The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures questionnaire: a method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships

Development of the Italian Version of the Test of Object Relations-Short Form

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to develop a short form of the Test of Object Relations (TOR-SF), a self-report instrument that assesses object relations.

METHOD

Two separate studies were undertaken to accomplish this purpose. Study 1 aimed to select a reduced number of the items included in the Test of Object Relations, in order to develop a short form of the original instrument. Furthermore, the reliability and criterion validity of the instrument were examined. The primary purpose of Study 2 was to test, in a different sample, the factor structure of the TOR-SF and to examine the internal consistency, reliability, and concurrent validity using measures of attachment to mother, father, and friends.

RESULTS

The TOR-SF showed a good six-factor structure which represents the six subscales of the theoretical framework model (symbiotic merging, separation anxiety, narcissism, egocentricity, social isolation, and fear of engulfment). The six factors showed very good internal reliability and good criterion and concurrent validity. Results also supported the hierarchical three-factor model which, besides six sub-dimensions of object relations, includes three main dimensions (dependence, self-absorption, and alienation).

CONCLUSIONS

The short version of the TOR includes 18 items and is economical to use. Practical implications for object relations psychology are discussed.