimmunologic in origin. The immunologic variants are usually caused by high molecular-weight allergens such as grain dust and animal or fish protein. Symptoms ensue after a latent period of months to years. Nonimmunologic OA can be precipitated by a brief, high-level exposure to a potent irritant. Symptoms occur immediately or within a few hours of the exposure. In either instance, once the diagnosis is established, the worker should be removed from the workplace. If the diagnosis is made in a timely fashion, most workers experience improvement. Prevention is the best therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil J Bardana
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, OP34, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA
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