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Greenblatt-Kimron L. The association between looming cognitive style and posttraumatic stress symptoms: The case of older Holocaust survivors. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:1-8. [PMID: 38217944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The looming cognitive style (LCS) refers to a tendency to produce mental illustrations and images of adverse events and potentially threatening situations with perceived accumulating threat and danger. LCS is a well-known cognitive vulnerability for anxiety, nevertheless few studies examined the relationship between LCS and posttraumatic reactions. Among the existing studies, a higher LCS was reported in Holocaust survivors relative to matched comparisons, and directly associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in older Holocaust survivors. The current study aimed to expand the understanding of the relationship between LCS with PTSS in general, and among older Holocaust survivors in particular. Moreover, whether the number of Holocaust experiences encountered by Holocaust survivors moderated this relationship. The sample consisted of 153 older Holocaust survivors (Mage = 82.42, SD = 5.75). Participants were interviewed regarding their background characteristics, PTSS, LCS, and number of Holocaust experiences. Participants reporting higher LCS showed higher PTSS. There was an interaction between LCS and number of Holocaust experiences for predicting PTSS, suggesting that LCS was associated with higher PTSS to a stronger degree among Holocaust survivors who experienced a smaller number of Holocaust experiences. The findings indicate that Holocaust trauma may have influenced the LCS of Holocaust survivors throughout their lives and into old age. The results provide insight for mental health practitioners treating older Holocaust survivors in focusing on reducing schematic processing biases for threat information and anxiety to enhance better mental health for those suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms.
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Fukasawa M, Nishi D, Umeda M, Akiyama T, Horikoshi N, Yasumura S, Yabe H, Suzuki Y, Bromet EJ, Kawakami N. Effects of disaster-related traumatic events on worry about radiation and COVID-19: A decade after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:135-141. [PMID: 37210831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Community residents exposed to nuclear power plant (NPP) accidents have long-term worry about the effects of radiation. After the 2011 Fukushima NPP accident, those who experienced traumatic events during the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) tended to have greater worry about radiation. Along with the prolonged worry about radiation, there may also be cognitive changes caused by the traumatic events. We hypothesized that if there were cognitive changes underlying the prolonged worry about radiation, those who experienced the traumatic events would tend to have greater worry about other issues unrelated to radiation. We examined the effects of the traumatic events during the GEJE on community residents' worry about radiation and COVID-19 a decade after the Fukushima NPP accident. Using the data of a longitudinal questionnaire survey following a random sample of 4900 community residents outside the evacuation zone in Fukushima, this study analyzed 774 responses (15.8%). The traumatic events consisted of (1) injury, (2) injury or death of a family member, and (3) the loss of a house or other property. We developed a mediation model drawing paths from the traumatic events to worry about radiation and COVID-19, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as a mediator, using structural equation modeling. The traumatic events directly affected worry about radiation. Although it did not directly affect worry about COVID-19, it did so indirectly through worry about radiation and PTSS. Traumatic events can increase trauma-related worry independently of PTSS and increase trauma-unrelated worry indirectly through trauma-related worry and PTSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Fukasawa
- Health Promotion Center, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Maki Umeda
- Research Institute of Nursing Care for People and Community, University of Hyogo, 13-71 Kitaoji-cho, Akashi City, Hyogo, 673-8588, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Akiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-8625, Japan
| | - Naoko Horikoshi
- Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Seiji Yasumura
- Department of Public Health, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzuki
- Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Digital Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Altan-Atalay A, Tuncer İ, King N, Önol B, Sözeri Y, Tezel S. Repetitive negative thinking during ambiguous situations: Interactive roles of looming cognitive style and intolerance of uncertainty. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 79:101840. [PMID: 36805151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Looming cognitive style (LCS) and intolerance of uncertainty (IUC) are both cognitive risk factors that play an important role in development of anxiety disorders. Even though both are known to be triggered by ambiguous situations, there is inadequate research on how they predict anxiety and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) patterns in response to ambiguity. The current study aimed to examine the interactive association of IUC and LCS with state anxiety and intensity of RNT following exposure to a stressor that involves ambiguity. METHODS Data were collected from 292 (153 women) individuals aged between 18 and 63 (M = 20.82, SD = 5.20) who were administered self-report measures of LCS, IUC, and anxiety followed by a vignette describing an ambiguous situation. State RNT and anxiety were assessed following exposure to the vignette. RESULTS The results indicated that IUC moderated the association of physical looming with state RNT. Individuals who have elevated levels of both physical looming and IUC reported experiencing more higher frequency of RNT when compared with other individuals. LIMITATIONS Although the manipulation check has shown that the scenario is effective it was not pilot tested. Also, since the manipulation was conducted online, the manipulation may not have been presented in a standardized way to all the participants. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the study shows that the two risk factors enhance each other's effect and lead to more intense levels of repetitive, uncontrollable, and distressing thoughts following exposure to ambiguity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - İrem Tuncer
- Koç University, Department of Psychology, Turkey
| | - Naz King
- Koç University, Department of Psychology, Turkey
| | - Bengü Önol
- Bilgi University, Department of Psychology, Turkey
| | - Yaren Sözeri
- Koç University, Department of Psychology, Turkey
| | - Selin Tezel
- University of Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, the Netherlands
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Coelho CM, Araújo AS, Suttiwan P, Zsido AN. An ethologically based view into human fear. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105017. [PMID: 36566802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The quality of the defensive response to a threat depends on the elements that trigger the fear response. The current classification system of phobias does not account for this. Here, we analyze the fear-eliciting elements and discern the different types of fears that originate from them. We propose Pain, Disgust, Vasovagal response, Visual-vestibular and postural interactions, Movement and Speed, Distance and Size, Low and mid-level visual features, Smell, and Territory and social status. We subdivide phobias according to the fear-eliciting elements most frequently triggered by them and their impact on behavior. We discuss the implications of a clinical conceptualization of phobias in humans by reconsidering the current nosology. This conceptualization will facilitate finding etiological factors in defensive behavior expression, fine-tuning exposure techniques, and challenging preconceived notions of preparedness. This approach to phobias leads to surprising discoveries and shows how specific responses bear little relation to the interpretation we might later give to them. Dividing fears into their potentially fear-eliciting elements can also help in applying the research principles formulated by the Research Domain Criteria initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Coelho
- University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S Araújo
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Panrapee Suttiwan
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Life Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Andras N Zsido
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs 7622, Hungary
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5
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Bottesi G, Iannattone S, Carraro E, Lauriola M. The assessment of Intolerance of uncertainty in youth: An examination of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised in Italian nonclinical boys and girls. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:209-222. [PMID: 35779168 PMCID: PMC9867688 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic factor involved in several psychological disorders. Adolescence is characterized by elevated uncertainty and psychopathological vulnerability, but insufficient attention has been paid to IU at this age. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised (IUS-R) in Italian preadolescents and adolescents. 862 Italian students (57.3% girls) aged 11-17 (M = 14.8 ± 1.91) completed the IUS-R and measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and psychological well-being. To test the factor structure of the IUS-R, one-factor, two-factor, and bifactor models were compared; measurement invariance, reliability, and validity were also addressed. Results showed that the bifactor model outperformed alternative factor models, and a general factor was needed to model the IUS-R. Bifactor model indices supported using the total score to assess IU reliably. Configural and metric invariance by age and sex were fully supported, while the IUS-R achieved partial scalar invariance. Significant correlations emerged for the IUS-R total score with psychopathological constructs, while no relationships with psychological well-being were found. Compared to adult normative data, higher total IUS-R scores were detected, suggesting that IU may be a phase-specific characteristic of adolescence. Our findings support using the IUS-R to measure IU across the lifespan. The recommended use of the total score and its associations with psychopathological dimensions highlight the transdiagnostic nature of IU in adolescence. Therefore, including IU when implementing interventions to prevent maladaptive outcomes in teenagers would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Bottesi
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Iannattone
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Carraro
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Lauriola
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Psychology of Developmental and Socialisation Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Prieto-Fidalgo Á, Mueller SC, Calvete E. Reliability of an Interpretation Bias Task of Ambiguous Faces and Its Relationship with Social Anxiety, Depression, and Looming Maladaptive Style. Int J Cogn Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSocial anxiety (SA) and depression have been associated with negative interpretation biases of social stimuli. Studies often assess these biases with ambiguous faces, as people with SA and depression tend to interpret such faces negatively. However, the test–retest reliability of this type of task is unknown. Our objectives were to develop a new interpretation bias task with ambiguous faces and analyse its properties in terms of test–retest reliability and in relation to SA, depression, and looming maladaptive style (LMS). Eight hundred sixty-four participants completed a task in which they had to interpret morphed faces as negative or positive on a continuum between happy and angry facial expressions. In addition, they filled out scales on SA, depressive symptoms, and LMS. Eighty-four participants completed the task again after 1–2 months. The test–retest reliability was moderate (r = .57–.69). The data revealed a significant tendency to interpret faces as negative for people with higher SA and depressive symptoms and with higher LMS. Longer response times to interpret the happy faces were positively associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms. The reliability of the present task was moderate. The results highlight associations between the bias interpretation task and SA, depression, and LMS.
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7
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Linking the Estimation of Threat and COVID-19 Fear and Safety Behavior Use: Does Intolerance of Uncertainty Matter? Int J Cogn Ther 2022; 15:479-491. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hamama-Raz Y, Goodwin R, Leshem E, Ben-Ezra M. Can patriotism be a protective factor for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder? The case of the Russia - Ukraine 2022 war. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:100-103. [PMID: 36027645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2022 Russian invasion of the Ukraine created a large-scale humanitarian crisis that has intensified as the conflict persists. The impact of armed conflict, such as forced migration, exposure to violence, supply shortages, destruction of infrastructure, and interruption of essential services, can have serious negative consequences for the mental health and wellbeing of Ukrainians living through the invasion and its aftermath. At the same time threat to a nation can trigger a wave of patriotism. Such feelings of patriotic belonging, love, pride and caring for a country can help maintain national group cohesion and respect for civic authorities. We studied demographic and war related factors associated with patriotic attitudes and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a national Ukraine sample of 2000 respondents six weeks into this crisis. Respondents completed an online inventory assessing patriotic attitudes, PTSD symptoms, having relatives wounded or killed, having relatives who left Ukraine due to the war, alongside key demographics. Hierarchical regressions found that having relatives that were wounded or that left Ukraine because of the war and those coming from a Ukrainian speaking region were associated with patriotic attitudes. Patriotic attitudes were positively associated with elevated risk for PTSD symptoms. Mental health professionals should consider the potential mental health burden of existential national conflicts amongst civilian populations with strongly patriotic attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elazar Leshem
- Ariel University, School of Social Work, Ariel, Israel
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9
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Zvolensky MJ, Clausen BK, Shepherd JM, Kabel KE, Kauffman B, Garey L. Anxiety sensitivity in relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters among young adults with probable post-traumatic stress disorder. Cogn Behav Ther 2022; 51:470-485. [PMID: 35549620 PMCID: PMC10062194 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2022.2070539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite the promise of past research on anxiety sensitivity (AS) and posttraumatic stress, extant work is limited, given (1) most studies consist of non-Hispanic White and middle-aged samples, (2) few have demonstrated incremental validity to general emotional traits and social determinants of health, and (3) limited work has characterized how AS relates to specific Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters among those with (probable) PTSD. The current study evaluated the role of AS in relation to PTSD symptom clusters among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of young adults with probable PTSD. Participants included young adults who met the clinical cut-off for probable PTSD per the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Results indicated that AS was significantly related to overall posttraumatic stress symptom severity; the effect was evident after adjusting for a range of covariates including neuroticism and subjective social status. AS also was incrementally associated with arousal and hyperreactivity, changes in mood and cognition, and intrusion PTSD symptom clusters. In contrast to expectation, no effect for AS was evident for the avoidance PTSD symptom cluster. The current data uniquely add to the existing AS PTSD literature by showcasing distinct symptom cluster patterns among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of young adults with probable PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bryce K. Clausen
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Brooke Kauffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Anxiety and Depression in a Non-Clinical Sample of Young Polish Adults: Presence of Meaning in Life as a Mediator. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106065. [PMID: 35627602 PMCID: PMC9140330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Early adulthood, between 18 and 25, is viewed as a decisive period of life for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. Although the topic of their mutual relationship is well-known, little has been uncovered about the mechanism underlying this connection. To understand the indirect pathways between anxiety and depression, we chose the sense of meaning of life as a mediator because people's beliefs that their lives are or can be purposeful may protect against depression. The sample was composed of 277 Polish young adults. A small majority of the participants were women (58.8%). The mean age was M = 22.11 (SD = 1.72). We used in the research the Direct Behavior Rating-Scale Items Scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and the Brief Screen for Depression. Correlational analysis showed that, consistent with past findings, anxiety correlated positively with depression and searching for meaning. It was also negatively associated with presence of meaning. Moreover, depression was negatively linked to presence of meaning and positively with searching for meaning. Regression-based mediation analyses (PROCESS macro 3.4) proved that the relationship between anxiety and depression was mediated by presence of meaning in life, suggesting that having a sense of meaning may be a pathway by which feelings of tension relative to adverse events protect against depression.
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Zamani E, Akbari M, Mohammadkhani S, Riskind JH, Drake CL, Palagini L. The Relationship of Neuroticism with Sleep Quality: The Mediating Role of Emotional, Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors. Behav Sleep Med 2022; 20:74-89. [PMID: 33618569 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2021.1888730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor sleep quality is associated with a broad range of psychopathology and is a common problem among college students. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of metacognitive beliefs related to sleep, emotion regulation and a negative cognitive style related to anxiety (looming cognitive style) in the relation between neuroticism and reported sleep quality. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 343 undergraduates from three universities in Tehran (56.3% females, Mean age = 22.01 ± 2.74 years). METHOD Data were gathered with a questionnaire packet that included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Metacognitions Questionnaire-Insomnia (MCQ-I), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ) and Neuroticism subscale of NEO-PI-R. RESULTS Structural equation modeling analyses supported a proposed model (R2 = 37%) which proposed that neuroticism both directly and indirectly linked to reported sleep quality through metacognitions related to sleep, cognitive reappraisal and looming cognitive style (χ2 = 1194.87, p < .001; CFI = 0.93, NFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.065, GFI = 0.92, SRMR = 0.069, IFI = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence for the impact of neuroticism on reported sleep quality through metacognitive, cognitive and emotional factors. The result suggest that special attention should be paid to these factors in the treatment and psychopathology of sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Zamani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Akbari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - John H Riskind
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Christopher L Drake
- Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Park J, Choi J, Kim B. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health problems of adults in United States: mediating roles of cognitive concerns and behavioral changes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1557-1570. [PMID: 35348799 PMCID: PMC8961082 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the associations of statewide COVID-19 conditions (i.e., state-level case and death rates) with individual-level Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Major Depression Disorder (MDD) focusing on the salient mediating roles of individual-level cognitive concerns and behavioral changes. METHODS Using a national representative sample of adults in the United States (n = 585,073), we fitted logistic regressions to examine the overall associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and GAD/MDD. We employed a causal mediation analysis with two mediators: cognitive concerns (i.e., concerns on going to the public, loss of income, food insufficiency, housing payment, and the economy) and behavioral changes (i.e., taking fewer trips, avoiding eating-out, more online-purchase, more curbside pick-up, and cancelling doctor's appointments). RESULTS We found relationships of statewide COVID-19 cases with GAD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, 1.07) and MDD (OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.09). The ORs were mediated by cognitive concerns for GAD (OR = 1.02, proportion mediated: 29%) and MDD (OR = 1.01, 17%). Another salient mediator was behavioral changes for GAD (OR = 1.02, 31%) and MDD (OR = 1.01, 15%). Similar associations were found with statewide COVID-19 death. CONCLUSIONS Our mediation analyses suggest that cognitive concerns and behavioral changes are important mediators of the relationships between statewide COVID-19 case/death rates and GAD/MDD. COVID-19 pandemic may involve individual-level concerns and behavior changes, and such experiences are likely to affect mental health outcomes. Public health approaches to alleviate adverse mental health consequences should take into account the mediating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- JungHo Park
- SURE Education Research Group, Department of Smart City, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Urban Planning and Spatial Analysis, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jin Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Byoungjun Kim
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave 5th Floor, New York, NY 10010 USA
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Carnahan ND, Carter MM, Sbrocco T. Intolerance of Uncertainty, Looming Cognitive Style, and Avoidant Coping as Predictors of Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19: a Longitudinal Study. Int J Cogn Ther 2021; 15:1-19. [PMID: 34630822 PMCID: PMC8491961 DOI: 10.1007/s41811-021-00123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased distress and uncertainty. Understanding the progression of mental health and factors underlying the perpetuation of distress during the pandemic is pivotal in informing interventions and public health messaging. This current study examined longitudinal effects of two cognitive vulnerabilities, looming cognitive style, and intolerance of uncertainty, as well as coping styles on anxiety and depression through online questionnaires at two time points in the pandemic, May 2020 (N = 1520) and August 2020 (N = 545). Depression, but not anxiety, significantly increased across time, which was moderated by coping style. Serial mediation modeling using path analysis demonstrated a significant pathway illustrating increased looming cognitive style in the beginning of the pandemic leads to increased intolerance of uncertainty, avoidant coping, and anxiety later in the pandemic. Results suggest a novel model in conceptualizing anxiety during the pandemic, namely highlighting looming cognitive style as an underlying cognitive vulnerability factor and antecedent of intolerance of uncertainty and illuminating the temporal directionality between looming cognitive style and intolerance of uncertainty. These findings provide important implications regarding intervention and public health messaging with modifiable behavioral and cognitive factors to improve mental health during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette D Carnahan
- Department of Psychology, American University, 4801 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA
| | - Michele M Carter
- Department of Psychology, American University, 4801 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA
| | - Tracy Sbrocco
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD USA
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14
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Ford CG, Kiken LG, Haliwa I, Shook NJ. Negatively biased cognition as a mechanism of mindfulness: a review of the literature. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Looming Cognitive Style More Consistently Predicts Anxiety than Depressive Symptoms: Evidence from a 3-Wave Yearlong Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Dennis D, Radnitz C, Wheaton MG. A Perfect Storm? Health Anxiety, Contamination Fears, and COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Past Pandemics and Current Challenges. Int J Cogn Ther 2021; 14:497-513. [PMID: 33907592 PMCID: PMC8061445 DOI: 10.1007/s41811-021-00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread, becoming a global pandemic with significant health, economic, and social impacts. COVID-19 has caused widespread anxiety, which at healthy levels leads to adaptive, protective behavioral changes. For some individuals, a pandemic outbreak can lead to excessive, maladaptive levels of anxiety, particularly among those with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and health anxiety. In the present paper, we review past research studies that examined anxiety in response to other disease outbreaks (including Swine Flu, Zika, and Ebola) to serve as a guide for expectable responses to COVID-19. Our review focused on the role of belief-based cognitive variables (obsessive beliefs, contamination cognitions), transdiagnostic processes (disgust sensitivity, anxiety sensitivity, an intolerance of uncertainty), social factors, and environmental/situational variables as contributing factors to excessive concerns about past pandemics. These factors in combination with unique characteristics of the virus (disease, behavioral, social and economic factors) and media consumption might enhance vulnerability to excessive anxiety about COVID-19, in line with a diathesis-stress model. COVID-19 is also unique from past pandemics due to its severity, easy transmissibility, and the nature of prescribed behavioral responses (i.e., hand washing and social distancing). We therefore discuss the ways in which COVID-19 may disproportionately affect individuals with OCD and health anxiety. We conclude with important topics for clinical and research attention to help mental health professionals respond in this time of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dennis
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ USA.,Barnard College of Columbia University, New York City, NY USA
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Young IF, Sullivan D, Hart J, Palitsky R. Insecurity orientations: A person-centered approach to existential concerns. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Negative item memory and associative memory: Influences of working memory capacity, anxiety sensitivity, and looming cognition. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 68:101569. [PMID: 32234568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Traumatic or negative stimuli facilitate item memory but impair associated context memory. Vulnerability factors related to the maintenance and onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as anxiety sensitivity, looming cognitive style, dissociation, and low working memory capacity, have been identified. However, little is known about how these factors influence negative item or associative memory. METHODS Eighty-five undergraduates completed self-report questionnaires, the operation span with words (OSPAN) task, and an item and associative memory task in which incidental encoding of negative and neutral items and context information (Day 1) was followed by an unexpected retrieval test (Day 2). RESULTS The results showed greater Hit rates and False Alarms on item memory and lower accuracy on context memory with negative stimuli than with neutral stimuli, replicating previous findings. Low working memory capacity and high dissociation were correlated with low negative item memory. Under low working memory capacity, high levels of anxiety sensitivity and looming cognitive style predicted high dissociation levels and low accuracy for negative item memory. There were no individual differences involving associative memory. LIMITATIONS A nonclinical sample was used, which limits the generalizability of our results to clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS Dissociation could be a coping strategy for reducing negative item memory. Anxiety sensitivity and looming cognitive style facilitate dissociative coping; however, working memory capacity buffers against these vulnerabilities.
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Freeston M, Tiplady A, Mawn L, Bottesi G, Thwaites S. Towards a model of uncertainty distress in the context of Coronavirus (COVID-19). COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPIST 2020; 13:e31. [PMID: 34191941 PMCID: PMC7426588 DOI: 10.1017/s1754470x2000029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The paper forms part of a series of papers outlining the theoretical framework for a new model of uncertainty distress (this paper), treatment implications arising from the model, and empirical tests of the model. We define uncertainty distress as the subjective negative emotions experienced in response to the as yet unknown aspects of a given situation. In the first paper we draw on a robust body of research on distinct areas including: threat models of anxiety, perceived illness uncertainty and intolerance of uncertainty. We explore how threat and uncertainty are separable in anxiety and how we can understand behaviours in response to uncertainty. Finally, we propose a clinically, theoretically and empirically informed model for uncertainty distress, and outline how this model can be tested. Caveats, clinical applications and practitioner key points are briefly included, although these are more fully outlined in the treatment implications article. While we outline this model in the context of novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the model has broader applications to both mental and physical health care settings. KEY LEARNING AIMS (1)To define the concept of uncertainty distress.(2)To understand the role of threat, over-estimation of threat, perceived uncertainty, actual uncertainty, and intolerance of uncertainty in distress maintenance.(3)To understand how people may behave in response to uncertainty distress.(4)To describe a model of uncertainty distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Freeston
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ashley Tiplady
- Newcastle Hospitals Occupational Health Service, Regent Point, Regent Farm Road, GosforthNE3 3HD, UK
| | - Lauren Mawn
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Psychology in Healthcare, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon TyneNE1 4LP, UK
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Sarah Thwaites
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Fukasawa M, Kawakami N, Umeda M, Akiyama T, Horikoshi N, Yasumura S, Yabe H, Suzuki Y, Bromet EJ. Longitudinal associations of radiation risk perceptions and mental health among non-evacuee residents of Fukushima prefecture seven years after the nuclear power plant disaster. SSM Popul Health 2019; 10:100523. [PMID: 31872039 PMCID: PMC6909055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the effects of prolonged radiation risk perceptions on mental health after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident occurred in 2011. We investigated the longitudinal associations of radiation risk perceptions five years after the accident with psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms two years later among non-evacuee community residents of Fukushima prefecture. A two-wave questionnaire survey was administered for 4,900 randomly sampled residents in 49 municipalities of Fukushima prefecture excluding the evacuation area designated by the Japanese government. Radiation risk perceptions were assessed with a seven-item scale. Psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms were measured by the K6 and the six-item abbreviated version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Specific version, respectively. We investigated the associations of radiation risk perceptions in the first survey conducted in 2016 with psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms in the follow-up survey conducted in 2017–18, controlling for the baseline level of distress or symptoms using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Valid responses were obtained from 1,148 residents (23.4%). Higher risk perceptions of radiation exposure in the first survey predicted later posttraumatic stress symptoms but not psychological distress after controlling for baseline symptoms or distress. High risk perceptions of radiation exposure after nuclear power plant accidents can lead to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Radiation anxiety predicted later posttraumatic stress symptoms. Radiation anxiety did not predict later psychological distress. Radiation anxiety affected later mental health status among non-evacuee residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Fukasawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Maki Umeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Akiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-8625, Japan
| | - Naoko Horikoshi
- Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Seiji Yasumura
- Department of Public Health, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzuki
- Department of Mental Health Policy, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Greenblatt-Kimron L, Cohen M. The role of cognitive processing in the relationship of posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression among older Holocaust survivors: a moderated-mediation model. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 33:59-74. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1669787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Greenblatt-Kimron
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miri Cohen
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Riskind JH, Calvete E. Anxiety and the dynamic self as defined by the prospection and mental simulation of looming future threats. J Pers 2019; 88:31-44. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Riskind
- Department of Psychology George Mason University Fairfax Virginia
| | - Esther Calvete
- Department of Psychology University of Deusto Bilbao Spain
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23
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McDonald D, Kaufmann A, Haaga DAF. Development and validation of the cigarette smoking consequences looming scale. Addict Behav 2018; 87:238-243. [PMID: 30081352 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental manipulations intended to alter cognitive appraisals of smoking-related threats may affect cigarette smoking and motivation to quit. However, no previous measure has directly assessed perceptions of smoking-related threats as increasing and coming closer in space and/or time (i.e., "looming"). The current research develops such a measure of dynamic smoking-related threat appraisal: the Cigarette Smoking Consequences Looming Scale (CSCLS). METHODS In Study 1 (N = 124 daily smokers), the researchers created an initial, scenario-based version of the CSCLS and refined the measure based on factor analysis. In Study 2, 143 daily smokers completed a condensed CSCLS organized around two factors (Physical and Social consequence of smoking). In each study, participants also completed measures of dispositional looming perception, motivation to quit smoking, and smoking outcome expectancies. RESULTS The CSCLS showed strong internal consistency and concurrent validity in that scores on the measure correlated as expected in both studies with a general tendency to perceive threats as looming, outcome expectancies for smoking, and motivation to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS Measuring perceptions of smoking-related consequences as looming may provide greater insight into the cognitive factors associated with motivation to quit smoking, which in turn may inform communications about the risks of smoking.
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Looming Cognitive Style (LCS), Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT), and Anxiety: a Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Cogn Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-018-0021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Altan-Atalay A. Moderator Role of Looming Cognitive Style (LCS) in the Relationship Between Attentional Control and Anxiety: Difference Between Shifting and Focusing Dimensions. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 152:445-455. [PMID: 30152724 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1466775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional control (AC) that is composed of shifting and focusing dimensions had been suggested as a transdiagnostic risk factor, associated with development and maintenance of various psychological disorders. In comparison, Looming Cognitive Style (LCS) had been documented as a trait-based, disorders-specific characteristic that is linked to high levels of subjectively felt anxiety. The present study investigated whether individual differences in LCS moderated the association of shifting and focusing with anxiety. Participants were 402 individuals between ages 18 and 68 recruited through advertisements posted on various forums, e-mail groups, and social media websites. They filled out questionnaires assessing AC, LCS, anxiety, and depression online. Results of the moderation analyses indicated that at high levels of LCS, low attentional shifting ability was associated with more intense anxiety. A similar relationship with LCS was not observed for focusing. In conclusion, for individuals who have high LCS and low shifting ability, content of and distress coming from looming images is experienced in a more intense manner due to difficulty in shifting to another (perhaps less anxiety provoking) content more flexibly. The findings are providing support for the interactive-synergistic perspective, indicating that deficits in shifting capacity may potentiate negative impact of looming cognitions.
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An exploration of moderator effect of Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies (NMRE) in the association of Looming Cognitive Style (LCS) with trait anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Interactive Effects of Looming Cognitive Style and Maladaptive Perfectionism on Trait Anxiety. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-018-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Altan-Atalay A, Ayvaşık HB. Antecedents of Looming Cognitive Style: Associations With Reported Perceived Parenting and Attachment. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:96-107. [DOI: 10.1177/0033294117750631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Looming Cognitive Style, which was proposed as cognitive vulnerability model specific for anxiety disorders, suggests that anxiety-prone individuals have a tendency to perceive threats and dangers as getting closer, becoming larger, and more agonizing every passing minute. Yet, very few studies focused on the family-related variables that are associated with development of Looming Cognitive Style. This study aims to investigate the relationship of Looming Cognitive Style with measures perceived parenting and attachment. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 389 university students aged between 18 and 35 as participants. The participants were assessed through Looming Cognitive Style, perceived parenting, attachment anxiety, and avoidance. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated Looming Cognitive Style to be significantly predicted by maternal overprotection and anxiety dimension of attachment. The results are important in understanding how parenting-related variables are related to development of cognitive vulnerabilities specific to anxiety disorders.
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Riskind JH, Calvete E, Black D. Effects of Looming Cognitive Style and Time Course on Anticipatory Anxiety About an Impending Speech. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2017.36.10.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Katz D, Rector NA, Riskind J. Reduction in Looming Cognitive Style in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Effect on Post-treatment Symptoms Across Anxiety Disorders and Within Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Int J Cogn Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2017.10.4.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Katz
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil A. Rector
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Meyer AE, Curry JF. Pathways from anxiety to stressful events: An expansion of the stress generation hypothesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 57:93-116. [PMID: 28865244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John F Curry
- Duke University, United States; Duke University Medical Center, United States
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Ein-Dor T, Perry-Paldi A, Zohar-Cohen K, Efrati Y, Hirschberger G. It takes an insecure liar to catch a liar: The link between attachment insecurity, deception, and detection of deception. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hong RY, Riskind JH, Cheung MWL, Calvete E, González-Díez Z, Atalay AA, Curzik D, Jokic-Begic N, Del Palacio-Gonzalez A, Mihić L, Samac N, Sica C, Sugiura Y, Khatri S, Kleiman EM. The Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire: Measurement invariance and relations to anxiety and depression across 10 countries. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 49:1-11. [PMID: 28359786 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ) is a self-report measure designed to assess the looming cognitive style, a tendency to interpret threats as rapidly approaching and increasing in magnitude. To date, no systematic evaluation on the psychometric properties of the LMSQ across diverse cultural contexts has been done. In the present research, the measurement invariance of the LMSQ test scores was examined in 10 countries (N=4000). Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a two-factor model (i.e., physical looming and social looming) fitted the data well across countries. Partial measurement invariance was established for the LMSQ scores across the countries whereas full measurement invariance was achieved across gender. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling was applied to examine the unique contributions of the two looming factors to anxiety and depression symptoms. Results indicated that the test scores underlying two looming factors were crucial and valid predictors of symptoms. The LMSQ shows promise as a measure with cross-cultural generalizability and opens new avenues for its use in diverse cultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Y Hong
- National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Riskind JH, Sica C, Bottesi G, Ghisi M, Kashdan TB. Cognitive vulnerabilities in parents as a potential risk factor for anxiety symptoms in young adult offspring: An exploration of looming cognitive style. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:229-238. [PMID: 27614663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Given that anxiety runs in families, it is critical to understand the cognitive factors that may be responsible for this intergenerational transmission. The present study offers a first step by exploring the link between mother and father tendencies to view potentially threatening situations as rapidly escalating toward dreaded outcomes (i.e., looming cognitive style) and the emotional disturbances and looming cognitive styles of their adult offspring. METHODS We assessed cognitive vulnerabilities, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in a non-clinical sample (N = 382) of Italian college students and their parents. RESULTS The looming cognitive style of fathers, but not mothers, was significantly related to greater anxiety in adult offspring. This finding was obtained for both sons and daughters, and remained even after statistically controlling for the anxiety, worry, depressive symptoms, and anxiety sensitivity (AS) of parents). Notably, the association between fathers' looming cognitive style and offspring symptoms was not related to their child's depressive symptoms, and similar to prior work, served as a cognitive marker specific to anxiety. LIMITATIONS The present study relied on a cross-sectional design and did not use clients diagnosed with anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that it may prove fruitful to consider parental vulnerabilities such as looming cognitive styles in comprehensive cognitive and interpersonal models of anxiety. The intergenerational transmission of emotional difficulties seems to extend beyond anxiety to beliefs about the escalation of threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Riskind
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Claudio Sica
- Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Calvete E, Riskind JH, Orue I, Gonzalez-Diez Z. Recursive Associations Among Maladaptive Cognitions and Symptoms of Social Anxiety and Depression: Implications for Sex Differences. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2016.35.10.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Conway M, Dubé L. Humor in Persuasion on Threatening Topics: Effectiveness Is a Function of Audience Sex Role Orientation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/014616720202800701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis was that humor relative to no-humor appeals on threatening topics are effective for high-masculinity individuals because they seem particularly averse to experiencing distress (i.e., sadness and fear). Persuasive targets were sunscreen use to prevent melanoma (skin cancer) in Study 1 and condom use to prevent AIDS in Study 2. The humor and no-humor appeals presented the same substantive information. In both studies, high-masculinity men and women exhibited greater intent to adopt the preventive behaviors in response to the humor relative to the no-humor appeal; no difference emerged for low-masculinity individuals. Humor effects were not related to explicit responses to the ads (e.g., listed thoughts and feelings). In Study 2, threat intensity in the media context was manipulated (moderate vs. low) as experiential processing is likely favored under greater threat. Overall, the results seem attributable to experiential processing of humor appeals on threatening topics by high-masculinity participants.
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González-Díez Z, Orue I, Calvete E. The role of emotional maltreatment and looming cognitive style in the development of social anxiety symptoms in late adolescents. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2016; 30:26-38. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2016.1188920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Riskind JH, Sagliano L, Trojano L, Conson M. Dysfunctional Freezing Responses to Approaching Stimuli in Persons with a Looming Cognitive Style for Physical Threats. Front Psychol 2016; 7:521. [PMID: 27148129 PMCID: PMC4835712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilizing freezing responses are associated with anxiety and may be etiologically related to several anxiety disorders. Although recent studies have sought to investigate the underlying mechanisms in freezing responses that are so problematic in many forms of anxiety, cognitive factors related to anxiety have not been investigated. This study was designed to investigate the potential moderating role of a well-documented cognitive vulnerability to anxiety, the Looming Cognitive Style (i.e., LCS; Riskind et al., 2000), which assesses the extent to which individuals tend to routinely interpret ambiguous threats (e.g., physical or social threats) in a biased manner as approaching. We assessed participants' Reaction Times (RTs) when they made judgments about images of animals that differed in threat valence (threat or neutral) and motion direction (approach or recede). As expected, LCS for concerns about the approach of physical dangers appeared to moderate freeze reactions. Individuals who were high on this LCS factor tended to generally exhibit a freeze-response (slower RTs) and this was independent of the threat valence or motion direction of the animals. These general freezing reactions were in stark contrast to those of individuals who were low on the LCS factor for concerns about the approach of physical dangers. These participants tended to exhibit more selective and functional freezing responses that occurred only to threatening animals with approach motion; they did not exhibit freezing to neutral stimuli or any stimuli with receding motion. These findings did not appear to be explicable by a general slowing of RTs for the participants with high LCS. Moreover, the LCS factor for concerns about social threats (such as rejection or embarrassment) was not related to differences in freezing; there was also no additional relationship of freezing to behavioral inhibition scores on the Behavioral Inhibition System and the Behavioral Activation System Scales (BIS/BAS). It may prove fruitful to further explore cognitive factors related to anxiety to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how these factors are associated with anxiety-related freezing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Riskind
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Laura Sagliano
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples Caserta, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Conson
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples Caserta, Italy
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McKnight PE, Monfort SS, Kashdan TB, Blalock DV, Calton JM. Anxiety symptoms and functional impairment: A systematic review of the correlation between the two measures. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:115-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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del Palacio-González A, Clark DA. Specificity of Cognitive Vulnerability in Fear and Sad Affect: Anxiety Sensitivity, Looming Cognitive Style, and Hopelessness in Emotion Reactivity and Recovery. Int J Cogn Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.4.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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González-Díez Z, Calvete E, Riskind JH, Orue I. Test of an hypothesized structural model of the relationships between cognitive style and social anxiety: a 12-month prospective study. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 30:59-65. [PMID: 25602785 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test whether social looming cognitive style accounts for the predictive association between early maladaptive schema domains and social anxiety. We predicted that early maladaptive schema domains would predict the increase of social anxiety over time and that social looming would act as a mediator between schema domains and social anxiety. A three-wave longitudinal design was used. The participants (N=471, 56.95% women) were Spanish adolescents and young adults aged between 16 and 25 years old (Mage=17.81, SD age=3.19). The results showed that three schema domains (impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, and other-directedness) predicted the increase in social anxiety and that LCS for social threat acted as a mediator between other-directedness and social anxiety at T3. These results are important to improve the knowledge of the cognitive mechanisms that are involved in the occurrence and development of social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahira González-Díez
- University of Deusto, Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, Apdo. 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Esther Calvete
- University of Deusto, Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, Apdo. 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - John H Riskind
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, 9992 Main Street, Fairfax, VA 22031, United States
| | - Izaskun Orue
- University of Deusto, Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, Apdo. 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Ayers CR, Riskind JH. Testing the psychometric properties of the Cognitions Checklist, a measure to differentiate anxiety and depression among older adults. Geriatr Nurs 2014; 35:370-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Riskind JH, Kleiman EM, Seifritz E, Neuhoff J. Influence of anxiety, depression and looming cognitive style on auditory looming perception. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:45-50. [PMID: 24361906 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies show that individuals with an anticipatory auditory looming bias over-estimate the closeness of a sound source that approaches them. Our present study bridges cognitive clinical and perception research, and provides evidence that anxiety symptoms and a particular putative cognitive style that creates vulnerability for anxiety (looming cognitive style, or LCS) are related to how people perceive this ecologically fundamental auditory warning signal. The effects of anxiety symptoms on the anticipatory auditory looming effect synergistically depend on the dimension of perceived personal danger assessed by the LCS (physical or social threat). Depression symptoms, in contrast to anxiety symptoms, predict a diminution of the auditory looming bias. Findings broaden our understanding of the links between cognitive-affective states and auditory perception processes and lend further support to past studies providing evidence that the looming cognitive style is related to bias in threat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Riskind
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Evan M Kleiman
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Neuhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Riskind JH, Kleiman EM, Weingarden H, Danvers AF. Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety in the stress generation process: further investigation of the interaction effect between the looming cognitive style and anxiety sensitivity. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2013; 44:381-7. [PMID: 23651606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to replicate and extend previous research on the relationship between stress generation and two well-documented anxiety related cognitive vulnerabilities, Looming Cognitive Style (LCS) and Anxiety Sensitivity (AS). We first sought to replicate findings that LCS and AS augment each other's stress generation effect. Next, we expanded upon these findings by conducting fine grained analyses not possible in the prior study, by using the third edition of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Taylor et al., 2007) and examined the individual facets of AS, which includes: Mental Incapacitation (fear of mental impairment), Physical (fear of catastrophic outcomes such as death), and Social (fear of being noticed for trembling, blushing) facets. METHODS We followed 99 female undergraduates who were assessed twice over a six-week interval. RESULTS First, the results replicated a previous study and showed that LCS and AS magnified each other's impact on stress generation. Second, analyses using the individual subscales of AS indicated significant interactions between LCS and the Mental Incapacitation and Physical facets of AS but not the Social facet. LIMITATIONS Limitations of the present study include reliance on self-report measures and the use of a female only sample. Using such a sample is consistent with previous literature, but limits generalizability to males. CONCLUSIONS The present findings are consistent with the emerging view that stress generation is an active, transactional process and that anxiety-related cognitive styles (much like depressive styles) contribute to stress generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Riskind
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Mail Stop 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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Kleiman EM, Riskind JH. Negative cognitive style and looming cognitive style synergistically predict stress generation. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2013; 27:347-59. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2013.853048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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From Dispositional Traits to Psychopathological Symptoms: Social-Cognitive Vulnerabilities as Intervening Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-013-9350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Riskind JH, Calvete E, Gonzalez Z, Orue I, Kleiman EM, Shahar G. Direct and Indirect Effects of Looming Cognitive Style via Social Cognitions on Social Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility. Int J Cogn Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2013.6.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Pietri ES, Fazio RH, Shook NJ. Weighting positive versus negative: the fundamental nature of valence asymmetry. J Pers 2013; 81:196-208. [PMID: 22812503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relation between weighting of valence information in attitude generalization and evaluation of novel/hypothetical situations was explored. METHOD Undergraduate participants played a computer game requiring them to learn which stimuli (beans) would increase/decrease their points. Later, participants classified the valence of game beans and novel ones varying in resemblance to game beans. The weighting bias in attitude generalization was estimated as the average response to novel beans, controlling for game bean learning. We examined whether this bias related to judgments of hypothetical situations concerning interpersonal relationships (Study 1), threat assessment (Study 2), risk propensities (Study 3), and risk behavior (Study 6). We also assessed whether valence weighting is specifically predictive of novel situations (Studies 4 and 5). Finally, we explored participants' ability to self-report their weighting bias (Study 7). RESULTS Valence weighting in attitude generalization was related to judgments of novel situations and risk behavior. The performance-based measure did not correlate with responses to various questionnaires related to valence weighting. CONCLUSIONS There is a fundamental individual difference associated with valence weighting, resulting in the relation between two processes unrelated in content, but sharing the essential characteristic of valence weighting-attitude generalization and evaluation of novel situations.
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Schaefer KE, Esposito-Smythers C, Riskind JH. The role of impulsivity in the relationship between anxiety and suicidal ideation. J Affect Disord 2012; 143:95-101. [PMID: 22925350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to examine the degree to which trait and cognitive (looming cognitive style) measures of anxiety are associated with suicidal ideation (SI), as well as whether trait and cognitive (time misperception) measures of impulsivity moderate the association between these variables. METHODS The sample included 100 undergraduate students (72% female) who completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Time Paradigm Version 1.0 Task, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. RESULTS Trait anxiety and looming cognitive style were found to be positively associated with SI. Further, both trait impulsivity and time misperception moderated the association between these variables and SI, but in a different manner. Consistent with study hypotheses, among those high in trait anxiety, greater overestimation of time was associated with a higher likelihood of SI. Contrary to study hypotheses, among those low in trait anxiety, high trait impulsivity was associated with a greater likelihood of SI. The same pattern of results was found when looming cognitive style served as the independent variable. LIMITATIONS The use of a cross-sectional design limits the ability to determine the temporal relationship of the study variables. Further, the sample included predominantly Caucasian undergraduates and thus study results may not generalize to other populations. CONCLUSIONS Clinically, results suggest that high trait anxiety, looming cognitive style, time misperception, and trait impulsivity may be important risk factors for SI among college students and thus should be assessed when students present for treatment. Treatments that focus on problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and affect regulation strategies may help decrease anxiety and impulsivity, which in turn may help reduce the likelihood of suicidal thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Schaefer
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, 4400 University Dr., Mail Stop 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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