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Pincus JD. Values as Motives: Implications for theory, methods, and practice. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024:10.1007/s12124-024-09817-z. [PMID: 38321258 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-024-09817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The concept of human values is central to the study of culture, ethics, politics, anthropology, sociology, social psychology, environmental studies, health policy, education, management, and human capital. Because it represents the ultimate "why" behind decisions and behaviors, as a concept it plays an outsized role in both theory and practice in each of these fields. Despite the centrality of human values in these domains, the concept lacks theoretical consensus among scholars and practitioners. Like the concepts of subjective well-being, organizational culture, employee engagement, and leadership, the values literature suffers from concept proliferation and cries out for clearly stated definitions that embed the concept within a solid theoretical framework. In this article, we advocate for a fundamental reconsideration of the concept of values, anchoring it within a new psychological theory of human motivation based on first principles. Our primary contribution lies in demonstrating that the operational definitions utilized by academics and practitioners alike can be thought of as attempts to approach concepts of human motivation, specifically, emotional needs, without fully getting there. We review the leading definitions of human values in the literature, concluding that they can be distilled to a fundamental set of human emotional needs, each associated with extensive literatures of their own. We introduce a comprehensive framework of 12 human emotional needs and argue that a comprehensive motivational framework offers significant advantages over current theoretical approaches, which tend to spin off an ever-expanding list of concepts. We consider the impact of embedding values concepts within existing motivational constructs with clear benefits for: (a) theory development, (b) method development, and (c) practical applications, emphasizing the advantages of clear operational definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Pincus
- Employee Benefit Research Institute, 901 D Street, SW, Suite 802, Washington, DC, 20024 , USA.
- Research and Development, Leading Indicator Systems, One Franklin Street, Boston, MA, 02110, USA.
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Kelly T, Bouman T, Kemp S, Wijngaarden F, Grace RC. Exploration of children's value patterns in relation to environmental education programmes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1264487. [PMID: 38034307 PMCID: PMC10683089 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1264487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During childhood we begin to develop values, including valuing the natural environment (biospheric values). Although biospheric values are believed to provide the foundation for pro-environmental behavior throughout the course of one's life, little research has investigated these values in children. The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between children's endorsement of biospheric values, their pro-environmental behaviors, and their perception of their friends' and peers' endorsement of biospheric values. Moreover, we investigated whether these values and behaviors, as well as the hypothesized relationships, were affected by educational programmes that were already implemented at schools. The results showed that children generally strongly endorse biospheric values, and that biospheric values were positively related to some personal and group pro-environmental behaviors. The study also found that, as in previous research with adults, the participants believed that their friends and peers endorsed biospheric values significantly less than they themselves did. Environmental educational programs were partially effective in reducing the participants' underestimation of their friends' biospheric values and increased the likelihood of some group pro-environmental behaviors. Our findings highlight the need for further research to investigate the effects of group pro-environmental behaviors and the perception of group values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kelly
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thijs Bouman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Simon Kemp
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Franka Wijngaarden
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Randolph C. Grace
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Hillman JG, Fowlie DI, MacDonald TK. Social Verification Theory: A New Way to Conceptualize Validation, Dissonance, and Belonging. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:309-331. [PMID: 36461780 PMCID: PMC10363943 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221138384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT In the present review, we propose a theory that seeks to recontextualize various existing theories as functions of people's perceptions of their consistency with those around them. This theory posits that people seek social consistency for both epistemic and relational needs and that social inconsistency is both negative and aversive, similar to the experience of cognitive dissonance. We further posit that the aversive nature of perceiving social inconsistency leads people to engage in various behaviors to mitigate or avoid these inconsistencies. When these behaviors fail, however, people experience chronic social inconsistency, which, much like chronic rejection, is associated with physical and mental health and well-being outcomes. Finally, we describe how mitigation and avoidance of social inconsistency underlie many seemingly unrelated theories, and we provide directions for how future research may expand on this theory. PUBLIC ABSTRACT In the present review, we propose that people find inconsistency with those around them to be an unpleasant experience, as it threatens people's core need to belong. Because the threat of reduced belongingness evokes negative feelings, people are motivated to avoid inconsistency with others and to mitigate the negative feelings that are produced when it inevitably does arise. We outline several types of behaviors that can be implemented to avoid or mitigate these inconsistencies (e.g., validation, affirmation, distancing, etc.). When these behaviors cannot be implemented successfully, people experience chronic invalidation, which is associated with reduced physical and mental health and well-being outcomes. We discuss how invalidation may disproportionately affect individuals with minoritized identities. Furthermore, we discuss how belongingness could play a key role in radicalization into extremist groups.
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Nishimura T, Komura K. How to facilitate intrinsic aspirations: An intervention through self-determination theory perspectives. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2023.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Abstract
Human behavior plays a critical role in causing global climate change as well as in responding to it. In this article, I review important insights on the psychology of climate change. I first discuss factors that affect the likelihood that individuals engage in a wide range of climate actions. Next, I review the processes through which values affect climate actions and reflect on how to motivate climate actions among people who do not strongly care about nature, the environment, and climate change. Then I explain that even people who may be motivated to engage in climate actions may not do so when they face major barriers to act. This implies that to promote wide-scale climate actions, broader system changes are needed. I discuss relevant factors that affect public support for system changes that facilitate and enable climate action. Finally, I summarize key lessons learned and identify important questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Steg
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Changing Personal Values through Value-Manipulation Tasks: A Systematic Literature Review Based on Schwartz's Theory of Basic Human Values. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:692-715. [PMID: 35877452 PMCID: PMC9319275 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12070052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Theory of Basic Human Values, values are relatively stable, but not immutable, abstract goals which strongly influence peoples’ lives. Since their relative stability, psychosocial research is attempting to understand the extent to which it is possible to induce a voluntary change in people’s personal values. The main aim of this study was to systematically review the existing literature on experiments to induce a value change, also highlighting the theoretical perspectives used to develop the experimental tasks. We conducted a literature search of five databases (SCOPUS, ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science). After the screening and the eligibility phase, we included a total of 14 articles (25 experiments). Most of these studies involved university students and adopted a pre-and post-test design, using different manipulation tasks. The results highlighted the possibility of inducing a voluntary value change, assessed in terms of mean levels and/or rank order. These findings provide new insights regarding the stability of values in the light of the Theory of Basic Human Values. The practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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7
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Schuster C. Following Health Measures in the Pandemic: A Matter of Values? Front Psychol 2021; 12:731799. [PMID: 34594284 PMCID: PMC8477035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three studies (N = 887) tested the hypothesis that value consistency predicts intended coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) health behaviors and overrides other utility-based motivational factors. Accordingly, Study 1 showed that intentions of social distancing were higher if it was perceived as more value-consistent. The higher value consistency, the less self-interest inconsistency, and the perceived efficacy of social distancing mattered for intentions. On the other hand, Study 2 failed to induce value consistency experimentally. However, correlative results show a moderation pattern similar to Study 1 regarding social distancing intentions, policy support, and devaluation of transgressors. In Study 3, higher value consistency of vaccination reduced the experimental effect of prosocial efficacy but not the effect of self-interest efficacy of the vaccine. The findings are discussed regarding theoretical implications for the interplay of values and utility in motivation. In addition, implications for the potentially ambivalent effects of appealing to values to increase compliance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schuster
- Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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Susmann MW, Xu M, Clark JK, Wallace LE, Blankenship KL, Philipp-Muller AZ, Luttrell A, Wegener DT, Petty RE. Persuasion amidst a pandemic: Insights from the Elaboration Likelihood Model. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2021.1964744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Susmann
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mengran Xu
- School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jason K. Clark
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Laura E. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
| | | | | | - Andrew Luttrell
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, United States
| | - Duane T. Wegener
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard E. Petty
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Danioni F, Barni D. Value priorities, impression management and self-deceptive enhancement: Once again, much substance and a little bit of style. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:146-159. [PMID: 32538711 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1778619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The connection between self-reported personal values and socially desirable responding in social psychology has been backed up by little empirical evidence. This study expands upon the pioneering work carried out by Schwartz and colleagues by analyzing the relationship between values and social desirability through the use of different self-report measures of values and by considering the multidimensional nature of social desirability. The study involved 224 Italian respondents (63.4% female, mean age = 22.39, SD = 2.47) who completed a questionnaire. Results confirmed Schwartz et al.'s previous findings supporting the substantive hypothesis. Specifically, impression management was more related to values highlighting the importance of social harmony (i.e., conservation and self-transcendence) rather than to those characterized by a personal focus (i.e., openness to change and self-enhancement). However, a different pattern of connection was found for self-deceptive enhancement. This study addresses how to deal with social desirability in research into personal values.
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Goodwin R, Polek E, Bardi A. The Temporal Reciprocity of Values and Beliefs: A Longitudinal Study within a Major Life Transition. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Values and beliefs (or social axioms) are important personality constructs, but little previous work has examined the relationship between the two, and none has examined their real–life longitudinal effects on one another. Major life transitions—such as moving to a new culture—can challenge existing values and beliefs and therefore provide a particularly useful context for the analysis of value and belief change. The main aim of this research was to examine whether values may predict theoretically meaningful belief change and vice versa. Polish migrants participated in the study shortly after their arrival in the UK and at two, subsequent, nine–month intervals ( N = 172). Cross–lagged effects suggested reciprocal effects of values and beliefs, depending on the value involved. Findings are discussed in light of current debates over personality change, as well as the broader impact of significant life transitions on personality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ela Polek
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anat Bardi
- Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
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Steinert S. Corona and value change. The role of social media and emotional contagion. ETHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2020; 23:59-68. [PMID: 32837288 PMCID: PMC7372742 DOI: 10.1007/s10676-020-09545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
People share their emotions on social media and evidence suggests that in times of crisis people are especially motivated to post emotional content. The current Coronavirus pandemic is such a crisis. The online sharing of emotional content during the Coronavirus crisis may contribute to societal value change. Emotion sharing via social media could lead to emotional contagion which in turn could facilitate an emotional climate in a society. In turn, the emotional climate of a society can influence society's value structure. The emotions that spread in the current Coronavirus crisis are predominantly negative, which could result in a negative emotional climate. Based on the dynamic relations of values to each other and the way that emotions relate to values, a negative emotional climate can contribute to societal value change towards values related to security preservation and threat avoidance. As a consequence, a negative emotional climate and the shift in values could lead to a change in political attitudes that has implications for rights, freedom, privacy and moral progress. Considering the impact of social media in terms of emotional contagion and a longer-lasting value change is an important perspective in thinking about the ethical long-term impact of social media technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Steinert
- Department of Values, Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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12
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Arceneaux K. The roots of intolerance and opposition to compromise: The effects of absolutism on political attitudes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schuster C, Pinkowski L, Fischer D. Intra-Individual Value Change in Adulthood. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Values guide people in their lives as overarching principles of judgments and decision making. Focusing on Schwartz’s circumplex value model, the present work is the first systematic literature review (SLR) to comparatively synthesize the empirical evidence regarding stability and change of values in adulthood. Besides understanding the extent of value change, the aim of this review is to reveal the conditions under which values change. The search procedure and screening revealed 19 publications reporting empirical studies on 25 adult samples containing at least two measurements of Schwartz’s values in respondents. Results suggest moderate to high rank-order stabilities of values, even through potentially life-changing transitions. There is evidence of small changes, rarely consistent with theoretical predictions or cross-sectional findings. Preliminary experimental evidence shows that values can be changed with interventions. We identify considerable gaps in knowledge about value change and propose promising avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Pinkowski
- Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Fischer
- Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Sloot D, Kutlaca M, Medugorac V, Carman P. Recycling Alone or Protesting Together? Values as a Basis for Pro-environmental Social Change Actions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1229. [PMID: 30093873 PMCID: PMC6070687 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social change can be pursued by participating in a public protest, joining a community gardening initiative, or recycling at home. However, little research has investigated how individual differences in values relate to people's engagement in different types of social change actions in the context of pro-environmental behavior. We hypothesized that values would be differentially related to different types of social change actions, based on different goals that each of these actions may have (e.g., changing one's own behavior or influencing others). A survey among people engaged in pro-environmental activism during the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference supported our predictions. Specifically, we found that individual behavior and community-based actions were uniquely related to biospheric values (i.e., a key concern for nature and the environment). However, other social change actions (e.g., public protest) were uniquely related to altruistic values (i.e., a key concern for the welfare of all people), and pro-environmental lobbying was positively related to egoistic values (i.e., a key concern for power and achievement). Our findings suggest that different behaviors directed at pro-environmental social change may be based on different values. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sloot
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maja Kutlaca
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Vanja Medugorac
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Carman
- Braziers Park School of Integrative Social Research, Ipsden, United Kingdom
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Illes K, Vogell C. Corporate values from a personal perspective. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/srj-07-2017-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The paper aims to analyse organisational values from a personal perspective. The purpose was to explore how employees learn about corporate values and how they relate to these values. The motivation has been one of discovery of current practices in businesses, with a strong focus on corporate values and their effects on employees.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors offer a review of the key definitions and main theoretical frameworks of values. Four case studies provide empirical data to establish some understanding of how values are identified and the extent to which they are translated into behaviours and attitudes in the workplace. The paper combines an overview of literature on values and semi-constructed telephone interviews with 26 interviewees from four organisations about corporate and individual values.
Findings
Values are positively related to, and central to the concept of the self, and are distinct from norms. Both the literature review and the multiple case studies’ empirical findings suggest that values are worth striving for and successful embedding of them requires a “culture of sharing”. Without the culture of sharing corporate values will not penetrate the organisation or have any meaningful impact on behaviour.
Originality/value
The paper highlights the importance of considering corporate values from a personal perspective. Organisations wanting to strengthen corporate values need to engage in conversations about values regularly across the organisation. Leaders need to be part of these discussions without dominating or forcefully influencing them.
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Hanel PHP, Maio GR, Soares AKS, Vione KC, de Holanda Coelho GL, Gouveia VV, Patil AC, Kamble SV, Manstead ASR. Cross-Cultural Differences and Similarities in Human Value Instantiation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:849. [PMID: 29896151 PMCID: PMC5987738 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research found that the within-country variability of human values (e.g., equality and helpfulness) clearly outweighs between-country variability. Across three countries (Brazil, India, and the United Kingdom), the present research tested in student samples whether between-nation differences reside more in the behaviors used to concretely instantiate (i.e., exemplify or understand) values than in their importance as abstract ideals. In Study 1 (N = 630), we found several meaningful between-country differences in the behaviors that were used to concretely instantiate values, alongside high within-country variability. In Study 2 (N = 677), we found that participants were able to match instantiations back to the values from which they were derived, even if the behavior instantiations were spontaneously produced only by participants from another country or were created by us. Together, these results support the hypothesis that people in different nations can differ in the behaviors that are seen as typical as instantiations of values, while holding similar ideas about the abstract meaning of the values and their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H P Hanel
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory R Maio
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ana K S Soares
- Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Katia C Vione
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valdiney V Gouveia
- Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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Bouman T, Steg L, Kiers HAL. Measuring Values in Environmental Research: A Test of an Environmental Portrait Value Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2018; 9:564. [PMID: 29743874 PMCID: PMC5931026 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four human values are considered to underlie individuals’ environmental beliefs and behaviors: biospheric (i.e., concern for environment), altruistic (i.e., concern for others), egoistic (i.e., concern for personal resources) and hedonic values (i.e., concern for pleasure and comfort). These values are typically measured with an adapted and shortened version of the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS), to which we refer as the Environmental-SVS (E-SVS). Despite being well-validated, recent research has indicated some concerns about the SVS methodology (e.g., comprehensibility, self-presentation biases) and suggested an alternative method of measuring human values: The Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ). However, the PVQ has not yet been adapted and applied to measure values most relevant to understand environmental beliefs and behaviors. Therefore, we tested the Environmental-PVQ (E-PVQ) – a PVQ variant of E-SVS –and compared it with the E-SVS in two studies. Our findings provide strong support for the validity and reliability of both the E-SVS and E-PVQ. In addition, we find that respondents slightly preferred the E-PVQ over the E-SVS (Study 1). In general, both scales correlate similarly to environmental self-identity (Study 1), energy behaviors (Studies 1 and 2), pro-environmental personal norms, climate change beliefs and policy support (Study 2). Accordingly, both methodologies show highly similar results and seem well-suited for measuring human values underlying environmental behaviors and beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Bouman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Linda Steg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk A L Kiers
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Coelho GLDH, Maio GR, Gouveia VV, Wolf LJ, Monteiro RP. Questionário de Necessidade de Emoções (NAQ-S): Validade de Construto, Invariância e Fidedignidade. PSICO-USF 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712017220307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Dois estudos (N = 457) examinaram as propriedades psicométricas da versão reduzida do Questionário de Necessidade de Emoções (Need for Affect Questionnaire: NAQ-S) no contexto brasileiro. No primeiro estudo, uma análise de componentes principais indicou uma estrutura bifatorial, com cinco itens cada: aproximação (α = 0,70) e evitação (α = 0,75). Confirmou-se essa estrutura no segundo estudo (GFI = 0,92; CFI = 0,90), mostrando-se invariante quanto ao sexo. Para verificar os correlatos do NAQ-S, utilizou-se, nos dois estudos, medidas que visam avaliar os valores humanos, a solidão e a necessidade de pertença, além dos cinco fatores da personalidade no segundo estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que uma maior necessidade de emoção foi associada com maior extroversão, maiores escores em valores de experimentação e interativos, e escores mais baixos de solidão. Os estudos apresentam suporte de validade do NAQ-S no Brasil, mostrando sua utilidade para fins de pesquisa.
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Dentale F, Vecchione M, Gebauer JE, Barbaranelli C. Measuring automatic value orientations: The Achievement-Benevolence Implicit Association Test. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 57:210-229. [PMID: 29152757 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The construct and criterion validity of an Implicit Association Test designed to rate the importance ascribed to Achievement-Benevolence oriented goals (AB-IAT) according to Schwartz's model were investigated. In a first study (N = 113), the AB-IAT and three other value-IATs (Power-Universalism, Security-Self-direction, and Tradition-Stimulation) were administered along with the corresponding self-report scales. The AB-IAT showed the following: (1) an adequate internal consistency; (2) a small correlation and a different pattern of means with respect to the corresponding self-report scale; (3) a pattern of correlations with the other value-IATs that is consistent with Schwartz's model. In a second study (N = 99), results showed that (1) in contrast to self-report measures of values, the AB-IAT appeared unrelated to social desirability; (2) the AB-IAT was significantly correlated with an actual behaviour expressing Benevolence values; (3) in accordance with a double dissociation pattern of prediction, implicit and explicit values are best predictors of actual and self-rated behaviours, respectively. Overall, results of the studies support the construct and criterion validity of the AB-IAT. Moreover, they provide a first support for the generalizability of Schwartz's model in the realm of implicit social cognition, and for the applicability of dual-process models in value research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dentale
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, 'Sapienza University of Rome', Italy
| | | | - Jochen E Gebauer
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, Germany
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O’Neill G, Travaglione A, McShane S, Hancock J, Chang J. Converting values awareness to values enactment through frame-of-reference training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/ijoa-02-2016-0975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate whether values enactment could be increased through frame-of-reference (FOR) training configured around values prototyping and behavioural domain training for managers within an Australian public sector organisation.
Design/methodology/approach
Employees from an Australian public sector organisation were studied to ascertain the effect of values training and development via a three-way longitudinal design with a control group.
Findings
The findings indicate that FOR training can increase employee values enactment clarity and, thereby, have a positive impact upon organisational values enactment.
Practical implications
The application of FOR training constitutes a new approach to supporting the development of employee values clarity, which, in turn, can support the achievement of organisational values enactment. Through FOR training, employees can learn to apply organisational values in their decision-making and other behaviours irrespective of whether they are highly congruent with their personal values.
Originality/value
Empirical research into values management is limited and there is a lack of consensus to what is needed to create a values-driven organisation. The article shows that FOR training can be a beneficial component of a broader human resource strategy aimed at increasing organisational values enactment. With reference to the resource-based view of the firm, it is argued that values enactment constitutes a distinctive capability that may confer sustained organisational advantage.
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Tijs MS, Karremans JC, Veling H, de Lange MA, van Meegeren P, Lion R. Saving water to save the environment: contrasting the effectiveness of environmental and monetary appeals in a residential water saving intervention. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2017.1333967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot S. Tijs
- Institute of Psychology & AI, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C. Karremans
- Behavioural Science Institute, Social and Cultural Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Veling
- Behavioural Science Institute, Social and Cultural Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - René Lion
- Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Definitional inconsistency has been epidemic in values theory and research. An abbreviated review of values-related theory and research is provided, and 5 aspects of the values construct that may have contributed to this inconsistency and the resulting lack of synthesis are discussed. A proposal for the process by which value priorities influence attitudinal and behavioral decisions also is outlined. Attitudinal and behavioral decisions are shown to be traceable to personal value priorities, although the link is indirect. The importance of 4 constructs in this process is highlighted. In the past, personal value systems, social value systems, worldviews, and ideologies each may have been given the generic label values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg J. Rohan
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales
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23
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Souchon N, Maio GR, Hanel PHP, Bardin B. Does Spontaneous Favorability to Power (vs. Universalism) Values Predict Spontaneous Prejudice and Discrimination? J Pers 2016; 85:658-674. [PMID: 27392549 PMCID: PMC6849560 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective We conducted five studies testing whether an implicit measure of favorability toward power over universalism values predicts spontaneous prejudice and discrimination. Method Studies 1 (N = 192) and 2 (N = 86) examined correlations between spontaneous favorability toward power (vs. universalism) values, achievement (vs. benevolence) values, and a spontaneous measure of prejudice toward ethnic minorities. Study 3 (N = 159) tested whether conditioning participants to associate power values with positive adjectives and universalism values with negative adjectives (or inversely) affects spontaneous prejudice. Study 4 (N = 95) tested whether decision bias toward female handball players could be predicted by spontaneous attitude toward power (vs. universalism) values. Study 5 (N = 123) examined correlations between spontaneous attitude toward power (vs. universalism) values, spontaneous importance toward power (vs. universalism) values, and spontaneous prejudice toward Black African people. Results Spontaneous positivity toward power (vs. universalism) values was associated with spontaneous negativity toward minorities and predicted gender bias in a decision task, whereas the explicit measures did not. Conclusions These results indicate that the implicit assessment of evaluative responses attached to human values helps to model value‐attitude‐behavior relations.
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Abstract
While philosophers have discussed the emotion of contempt from antiquity to the present day, contempt has received less attention in psychological research. We review the defining features of contempt, both as a short-term emotion and as a more long-lasting sentiment. Contempt is similar to anger in that it may occur after (repeated) social or moral transgressions, but it differs from anger in its appraisals, actions, and emotivational goals. Unlike anger, contempt arises when a person’s or group’s character is appraised as bad and unresponsive to change, leading to attempts to socially exclude the target. We discuss associative, self-regulatory, and social distancing functions of contempt and present a dynamic social model of contempt versus anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Adaptation and validation of the psychosocial values questionnaire to the context of Brazilian and Portuguese teenagers. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41155-016-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Byrne A, Tanesini A. Instilling new habits: addressing implicit bias in healthcare professionals. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2015; 20:1255-62. [PMID: 25771742 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-015-9600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There appears to be a fundamental inconsistency between research which shows that some minority groups consistently receive lower quality healthcare and the literature indicating that healthcare workers appear to hold equality as a core personal value. Recent evidence using Implicit Association Tests suggests that these disparities in outcome may in part be due to social biases that are primarily unconscious. In some individuals the activation of these biases may be also facilitated by the high levels of cognitive load associated with clinical practice. However, a range of measures, such as counter-stereotypical stimuli and targeted experience with minority groups, have been identified as possible solutions in other fields and may be adapted for use within healthcare settings. We suggest that social bias should not be seen exclusively as a problem of conscious attitudes which need to be addressed through increased awareness. Instead the delivery of bias free healthcare should become a habit, developed through a continuous process of practice, feedback and reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Byrne
- Institute of Medical Education, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Alessandra Tanesini
- School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Rothmund T, Bender J, Nauroth P, Gollwitzer M. Public concerns about violent video games are moral concerns-How moral threat can make pacifists susceptible to scientific and political claims against violent video games. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rothmund
- University of Koblenz-Landau; Landau Germany
- Technische Universität; Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jens Bender
- University of Koblenz-Landau; Landau Germany
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Bratanova B, Vauclair CM, Kervyn N, Schumann S, Wood R, Klein O. Savouring morality. Moral satisfaction renders food of ethical origin subjectively tastier. Appetite 2015; 91:137-49. [PMID: 25865666 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Past research has shown that the experience of taste can be influenced by a range of external cues, especially when they concern food's quality. The present research examined whether food's ethicality - a cue typically unrelated to quality - can also influence taste. We hypothesised that moral satisfaction with the consumption of ethical food would positively influence taste expectations, which in turn will enhance the actual taste experience. This enhanced taste experience was further hypothesised to act as a possible reward mechanism reinforcing the purchase of ethical food. The resulting ethical food → moral satisfaction → enhanced taste expectations and experience → stronger intentions to buy/willingness to pay model was validated across four studies: one large scale international survey (Study 1) and three experimental studies involving actual food consumption of different type of ethical origin - organic (Study 2), fair trade (Study 3a) and locally produced (Study 3b). Furthermore, endorsement of values relevant to the food's ethical origin moderated the effect of food's origin on moral satisfaction, suggesting that the model is primarily supported for people who endorse these values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyka Bratanova
- Research Centre for Social and Intercultural Psychology, Université Libré de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium; Dundee Business School, Abertay University, Bell Street, Dundee, Scotland DD1 1HG, UK.
| | | | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Center Emile Bernheim, Solvay Brussels School of Economy and Management, Université Libré de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium; Louvain School of Management, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sandy Schumann
- Centre for the Study of Intergroup Conflict, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Wood
- Centre for Ethical Leadership, Ormond College, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivier Klein
- Research Centre for Social and Intercultural Psychology, Université Libré de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Tapper K, Jiga-Boy G, Maio GR, Haddock G, Lewis M. Development and preliminary evaluation of an internet-based healthy eating program: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2014; 16:e231. [PMID: 25305376 PMCID: PMC4210956 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HealthValues Healthy Eating Programme is a standalone Internet-based intervention that employs a novel strategy for promoting behavior change (analyzing one's reasons for endorsing health values) alongside other psychological principles that have been shown to influence behavior. The program consists of phases targeting motivation (dietary feedback and advice, analyzing reasons for health values, thinking about health-related desires, and concerns), volition (implementation intentions with mental contrasting), and maintenance (reviewing tasks, weekly tips). OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine the effects of the program on consumption of fruit and vegetables, saturated fat, and added sugar over a 6-month period. METHODS A total of 82 females and 18 males were recruited using both online and print advertisements in the local community. They were allocated to an intervention or control group using a stratified block randomization protocol. The program was designed such that participants logged onto a website every week for 24 weeks and completed health-related measures. Those allocated to the intervention group also completed the intervention tasks at these sessions. Additionally, all participants attended laboratory sessions at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. During these sessions, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ, the Block Fat/Sugar/Fruit/Vegetable Screener, adapted for the UK), and researchers (blind to group allocation) measured their body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS Data were analyzed using a series of ANOVA models. Per protocol analysis (n=92) showed a significant interaction for fruit and vegetable consumption (P=.048); the intervention group increased their intake between baseline and 6 months (3.7 to 4.1 cups) relative to the control group (3.6 to 3.4 cups). Results also showed overall reductions in saturated fat intake (20.2 to 15.6 g, P<.001) and added sugar intake (44.6 to 33.9 g, P<.001) during this period, but there were no interactions with group. Similarly, there were overall reductions in BMI (27.7 to 27.3 kg/m(2), P=.001) and WHR (0.82 to 0.81, P=.009), but no interactions with group. The intervention did not affect alcohol consumption, physical activity, smoking, or HRV. Data collected during the online sessions suggested that the changes in fruit and vegetable consumption were driven by the motivational and maintenance phases of the program. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the program helped individuals to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables and to sustain this over a 6-month period. The observed reduction in fat and sugar intake suggests that monitoring behaviors over time is effective, although further research is needed to confirm this conclusion. The Web-based nature of the program makes it a potentially cost-effective way of promoting healthy eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Tapper
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London, United Kingdom.
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Strelan P, McKee I. Inclusive justice beliefs and forgiveness: Commonality through self-transcending values. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nilsson A, Hansla A, Biel A. Feeling the green? Value orientation as a moderator of emotional response to green electricity. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Hansla
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg
| | - Anders Biel
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg
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Does “humanization” of the preborn explain why conservatives (vs. liberals) oppose abortion? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Increasing Personal Value Congruence in Computerized Decision Support Using System Feedback. AXIOMS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/axioms3010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Farsides T, Pettman D, Tourle L. Inspiring altruism: reflecting on the personal relevance of emotionally evocative prosocial media characters. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hackett JD. Values anchoring: Strengthening the link between values and activist behaviors. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2013.787117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Scheske C, Schnall S. The Ethics of “Smart Drugs”: Moral Judgments About Healthy People's Use of Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2012.711692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Maxwell-Smith MA, Esses VM. Assessing individual differences in the degree to which people are committed to following their beliefs. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Defensive self-esteem impacts attention, attitude strength, and self-affirmation processes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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TSIROGIANNI STAVROULA, GASKELL GEORGE. The Role of Plurality and Context in Social Values. JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.2011.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Fein EC, Vasiliu C, Tziner A. Individual Values and Preferred Leadership Behaviors: A Study of Romanian Managers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bardi A, Goodwin R. The Dual Route to Value Change: Individual Processes and Cultural Moderators. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022110396916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding value stability and change is essential for understanding values of both individuals and cultures.Yet theoretical thinking and empirical evidence on this topic have been scarce. In this article, the authors suggest a model outlining processes of individual value change. This model proposes that value change can occur through automatic and effortful routes. They identify five facilitators of value change (priming, adaptation, identification, consistency maintenance, and direct persuasion) and consider the moderating role of culture in each. In addition, the authors discuss the roles of culture, personal values, and traits as general moderators of value change. Evidence on the structure of value change and the effects of age on value change are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Bardi
- Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom,
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44
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Kreps TA, Monin B. “Doing well by doing good”? Ambivalent moral framing in organizations. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Hattrup K, Mueller K, Aguirre P. Operationalizing value importance in cross-cultural research: Comparing direct and indirect measures. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1348/096317906x130843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Staerklé C. Policy Attitudes, Ideological Values and Social Representations. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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49
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Leadership as identity construction: the act of leading people in organisations. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1108/02621710911000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Kuhn D. The Importance of Learning About Knowing: Creating a Foundation for Development of Intellectual Values. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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