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Zhang T, Seet PS, Redmond J, Sharafizad J. Relieving the Gambling Itch Through Alcohol Consumption: The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Australian Casino Patrons. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1675-1697. [PMID: 37755624 PMCID: PMC10627916 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper extends our understanding of how casino patrons are affected by COVID-19 restrictions and how they cope by substituting gambling with alcohol consumption. We conducted two studies using a nationwide survey sample collected in Australia during the pandemic lockdown. Study 1 compares the casino patrons with two reference groups (other gambling patrons and non-gambling individuals) and investigates the lockdown restrictions on respondents' relational strength, and their potential impact on mental health and future prospects. Study 2 applies the stress-response dampening model (SRD) and tests how respondents used alcohol consumption to cope with the lack of access to casinos during the lockdown. The results from Study 1 suggest that lockdown restrictions on respondents' relational strength have significant negative impacts on anxiety, life satisfaction and post-pandemic outlook. Study 2 finds that casino patrons substituted gambling with alcohol consumption during the lockdown, with increased alcohol consumption negatively related to life satisfaction. Paradoxically, Australian gambling venue owners may not be adversely affected as many also run liquor retail operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghao Zhang
- Australian Energy Market Operator, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Pi-Shen Seet
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
| | - Janice Redmond
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jalleh Sharafizad
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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2
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Wagner JA. Significance of the Ontological/Utilitarian Distinction Among Measures of Individualism and Collectivism. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:3150-3166. [PMID: 35658760 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis reported in this article compared the effects of ontological and utilitarian measures of individualism and collectivism on the findings of published research. Ontological differences in individualism and collectivism concern the degree to which either individuals or collectivities are interpreted as the primary entities comprising social reality. Reflecting these differences are measures that include subjects such as the degree of permanence and sense of collective obligation associated with interpersonal, group, or community relationships. Utilitarian distinctions in individualism and collectivism involve beliefs that either individuals or collectivities are instrumental in the pursuit of valued outcomes. Related measures include items concerning the attractiveness or consequences of working alone versus working in a group. Results of the meta-analysis indicated that ontological and utilitarian measures have produced differing findings in several notable instances, with utilitarian measures producing larger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Wagner
- Department of Management, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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3
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Using true experiments to study culture: Manipulations, measurement issues, and the question of appropriate control groups. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Abstract
This article describes my personal approach to theory construction. I liken the construction of a theory to the solution of a mathematical puzzle in which the answer is not in the back of the book. I touch on (a) the development of a theoretical perspective, (b) the identification of a specific problem, and (c) the development of a theory to address the problem. The article concludes with the view that in the last analysis, any approach is likely to be fruitful so long as one persists in its use and does not shift gears whenever the going gets tough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Wyer
- Department of Marketing, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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5
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Benet-Martínez V, Karakitapoglu-Aygün Z. The Interplay Of Cultural Syndromes And Personality In Predicting Life Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022102239154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored how personality and cultural variables influence subjective well-being (SWB) in two different U.S. ethnic groups: Asian Americans and European Americans. Structural equation modeling analyses supported a hypothesized culture?personality model of SWB, in which the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism predict variations on personality dispositions (Big Five), which, in turn, influence life satisfaction through self- and relational esteem. Despite ethnic mean-level differences found for many of the variables, none of the pathways in the culture?personality model of SWB differed across our two ethnic groups. Furthermore, the culture?personality model of SWB fit the data more adequately than a competing personality?culture model of SWB, in which personality dispositions preceded cultural syndromes in predicting life satisfaction. A consistent finding was the stronger weight of self-esteem (compared with relational esteem) in predicting life satisfaction for both ethnic groups. Results are discussed in the context of acculturation theory and recent cultural psychology views.
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Oishi S. The Experiencing and Remembering of Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/014616702236871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four studies were conducted to examine cultural differences in specific and global reports of well-being. The first two studies were designed to determine whether cultural differences in emotional experiences would emerge at the time of actual experience or at the time of retrospective judgments, using a daily diary and an experience sampling method. Using more controlled methods, Studies 3 and 4 examined the memory, conscious weighting, and nonconscious weighting hypotheses. The results indicate that although there were no cultural differences in online experiences of well-being, European Americans reported a higher degree of well-being than did Asians in retrospective reports. Studies 3 and 4 also indicate that these cultural differences were not due to explicit memory for emotional events or conscious weighting of positive versus negative information. Rather, the cultural difference in retrospective reports of well-being appears to be due to nonconscious weighting of positive versus negative information.
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Oishi S, Diener E. Culture and Well-Being: The Cycle of Action, Evaluation, and Decision. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 29:939-49. [PMID: 15189614 DOI: 10.1177/0146167203252802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to examine how European and Asian Americans experience and remember their task performance, make a decision about a future task, and how that decision affects enjoyment of the task. In Study 1, although Asians solved as many anagrams as European Americans, Asians remembered solving fewer than did European Americans at Time 2. European Americans' Time 2 choice of task was predicted from Time 1 performance, but Asians' Time 2 choice was not. In Study 2, European Americans chose the same task if they had previously done well and a different task if they had not. Their actual enjoyment of the Time 2 task, furthermore, was significantly higher than at Time 1. In contrast, there was no change in actual enjoyment of the task at Time 2 among Asians because their choice was not based on their performance at Time 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA.
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8
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Abstract
The present studies examined the role of independent and interdependent goal pursuits in the subjective well-being (SWB) of Asian and European American college students. In Study 1, the authors found that independent goal pursuit (i.e., goal pursuit for fun and enjoyment) increased the benefit of goal attainment on SWB among European Americans but not among Asian Americans. In Study 2, the authors found that interdependent goal pursuit (i.e., goal pursuit to please parents and friends) increased the benefit of goal attainment on the SWB of Asian Americans, whereas it did not increase the benefit of goal attainment on the SWB of European Americans. In Study 3, the authors found that whereas interdependent goal pursuit increased the benefit of goal attainment, independent goal pursuit did not increase the benefit of goal attainment among Japanese college students. Altogether, the present findings suggest that independent and interdependent goal pursuits result in divergent affective consequences across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ed Diener
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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9
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Cross SE, Hardin EE, Gercek-Swing B. The What, How, Why, and Where of Self-Construal. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2010; 15:142-79. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868310373752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the publication of Markus and Kitayama’s pivotal article on culture and the self, the concepts of independent, relational, and interdependent self-construal have become important constructs in cultural psychology and research on the self. The authors review the history of these constructs, their measurement and manipulation, and their roles in cognition, emotion, motivation, and social behavior. They make suggestions for future research and point to problems still to be sorted out. Researchers interested in these constructs have many opportunities to make important contributions to the literature in a variety of fields, including health psychology, education, counseling, and international relations.
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Lun J, Oishi S, Coan JA, Akimoto S, Miao FF. Cultural Variations in Motivational Responses to Felt Misunderstanding. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2010; 36:986-96. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167210362979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three studies examined cultural variations in the motivational consequences of being misunderstood by others. Study 1 found that European American students who felt misunderstood by others performed progressively better academically, whereas Asian and Asian American students who felt misunderstood by others performed progressively worse. In Studies 2 and 3, felt misunderstanding was experimentally manipulated, and motivational responses were measured with a handgrip task (Study 2) and prefrontal electroencephalography (EEG) asymmetry (Study 3). Across the two studies, Asians and Asian Americans showed more withdrawal-related responses but European Americans showed either no difference (Study 2) or more motivated responses (Study 3) after being misunderstood versus being understood. Together, these studies demonstrate systematic cultural variations in motivational responses to felt misunderstanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janetta Lun
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA,
| | | | - James A. Coan
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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12
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Matsumoto D, Nakagawa S, Estrada A. The role of dispositional traits in accounting for country and ethnic group differences on adjustment. J Pers 2008; 77:177-211. [PMID: 19077001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Country and ethnic group differences on adjustment have been demonstrated numerous times, and the source of these differences has been typically interpreted as cultural. We report two studies in which country (Study 1) and ethnic group (Study 2) differences on depression, anxiety, optimism versus pessimism, well-being, and self-esteem are mediated by dispositional traits. These findings provide an alternative explanation for previously reported country and ethnic group differences on these variables and encourage researchers to consider multiple sources, including traits, in their models and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matsumoto
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
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14
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Leung K, van de Vijver FJ. Strategies for Strengthening Causal Inferences in Cross Cultural Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1470595808091788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
True experiments cannot be conducted in cross cultural research because it is impossible to assign participants to different cultures randomly. Cross cultural studies are therefore regarded as quasi-experimental research, and threats that jeopardize the validity of causal inferences in cross cultural research are reviewed. Borrowing from evolutionary biology and epidemiology, the consilience approach is advocated for strengthening the validity of cross cultural causal inferences. This approach holds that causal inferences in cross cultural research are most convincing when supported by diverse evidence based on a sound theoretical basis, multiple sources of data, different research methods, and explicit refutation of alternative interpretations. Three broad strategies for strengthening cross cultural causal inferences are proposed under the consilience framework, including the systematic contrast of cultural groups, the inclusion of covariates to rule out alternative explanations, and the use of multiple research methods, such as cross cultural experimentation. Future developments of cross cultural research methods are discussed.
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15
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Effects of Socially Prescribed Expectations on Emotions and Cognitions in Asian and European Americans. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-008-9187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Kim YH, Peng S, Chiu CY. Explaining self-esteem differences between Chinese and North Americans: Dialectical self (vs. self-consistency) or lack of positive self-regard. SELF AND IDENTITY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15298860601063437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Oishi S, Koo M, Akimoto S. Culture, interpersonal perceptions, and happiness in social interactions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2008; 34:307-20. [PMID: 18272801 PMCID: PMC2396581 DOI: 10.1177/0146167207311198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined cultural differences in interpersonal processes associated with happiness felt in social interactions. In a false feedback experiment (Study 1a), they found that European Americans felt happier when their interaction partner perceived their personal self accurately, whereas Asian Americans felt happier when their interaction partner perceived their collective self accurately. In Study 1b, the authors further demonstrated that the results from Study 1a were not because of cultural differences in desirability of the traits used in Study 1a. In Studies 2 and 3, they used a 2-week event sampling method and replicated Study 1. Unlike Asian Americans, African Americans were not significantly different from European Americans in the predictors of happiness in social interactions. Together, this research shows that interpersonal affirmation of important aspects of the self leads to happiness and that cultural differences are likely to emerge from the emphasis placed on different aspects of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904-4400, USA.
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18
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Shmotkin D. Happiness in the Face of Adversity: Reformulating the Dynamic and Modular Bases of Subjective Well-Being. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.4.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Addressing diversity and apparent contradictions in manifestations of happiness, this article delineates subjective well-being (SWB) as a dynamic system in the face of possible adversity. SWB constitutes a favorable psychological environment that regulates the hostile-world scenario, defined as one's image of actual or potential threats to one's life or integrity. SWB operates in various modules: experiential, wherein private awareness of SWB dwells on relevant core themes; declarative, wherein public self-reports of SWB function as social behavior; differential, wherein synchronic dimensions of SWB form well-being types; and narrative, wherein diachronic valences of SWB construct trajectories along one's life story. By explicating the regulatory and configurational nature of SWB, the present conceptualization emphasizes the process, rather than the outcome, of pursuing happiness.
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Wagar BM, Cohen D. Culture, memory, and the self: An analysis of the personal and collective self in long-term memory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Oishi S, Schimmack U, Colcombe SJ. The contextual and systematic nature of life satisfaction judgments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Cultural, social, and emotional determinants of decisions under uncertainty. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Robinson MD, Clore GL. Belief and feeling: evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychol Bull 2002; 128:934-60. [PMID: 12405138 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review organizes a variety of phenomena related to emotional self-report. In doing so, the authors offer an accessibility model that specifies the types of factors that contribute to emotional self-reports under different reporting conditions. One important distinction is between emotion, which is episodic, experiential, and contextual, and beliefs about emotion, which are semantic, conceptual, and decontextualized. This distinction is important in understanding the discrepancies that often occur when people are asked to report on feelings they are currently experiencing versus those that they are not currently experiencing. The accessibility model provides an organizing framework for understanding self-reports of emotion and suggests some new directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Robinson
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA.
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23
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Heine SJ, Lehman DR, Peng K, Greenholtz J. What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect. J Pers Soc Psychol 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Narrative-based representations of social knowledge: Their construction and use in comprehension, memory, and judgment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(02)80005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Vohs KD, Heatherton TF. Self-Esteem and threats to self: implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions. J Pers Soc Psychol 2001; 81:1103-18. [PMID: 11761311 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 4 studies, the authors examined interpersonal perceptions as a function of self-construals and ego threats for those with high and low self-esteem. Previous research (T. F. Heatherton & K. D. Vohs, 2000a) found that after threat, high self-esteem people were rated as less likable by an unacquainted dyad partner, whereas low self-esteem people were rated as more likable. Study I showed that after threat, high self-esteem people seek competency feedback, whereas low self-esteem people seek interpersonal feedback. Study 2 showed that high self-esteem people become more independent after threat, whereas low self-esteem people become more interdependent. Study 3 linked differences in independence versus interdependence to interpersonal evaluations. Study 4 found that differences in independent and interdependent self-construals statistically accounted for differences in likability and personality perceptions of high and low self-esteem people after threat. Thus, the combination of threat and self-esteem alters people's focus on different self-aspects, which consequently leads to different interpersonal appraisals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Vohs
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7123, USA.
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26
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Briley DA, Wyer RS. Transitory Determinants of Values and Decisions: The Utility (or Nonutility) of Individualism and Collectivism in Understanding Cultural Differences. SOCIAL COGNITION 2001. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.19.3.197.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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27
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Lau IYM, Chiu CY, Lee SL. Communication and Shared Reality: Implications for the Psychological Foundations of Culture. SOCIAL COGNITION 2001. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.19.3.350.21467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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28
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Park JW, Yoon SO, Kim KH, Wyer RS. Effects of priming a bipolar attribute concept on dimension versus concept-specific accessibility of semantic memory. J Pers Soc Psychol 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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