1
|
Molecular Events in the Melanogenesis Cascade as Novel Melanoma-Targeted Small Molecules: Principle and Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225588. [PMID: 36428680 PMCID: PMC9688330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most malignant of all cancers. Melanoma occurs at the epidermo-dermal interface of the skin and mucosa, where small vessels and lymphatics are abundant. Consequently, from the onset of the disease, melanoma easily metastasizes to other organs throughout the body via lymphatic and blood circulation. At present, the most effective treatment method is surgical resection, and other attempted methods, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and gene therapy, have not yet produced sufficient results. Since melanogenesis is a unique biochemical pathway that functions only in melanocytes and their neoplastic counterparts, melanoma cells, the development of drugs that target melanogenesis is a promising area of research. Melanin consists of small-molecule derivatives that are always synthesized by melanoma cells. Amelanosis reflects the macroscopic visibility of color changes (hypomelanosis). Under microscopy, melanin pigments and their precursors are present in amelanotic melanoma cells. Tumors can be easily targeted by small molecules that chemically mimic melanogenic substrates. In addition, small-molecule melanin metabolites are toxic to melanocytes and melanoma cells and can kill them. This review describes our development of chemo-thermo-immunotherapy based on the synthesis of melanogenesis-based small-molecule derivatives and conjugation to magnetite nanoparticles. We also introduce the other melanogenesis-related chemotherapy and thermal medicine approaches and discuss currently introduced targeted therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors for unresectable/metastatic melanoma.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kondo N. DNA damage and biological responses induced by Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Enzymes 2022; 51:65-78. [PMID: 36336409 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a tumor cell selective high LET (linear energy transfer) particle beam therapy. The patient is administrated a boron (10B) compound via intravenous injection or infusion, and when 10B is sufficiently accumulated in the tumor, neutron beams containing epithermal neutrons as the main component are irradiated. Epithermal neutrons lose energy in the body and become thermal neutrons. The captured 10B undergoes a (n, α) reaction with thermal neutrons, and the resulting α particles and 7Li nuclei have short ranges of 9-10μm and 4-5μm, respectively, and do not reach the surrounding cells in normal tissues. Therefore, these high LET-heavy charged particles can selectively kill cancer cells. The cell-killing effect of these heavy charged particles is thought to be triggered by DNA damage. It is known that DNA damage caused by heavy charged particles is more serious and difficult to repair than DNA damage caused by Low LET radiation such as X-rays and γ-rays. This review focuses on DNA damage, e.g., DNA strand breaks and DNA damage repair caused by BNCT and describes the resulting biological response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kondo
- Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kondo N, Masutani M, Imamichi S, Matsumoto Y, Nakai K. Strategies for Preclinical Studies Evaluating the Biological Effects of an Accelerator-Based Boron Neutron Capture Therapy System. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2022; 38:173-183. [PMID: 36154293 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2022.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the strategies of preclinical studies intended for accelerator-based (AB)-boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) clinical trials, which were presented at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Workshop on Neutron Capture Therapy held from April 20 to 22, 2022. Clinical studies of BNCT have been conducted worldwide using reactor neutron sources, with most targeting malignant brain tumors, melanoma, or head and neck cancer. Recently, small accelerator-based neutron sources that can be installed in hospitals have been developed. AB-BNCT clinical trials for recurrent malignant glioma, head and neck cancers, high-grade meningioma, melanoma, and angiosarcoma have all been conducted in Japan. The necessary methods, equipment, and facilities for preclinical studies to evaluate the biological effects of AB-BNCT systems in terms of safety and efficacy are described, with reference to two examples from Japan. The first is the National Cancer Center, which is equipped with a vertical downward neutron beam, and the other is the University of Tsukuba, which has a horizontal neutron beam. The preclinical studies discussed include cell-based assays to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, in vivo cytotoxicity and efficacy of BNCT, and radioactivation measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kondo
- Particle Radiation Oncology Center, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Asashiro-Nishi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine School of Medicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Central Radioisotope Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of BNCT, EPOC, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Imamichi
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine School of Medicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Central Radioisotope Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of BNCT, EPOC, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Proton Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kei Nakai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Proton Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumada H, Takada K, Tanaka S, Matsumoto Y, Naito F, Kurihara T, Sugimura T, Sato M, Matsumura A, Sakurai H, Sakae T. Evaluation of the characteristics of the neutron beam of a linac-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 165:109246. [PMID: 32692654 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The linac-base neutron source "iBNCT" developed by the Tsukuba team has begun to generate a large intensity of neutrons. To confirm the applicability of the device to BNCT, several characteristic measurements have been implemented. In a water phantom experiment, when the accelerator was operated with an average current of 1.4 mA, the maximum thermal neutron flux was approximately 7.8 × 108 (n/cm2/s). Results demonstrate the stability of the linac over time, showing its promising potential for future patient treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kumada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Kenta Takada
- Gunma Prefectural College of Health Sciences, 323-1, Kamiokimachi, Maebashi, 317-0052, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fujio Naito
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kurihara
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugimura
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Masaharu Sato
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumura
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakurai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeji Sakae
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Sil BC, Kung CP, Hadgraft J, Heinrich M, Sinko B, Lane ME. Characterization and topical delivery of phenylethyl resorcinol. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 41:479-488. [PMID: 31378949 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) has been used widely in the personal care industry as a novel skin lightening ingredient. Surprisingly, there is only limited information describing the physicochemical properties of this active. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of PR. A secondary objective was to investigate the delivery of this molecule to mammalian skin. METHODS Phenylethyl resorcinol was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A new high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for analysis of PR was developed and validated. The log P (octanol water partition coefficient), value, solubility and short-term stability of PR in a series of vehicles were also determined using HPLC. The evaporation of the selected vehicles was examined using dynamic vapour sorption (DVS). The permeation profiles of PR were investigated under finite dose conditions in porcine and human skin. RESULTS The melting point of PR was determined to be 79.13 °C and the measured log P (octanol water partition coefficient) at 21 °C was 3.35 ± 0.03. The linearity of the HPLC analytical method was confirmed with an r2 value of 0.99. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by average recovery rates at three tested concentrations, and the values ranged from 99 to 106%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.19 and 0.57 μg mL-1 , respectively. The solubility of PR in PG, DMI, glycerol was within the range of 367 to 877 mg mL-1 . The stability of PR in tested solvents was also confirmed by the 72 h stability studies. From the DVS studies, 70-125% of applied formulations were recovered at 24 h. The permeation through porcine skin at 24 h ranged from 4 to 13 μg cm-2 , while the corresponding amounts of PR delivered through human skin were 2 to 10 μg cm-2 . CONCLUSION The physicochemical properties of PR confirm it is suitable for dermal delivery. In this study, propylene glycol was the most promising vehicle for PR delivery to human skin. Future work will expand the range of vehicles studied and explore the percutaneous absorption from more complex formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - B C Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - C-P Kung
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - J Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - M Heinrich
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - B Sinko
- Pion Inc., 10 Cook Street, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Andoh T, Fujimoto T, Suzuki M, Sudo T, Sakurai Y, Tanaka H, Fujita I, Fukase N, Moritake H, Sugimoto T, Sakuma T, Sasai H, Kawamoto T, Kirihata M, Fukumori Y, Akisue T, Ono K, Ichikawa H. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) as a new approach for clear cell sarcoma (CCS) treatment: Trial using a lung metastasis model of CCS. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 106:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
7
|
Andoh T, Fujimoto T, Sudo T, Suzuki M, Sakurai Y, Sakuma T, Moritake H, Sugimoto T, Takeuchi T, Sonobe H, Epstein AL, Fukumori Y, Ono K, Ichikawa H. Boron neutron capture therapy as new treatment for clear cell sarcoma: Trial on different animal model. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 88:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Belitsky JM. Aryl boronic acid inhibition of synthetic melanin polymerization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4475-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Boron neutron capture therapy for glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2008; 262:143-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to Identify Inhibitors of Melanin Biosynthesis via the Quality Control of Tyrosinase. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:751-61. [PMID: 17218941 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase, a copper-containing glycoprotein, is the rate-limiting enzyme critical for melanin biosynthesis in specialized organelles termed melanosomes that are produced only by melanocytic cells. Inhibitors of tyrosinase activity have long been sought as therapeutic means to treat cutaneous hyperpigmentary disorders. Multiple potential approaches exist that could control pigmentation via the regulation of tyrosinase activity, for example: the transcription of its messenger RNA, its maturation via glycosylation, its trafficking to melanosomes, as well as modulation of its catalytic activity and/or stability. However, relatively little attention has been paid to regulating pigmentation via the stability of tyrosinase, which depends on its processing and maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, its delivery to melanosomes and its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and/or the endosomal/lysosomal system. Recently, it has been shown that carbohydrate modification, molecular chaperone engagement, and ubiquitylation all play pivotal roles in regulating the degradation/stability of tyrosinase. While such processes affect virtually all proteins, such effects on tyrosinase have immediate and dramatic consequences on pigmentation. In this review, we classify melanogenic inhibitory factors in terms of their modulation of tyrosinase function and we summarize current understanding of how the quality control of tyrosinase processing impacts its stability and melanogenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Ando
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Morita N, Hiratsuka J, Kondoh H, Uno M, Asano T, Niki Y, Sakurai Y, Ono K, Harada T, Imajo Y. Improvement of the Tumor-Suppressive Effect of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Amelanotic Melanoma by Intratumoral Injection of theTyrosinaseGene. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3747-53. [PMID: 16585201 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is successful when there is a sufficient (10)B concentration in tumor cells. In melanoma, (10)B-para-boronophenylalanine (BPA) accumulation is proportional to melanin-producing activity. This study was done to confirm enhancement of the tumor-suppressive effect of BNCT on amelanotic melanoma by intratumoral injection of the tyrosinase gene. D178 or FF amelanotic melanomas were implanted s.c. in Syrian hamsters. One group of D178- or FF-bearing hamsters (TD178 or TFF group) received intratumoral injections of pcDNA-Tyrs constructed as a tyrosinase expression plasmid. The other hamsters (pD178 and pFF groups) were injected with pUC119, and control hamsters (D178 and FF groups) only with transfection reagents. All the groups underwent immunofluorescence analysis of tyrosinase expression and BPA biodistribution studies. BNCT experiments were done at the Kyoto University Research Reactor. Tyrosinase expression increased in the tumors of the TD178 and TFF groups but remained the same in the pD178 and pFF groups. Tumor boron concentrations in the TD178 and TFF groups increased significantly (TD178: 49.7 +/- 12.6 versus D178: 27.2 +/- 4.9 microg/g, P < 0.0001; TFF: 30.7 +/- 6.6 versus FF: 13.0 +/- 4.7 microg/g, P < 0.0001). The BNCT tumor-suppressive effect was marked in the TD178 and TFF groups. In vivo transfection with the tyrosinase gene increased BPA accumulation in the tumors, the BNCT tumor-suppressive effect on amelanotic melanoma being significantly enhanced. These findings suggest a potential new clinical strategy for the treatment of amelanotic melanoma with BNCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Morita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Okayama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kabalka GW, Yao ML. Synthesis of a novel boronated 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid as a potential boron neutron capture therapy agent. Appl Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|