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Collier ES, Normann A, Harris KL, Oberrauter LM, Bergman P. Making More Sustainable Food Choices One Meal at a Time: Psychological and Practical Aspects of Meat Reduction and Substitution. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091182. [PMID: 35563904 PMCID: PMC9099438 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Switching out meat in favour of plant-based alternatives such as meat substitutes is an important step towards eating more sustainably. Here, the aim was to identify and explore the specific barriers experienced by Swedish consumers when replacing meat with more sustainable alternatives. All meat-eating participants in this study reported some interest in reducing their meat consumption. Aspects of home-use and central-location test methods were combined by using a digital conferencing system to host cooking sessions and focus group discussions online, which was shown to be a viable setup even in this hands-on setting. The discussions targeted participants’ experience preparing meals using meat substitutes as well as their perceived motivators and barriers to reducing meat consumption. Four themes identified through thematic analysis indicated that meat-eating participants, despite their desire or intent to reduce their meat consumption, experienced barriers relating to the following: internal conflict due to holding multiple positive and negative beliefs about meat simultaneously (ambivalence), justification of eating meat (rationalisation), a desire for variety in and control over their food choices (agency), and sensitivity to the views and expectations of other people and the situational context regarding meat (social and structuralfactors). Possible strategies to support ambivalent individuals in aligning their behaviour with their beliefs instead of vice versa are discussed in the context of the meat paradox. Agency and practical skills, including increasing knowledge in preparing meals with plant-based proteins, likely play a role in bridging this intention–behaviour gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Collier
- Perception & Design Unit, Division Bioeconomy & Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, 580 02 Linkoping, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne Normann
- Perception & Design Unit, Division Bioeconomy & Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 412 76 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.N.); (L.-M.O.); (P.B.)
| | - Kathryn L. Harris
- Perception & Design Unit, Division Bioeconomy & Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Lisa-Maria Oberrauter
- Perception & Design Unit, Division Bioeconomy & Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 412 76 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.N.); (L.-M.O.); (P.B.)
| | - Penny Bergman
- Perception & Design Unit, Division Bioeconomy & Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 412 76 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.N.); (L.-M.O.); (P.B.)
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Garofalo C, López-Pérez B, Gummerum M, Hanoch Y, Tamir M. Emotion Goals: What Do Sexual Offenders Want to Feel? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:2611-2629. [PMID: 31364429 PMCID: PMC6745765 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19866114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexual offenders typically experience more negative emotions and greater difficulties in regulating emotions than non-offenders. However, limited data exist on what sexual offenders want to feel (i.e., their emotion goals). Notably, emotion goals play a key role in emotion regulation and contribute to emotional experience. The present study tested whether sexual offenders (N = 31) reported higher scores for negative emotion goals and lower scores for positive emotion goals, compared with general offenders (N = 26) and non-offenders (N = 26). In addition, we tested whether sexual offenders differed from the other two groups in their perceived pleasantness and perceived utility of emotions. Sexual offenders reported greater scores for the emotion goal of sadness, and lower scores for the emotion goal of excitement, compared with both general offenders and non-offenders. State and trait levels of these emotions could not fully account for these differences. Furthermore, sexual offenders reported lower perceived pleasantness for sadness than general offenders and lower perceived pleasantness for excitement compared with both other groups. Finally, sexual offenders reported greater perceived utility of sadness than non-offenders. These novel findings and their implications for research and interventions are discussed in the context of sexual offenders' emotional dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maya Tamir
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Israel
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3
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Dyck L. Resonance and dissonance asymmetry in effective physician-patient relationships. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2018. [PMID: 29537400 DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2017.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the proposed asymmetry that should occur between resonance and dissonance in physician-patient relationships in favour of resonance to facilitate an effective relationship. Resonance is represented by the positive emotional attractor, which comprises patients' conscious preferred future or ideal self, and dissonance is expressed by the negative emotional attractor and consists of the gaps between patients' ideal and real self or their fears, problems, and shortfalls. Intentional change theory is reviewed to optimise the physician-patient relationship. Concepts from complexity theory and recent research on emotions are used to explain positive and negative emotional attractors. The role of resonance and dissonance in physician-patient relationships is discussed along with how behaviour can be changed with positive and negative emotional attractors. This paper focuses on the quality and effectiveness of physician-patient relationships for physicians who create high versus low positive emotional attractor/negative emotional attractor ratios. Two theoretical propositions are offered and the research and practice implications are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dyck
- L Dyck, Department of Management and Leadership, College of Business and Public Management, University of La Verne, 1950 Third Street, La Verne, CA 91750, USA.
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Olsson LE, Gärling T, Ettema D, Friman M, Ståhl M. Current Mood vs. Recalled Impacts of Current Moods after Exposures to Sequences of Uncertain Monetary Outcomes. Front Psychol 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28184206 PMCID: PMC5266727 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Events in a sequence may each be evaluated as good or bad. We propose that such good-bad evaluations evoke emotional responses that change current mood. A model of recurrent updating of current mood is developed and compared to a model of how a sequence of events evoking emotional responses is evaluated retrospectively. In Experiment 1, 149 undergraduates are presented sequences of lottery outcomes with a fixed probability of losing or winning different amounts of money. Ratings of current mood are made after the sequence. Retrospective evaluations are either made after the ratings of current mood or, in a control condition, when no ratings of current mood are made. The results show an expected effect on current mood of the valence of the end of the sequence. The results are less clear in showing an expected beginning effect on the retrospective evaluations. An expected beginning effect on retrospective evaluations is found in Experiment 2 in which 41 undergraduates are first asked to remember the different amounts of money, then to evaluate the sequence as lottery outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars E Olsson
- Samot - The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group, Karlstad University Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Tommy Gärling
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dick Ettema
- Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Margareta Friman
- Samot - The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group, Karlstad University Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Michael Ståhl
- Samot - The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group, Karlstad University Karlstad, Sweden
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Bjalkebring P, Västfjäll D, Johansson BEA. Happiness and arousal: framing happiness as arousing results in lower happiness ratings for older adults. Front Psychol 2015; 6:706. [PMID: 26097459 PMCID: PMC4456575 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults have been shown to describe their happiness as lower in arousal when compared to younger adults. In addition, older adults prefer low arousal positive emotions over high arousal positive emotions in their daily lives. We experimentally investigated whether or not changing a few words in the description of happiness could influence a person’s rating of their happiness. We randomly assigned 193 participants, aged 22–92 years, to one of three conditions (high arousal, low arousal, or control). In line with previous findings, we found that older participants rated their happiness lower when framed as high in arousal (i.e., ecstatic, to be bursting with positive emotions) and rated their happiness higher when framed as low in arousal (i.e., satisfied, to have a life filled with positive emotions). Younger adults remained uninfluenced by the manipulation. Our study demonstrates that arousal is essential to understanding ratings of happiness, and gives support to the notion that there are age differences in the preference for arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Par Bjalkebring
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linkoping University , Linkoping, Sweden ; Decision Research , Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Boo E A Johansson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tamir M. Why Do People Regulate Their Emotions? A Taxonomy of Motives in Emotion Regulation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2015; 20:199-222. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868315586325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation involves the pursuit of desired emotional states (i.e., emotion goals) in the service of superordinate motives. The nature and consequences of emotion regulation, therefore, are likely to depend on the motives it is intended to serve. Nonetheless, limited attention has been devoted to studying what motivates emotion regulation. By mapping the potential benefits of emotion to key human motives, this review identifies key classes of motives in emotion regulation. The proposed taxonomy distinguishes between hedonic motives that target the immediate phenomenology of emotions, and instrumental motives that target other potential benefits of emotions. Instrumental motives include behavioral, epistemic, social, and eudaimonic motives. The proposed taxonomy offers important implications for understanding the mechanism of emotion regulation, variation across individuals and contexts, and psychological function and dysfunction, and points to novel research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Tamir
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Koopmann-Holm B, Tsai JL. Focusing on the negative: cultural differences in expressions of sympathy. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 107:1092-115. [PMID: 25243416 DOI: 10.1037/a0037684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Feeling concern about the suffering of others is considered a basic human response, and yet we know surprisingly little about the cultural factors that shape how people respond to the suffering of another person. To this end, we conducted 4 studies that tested the hypothesis that American expressions of sympathy focus on the negative less and positive more than German expressions of sympathy, in part because Americans want to avoid negative states more than Germans do. In Study 1, we demonstrate that American sympathy cards contain less negative and more positive content than German sympathy cards. In Study 2, we show that European Americans want to avoid negative states more than Germans do. In Study 3, we demonstrate that these cultural differences in "avoided negative affect" mediate cultural differences in how comfortable Americans and Germans feel focusing on the negative (vs. positive) when expressing sympathy for the hypothetical death of an acquaintance's father. To examine whether greater avoided negative affect results in lesser focus on the negative and greater focus on the positive when responding to another person's suffering, in Study 4, American and German participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (a) to "push negative images away" (i.e., increasing desire to avoid negative affect) from or (b) to "pull negative images closer" (i.e., decreasing desire to avoid negative affect) to themselves. Participants were then asked to pick a card to send to an acquaintance whose father had hypothetically just died. Across cultures, participants in the "push negative away" condition were less likely to choose sympathy cards with negative (vs. positive) content than were those in the "pull negative closer" condition. Together, these studies suggest that cultures differ in their desire to avoid negative affect and that these differences influence the degree to which expressions of sympathy focus on the negative (vs. positive). We discuss the implications of these findings for current models of sympathy, compassion, and helping.
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Polman E. When More Pain Is Preferred To Less: The Effect of Anger in Decision Making. SOCIAL COGNITION 2011. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2011.29.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cabanac M, Bonniot-Cabanac MC. Decision making: rational or hedonic? BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2007; 3:45. [PMID: 17848195 PMCID: PMC2082033 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments studied the hedonicity of decision making. Participants rated their pleasure/displeasure while reading item-sentences describing political and social problems followed by different decisions (Questionnaire 1). Questionnaire 2 was multiple-choice, grouping the items from Questionnaire 1. In Experiment 1, participants answered Questionnaire 2 rapidly or slowly. Both groups selected what they had rated as pleasant, but the 'leisurely' group maximized pleasure less. In Experiment 2, participants selected the most rational responses. The selected behaviors were pleasant but less than spontaneous behaviors. In Experiment 3, Questionnaire 2 was presented once with items grouped by theme, and once with items shuffled. Participants maximized the pleasure of their decisions, but the items selected on Questionnaires 2 were different when presented in different order. All groups maximized pleasure equally in their decisions.These results support that decisions are made predominantly in the hedonic dimension of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cabanac
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Canada
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Finkenauer C, Gallucci M, van Dijk WW, Pollmann M. Investigating the role of time in affective forecasting: temporal influences on forecasting accuracy. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 33:1152-66. [PMID: 17565049 DOI: 10.1177/0146167207303021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using extensive diary data from people taking their driver's license exam, the authors investigated the role of time in affective forecasting accuracy. Replicating existing findings, participants grossly overestimated the intensity and duration of their negative affect after failure and only slightly overestimated the intensity and duration of their positive affect after success. Extending existing findings, participants accurately predicted a decrease of their affective reactions over time but underestimated the speed with which this decrease would occur. In addition, they showed greater forecasting accuracy for positive affect than negative affect when the exam was distant and greater forecasting accuracy for negative affect than positive affect when the exam was close. The motivational processes underlying these findings are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Finkenauer
- Department of social PsychologyVrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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