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Buelow MT, Kowalsky JM, Okdie BM. Test-Retest Reliability of Common Behavioral Decision-Making Tasks: A Multi-Sample, Repeated Measures Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 39:378-382. [PMID: 38091413 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decision-making is responsible for the best and worst of human nature. The field of decision science has done much to elucidate the psychological process of decision-making, variables that affect decision-making, and outcomes of disadvantageous decision-making. However, understanding any psychological process requires creation of reliable measures. Few studies focus on the test-retest reliability of behavioral decision-making tasks despite their utility in repeated assessment batteries. METHOD The present study examined the extent to which common behavioral decision-making tasks are reliable across time. Across two samples and two time points, participants completed multiple decision-making assessments. RESULTS Results revealed moderate at best evidence of test-retest reliability across a 10-week interval in any of the tasks assessed. CONCLUSIONS These findings raise large questions for the field of behavioral decision-making and the utility for tasks to track changes in decision-making across time in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH 43055, USA
| | | | - Bradley M Okdie
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH 43055, USA
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2
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Hawley WR, Morrow GD. Been There, Done That: The Impact of the Novelty of Penile Vaginal Intercourse (PVI) and Participants' Sex on Delay and Probability Discounting of PVI. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38517453 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2328250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Delay and probability discounting tasks are useful for understanding aspects of decision making. The current study, which employed a mixed-model design to assess discounting of penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI), was conducted online with male and female participants recruited from Prolific (N = 300; mean age = 34.1 years). Results of the novel delay and probability discounting tasks indicated that as the delay to PVI increased, or as PVI became less certain to occur, participants were instead more likely to choose to receive oral sex, the reward initially indicated as less desirable. Having previously engaged in PVI, however, enhanced this reversal of preferences on both tasks, which suggests PVI loses some of its value when no longer novel. Males and females similarly discounted PVI on the delay discounting task, which suggests biological sex may not impact the propensity to wait for a preferred sexual behavior. On the probability discounting task, however, males were more averse to a reduced probability of PVI occurring and instead opted for receiving oral sex. The sexual behavior discounting tasks developed in the current study, and ones like it, may prove useful for identifying preferences in sexual behaviors, and ultimately enhance sexual and relationship satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Hawley
- Department of Psychology, Counseling and Art Therapy, Pennsylvania Western University- Edinboro
| | - Gregory D Morrow
- Department of Psychology, Counseling and Art Therapy, Pennsylvania Western University- Edinboro
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Buelow MT, Moore S, Kowalsky JM, Okdie BM. Cognitive chicken or the emotional egg? How reconceptualizing decision-making by integrating cognition and emotion can improve task psychometrics and clinical utility. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1254179. [PMID: 38034301 PMCID: PMC10687164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1254179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision-making is an executive function, tapping into cognitive, emotional, and personality-based components. This complexity, and the varying operational definitions of the construct, is reflected in the rich array of behavioral decision-making tasks available for use in research and clinical settings. In many cases, these tasks are "subfield-specific," with tasks developed by cognitive psychologists focusing on cognitive aspects of decision-making and tasks developed by clinical psychologists focusing on interactions between emotional and cognitive aspects. Critically, performance across different tasks does not consistently correlate, obfuscating the ability to compare scores between measures and detect changes over time. Differing theories as to what cognitive and/or emotional aspects affect decision-making likely contribute to this lack of consistency across measures. The low criterion-related validity among decision-making tasks and lack of consistent measurement of the construct presents challenges for emotion and decision-making scholars. In this perspective, we provide several recommendations for the field: (a) assess decision-making as a specific cognitive ability versus a taxonomy of cognitive abilities; (b) a renewed focus on convergent validity across tasks; (c) further assessment of test-retest reliability versus practice effects on tasks; and (d) reimagine future decision-making research to consider the research versus clinical implications. We discuss one example of decision-making research applied to clinical settings, acquired brain injury recovery, to demonstrate how some of these concerns and recommendations can affect the ability to track changes in decision-making across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T. Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Sammy Moore
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Bradley M. Okdie
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
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4
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Zheng H, Zhou W, Wang M, Dong HH, Lu C, Zhang JL, Ma XF, Hu Y, Dong GH. Gender difference in network relationship between inter-temporal decisions and prefrontal activation levels in internet gaming disorder. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad015. [PMID: 38666126 PMCID: PMC11003422 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Impulsivity and decision-making are key factors in addiction. However, little is known about how gender and time sensitivity affect impulsivity in internet gaming disorder (IGD). Objective To investigate the gender difference of impulsive decision-making and relevant brain responses in IGD. Methods We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with 123 participants, including 59 IGD individuals (26 females) and 64 matched recreational game users (RGUs, 23 females). Participants performed a delay-discounting task during fMRI scanning. We examined gender-by-group effects on behavioral and neural measures to explore the preference for immediate over delayed rewards and the associated brain activity. We also investigated the network correlations between addiction severity and behavioral and neural measures, and analyzed the mediating role of brain activity in the link between delay discounting parameters and IGD severity. Results We found significant gender-by-group interactions. The imaging results revealed gender-by-group interactions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Post hoc analysis indicated that, for females, RGUs showed higher activity than IGD individuals in these brain regions, while for males IGD individuals exhibited higher activity than RGUs. The activation in the left IFG mediated the relation between Internet Addiction Test score and discount rate in females. In males, the activation in the right dlPFC mediated the relation between IAT score and time sensitivity. Discussion Our findings imply that male IGD participants demonstrate impaired intertemporal decisions associated with neural dysfunction. Influencing factors for impulsive decision-making in IGD diverge between males (time sensitivity) and females (discount rate). These findings augment our comprehension of the neural underpinnings of gender differences in IGD and bear significant implications for devising effective intervention strategies for treating people with IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hao-hao Dong
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321004, China
| | - Jia-lin Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,China
| | - Xue-feng Ma
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Yanbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
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5
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Miller BP, Reed DD, Amlung M. Reliability and validity of behavioral-economic measures: A review and synthesis of discounting and demand. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:263-280. [PMID: 37248719 PMCID: PMC10524652 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review sought to synthesize the literature on the reliability and validity of behavioral-economic measures of demand and discounting in human research, introduce behavioral-economic research methodologies for studying addictive behaviors, discuss gaps in the current literature, and review areas for future research. A total of 34 studies was included in this review. The discounting literature showed similar responding regardless of whether hypothetical or actual outcomes were used, though people tended to discount the outcome presented first more steeply, suggesting order effects. Although delay-discounting measures seem to show temporal stability, exceptions were found for probability- and experiential-discounting tasks. The demand literature also demonstrated similar responding regardless of outcome type; however, some demand indices showed exceptions. Randomized price sequences tended to show modest increases in Omax and α and modestly higher rates of inconsistent or nonsystematic responses compared with sequential price sequences. Demand indices generally showed temporal stability, although the stability was weaker the larger the time interval between test sessions. Future studies would benefit by examining addictive commodities beyond alcohol, nicotine, and money; examining temporal stability over longer time intervals; using larger delays in discounting tasks; and using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Miller
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Ingram KM, Collado A, Felton JW, Yi R. A Preliminary Experimental Study of Self-Objectification and Risky Sex Behavior Among a University Sample of Cisgender Women in the U.S. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1643-1651. [PMID: 36757517 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-objectification is associated with a number of negative mental and behavioral outcomes. Though previous research has established associations between self-objectification and risky sex, no study to date has examined whether self-objectification affects propensity to engage in risky sex. The current research employed an experimental design to examine the effect of heightened self-objectification on a laboratory analog of risky sex (n = 181). We observed that when college-attending women experienced a heightened state of self-objectification, they were more likely to engage in sex without a condom and less likely to wait to use a condom with a highly desirable partner. Given the frequency of intended and unintended objectifying messages that young women face, this increase in willingness to engage in risky sex behavior represents a consequential health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ingram
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Anahi Collado
- Renée Crown Wellness Institute- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julia W Felton
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Richard Yi
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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7
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A behavioral economic demand analysis of media multitasking in the college classroom: A cluster analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Gebru NM, Kalkat M, Strickland JC, Ansell M, Leeman RF, Berry MS. Measuring Sexual Risk-Taking: A Systematic Review of the Sexual Delay Discounting Task. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:2899-2920. [PMID: 35838897 PMCID: PMC9555011 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Sexual Delay Discounting Task (SDDT; Johnson & Bruner, 2012) is a behavioral economic task that assesses sexual risk-taking by measuring likelihood of immediate and delayed condom use. The SDDT is ecologically valid and has been used to test effects of various substances on sexual risk-taking. However, considerable variety in implementation, analysis, and reporting of the SDDT may limit rigor and reproducibility of findings. The current review synthesized studies that used the SDDT to evaluate these possible variabilities systematically. A two-step search (citation-tracking and keyword-based search) was conducted to identify studies that met inclusion criteria (i.e., used the SDDT). Eighteen peer-reviewed articles met inclusion criteria. The SDDT has been implemented primarily in three populations: individuals who use cocaine, men who have sex with men, and college students. Comparable results across diverse populations support the SDDT's validity. A few studies administered substances before the SDDT. Evidence suggests that while cocaine and alcohol increased sexual risk-taking under some conditions, buspirone decreased preference for immediate condomless sex. There was also heterogeneity in the determination of data orderliness (i.e., outliers) and inconsistent reporting of task design and analysis. Considerable differences present in methodologic approaches could influence results. Reducing variation in the administration, analysis, and reporting of the SDDT will enhance rigor and reproducibility and maximize the task's tremendous potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nioud Mulugeta Gebru
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research;, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Meher Kalkat
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research;, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret Ansell
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research;, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Robert F Leeman
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research;, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meredith S Berry
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research;, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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9
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Reed DD, Strickland JC, Gelino BW, Hursh SR, Jarmolowicz DP, Kaplan BA, Amlung M. Applied Behavioral Economics and Public Health Policies: Historical Precedence and Translational Promise. Behav Processes 2022; 198:104640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Bable RA, Ackerlund Brandt JA. Delay Discounting, Dating Applications, and Risky Sexual Behavior: An Exploratory Study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Johnson MW, Strickland JC, Herrmann ES, Dolan SB, Cox DJ, Berry MS. Sexual discounting: A systematic review of discounting processes and sexual behavior. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:711-738. [PMID: 33001694 PMCID: PMC8977071 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral processes underlying sexual behavior are important for understanding normal human functioning and risk behavior leading to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This systematic review examines delay and probability discounting in human sexual behavior through synthesis of 50 peer-reviewed, original research articles. Sixteen studies focusing exclusively on monetary delay discounting found small effect size positive correlations with sexual risk behaviors. Eleven studies examined delay or probability discounting of sexual behavior itself using tasks that varied duration, frequency, or quality of sex to determine value. Results show delay and uncertainty of sex causes systematic decreases in value. These studies also show consistent medium effect size relationships between sexual discounting measures and sexual health and substance use, supporting utility above and beyond monetary discounting. Twenty-three studies have modeled clinically relevant decision-making, examining effects of delay until condom availability and STI contraction probability on condom use. Observational and experimental designs found condom-use discounting is elevated in high-risk substance use populations, is sensitive to context (e.g., partner desirability), and is more robustly related to sexual risk compared with monetary discounting or condom use decisions when no delay/uncertainty was involved. Administering cocaine, alcohol, and, for some participants, methamphetamine increased condom-use discounting with minimal effect on monetary discounting or condom use when no delay/uncertainty was involved. Reviewed studies robustly support that sexual behavior is highly dependent on delay and probability discounting, and that these processes strongly contribute to sexual risk. Future research should exploit these systematic relationships to design behavioral and pharmacological approaches to decrease sexual risk behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Sean B. Dolan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David J. Cox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meredith S. Berry
- Human Behavioral Pharmacology and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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12
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Wongsomboon V, Cox DJ. Sexual Arousal Discounting: Devaluing Condom-Protected Sex as a Function of Reduced Arousal. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2717-2728. [PMID: 33483850 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual discounting is a growing area of research aimed at identifying factors that reduce people's reported willingness to have safe sex. One commonly reported reason for condom non-use is that a condom reduces sexual arousal. However, researchers have yet to isolate the specific role of sexual arousal using a sexual discounting framework. We extended past research by measuring how sexual arousal reduced people's willingness to have condom-protected sex ("sexual arousal discounting": SAD). College students (n = 379; 67.5% females) selected partners they most wanted and least wanted to have sex with and were randomized to one of two groups. In one group, participants rated their willingness to have sex with a condom if their own arousal decreased (from 100 to 10%) from condom use. The other group completed the same task except their partner's arousal decreased from condom use instead of their own. We observed a three-way interaction between arousal levels, most versus least desirable partners, and self versus partner groups. Participants' willingness to have condom-protected sex systematically reduced as a function of sexual arousal. This was observed more with the most (vs. least) desirable partner and in the self-arousal (vs. partner-arousal) group but only when the partner was their least desirable. Men (vs. women) displayed more arousal discounting but only with the most desirable partner. Finally, higher arousal discounting was associated with lower safe-sex self-efficacy and higher reported frequency of unprotected sex in the past 3 months. This study demonstrates how reduced sexual arousal from condom use can be measured as a factor influencing sexual risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val Wongsomboon
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 945 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA.
| | - David J Cox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Harsin JD, Gelino BW, Strickland JC, Johnson MW, Berry MS, Reed DD. Behavioral economics and safe sex: Examining condom use decisions from a reinforcer pathology framework. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 116:149-165. [PMID: 34227121 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Condom use substantially reduces unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. While condom availability is a significant public health priority, effects of condom availability constraints remain relatively under-researched. The limited research on condom availability suggests two major barriers to use: (1) effort/costs and (2) delay to access. To date, we are aware of no study that explores both demand for and discounting of condom availability; the focus of this study was to account for condom decisions using a reinforcement pathology framework. This study used a condom purchase task and the Sexual Delay Discounting Task to quantify behavioral economics of condom use. Low sexual discounting was associated with higher willingness to engage unprotected sex. Demand metrics suggest participants indicating abstinence at condom breakpoint were willing to pay nearly double for condoms relative to individuals indicating unprotected sex at breakpoint. Finally, we grouped participants into reinforcement pathology risk groups based on their discounting and demand indices; these groups significantly differed in self-reported number of sexual partners, unprotected sexual partners, and Sexual Desire scores. This study demonstrates the value of behavioral economic approaches to public health concerns, and further underscores the translational benefits of quantitative metrics to shed novel light on risky health decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Harsin
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment
| | - Brett W Gelino
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Meredith S Berry
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida.,Department of Psychology, University of Florida
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment
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14
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Harmon DA, Haas AL, Peterkin A. Experimental tasks of behavioral risk taking in alcohol administration studies: A systematic review. Addict Behav 2021; 113:106678. [PMID: 33065446 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Research on emerging adults shows this population exhibits the highest rates of alcohol use and engages in the riskiest of behaviors (Boyer, 2006; Fromme, Corbin, & Kruse, 2008). Among experimental paradigms, prior reviews have established an increase in behavioral risk taking while under the influence of alcohol (Moskowitz & Robinson, 1988; Martin et al., 2013; Weafer & Fillmore, 2016). Previous research highlighted the importance of alcohol dose on behavioral risk taking and the lack of agreement on which psychometric tools are most accurate in assessing behavioral risk taking (Beulow & Blaine, 2015; King, Toule, De Wit, & Holdstock, 2002). This systematic review of experimental paradigms assessing the effects of the dose of alcohol on various behavioral risk taking tasks suggest that higher alcohol doses (0.6 g/kg and above) produces the most robust increase in behavioral risk taking across tasks, compared to lower doses of alcohol (<0.6 g/kg). Results suggest the BART is the most sensitive behavioral risk task used to detect increases in risk taking in moderate/higher doses compared to lower doses of alcohol. This review also highlights the difficulty in measuring behavioral risk taking, as behavioral risk taking is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon that may involve multiple constructs and means to capture it. Future research is needed to standardize experimental administration protocols, to aid in advancing the field of alcohol administration experiments, and to determine the most accurate measurement of behavioral risk taking. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE: Past experimental paradigms measuring behavioral risk taking under the influence of alcohol in emerging adults have used various alcohol administration paradigms, experimental protocols, and behavioral risk tasks. Key to examining behavioral risk taking via experimental paradigms should use at higher alcohol doses. Future interventions need to assess for levels of blood alcohol concentration when assessing for at-risk populations for alchol use disorders.
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15
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Moses TE, Burmeister M, Greenwald MK. Heroin delay discounting and impulsivity: Modulation by DRD1 genetic variation. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12777. [PMID: 31192519 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine D1 receptors (encoded by DRD1) are implicated in drug addiction and high-risk behaviors. Delay discounting (DD) procedures measure decisional balance between choosing smaller/sooner rewards vs larger/later rewards. Individuals with higher DD (rapid discounting) are prone to maladaptive behaviors that provide immediate reinforcement (eg, substance use). DRD1 variants have been linked with increased DD (in healthy volunteers) and opioid abuse. This study determined whether four dopaminergic functional variants modulated heroin DD and impulsivity. METHODS Substance use, DD, and genotype data (DRD1 rs686 and rs5326, DRD3 rs6280, COMT rs4680) were obtained from 106 current heroin users. Subjects completed an array of DD choices during two imagined conditions: heroin satiation and withdrawal. Rewards were expressed as $10 heroin bag units, with maximum delayed amount of 30 bags. Delays progressively increased from 3 to 96 hours. RESULTS DRD1 rs686 (A/A, n = 25; G/A, n = 56; G/G, n = 25) was linearly related to the difference in heroin DD (area under the curve; AUC) between the heroin satiation and withdrawal conditions; specifically, G/G homozygotes had a significantly smaller (satiation minus withdrawal) AUC difference score had higher drug-use impulsivity questionnaire scores, relative to A/A homozygotes, with G/A intermediate. DRD3 and COMT variants were not associated with these DD and impulsivity outcomes. CONCLUSION DRD1 rs686 modulated the difference in heroin DD score between pharmacological states and was associated with drug-use impulsivity. These data support a role of DRD1 in opioid DD and impulsive behaviors.
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16
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Dolan SB, Johnson PS, Johnson MW. The Hotel Room Purchase Task: Effects of Gender and Partner Desirability on Demand for Hypothetical Sex in Individuals with Disordered Cocaine Use and Controls. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1251-1262. [PMID: 31989411 PMCID: PMC8977073 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01634-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypothetical purchase tasks allow for rapid assessment of behavioral economic demand for numerous commodities and are useful in evaluating reinforcer pathologies, such as substance and behavioral addiction. Currently, there is not a task for evaluating demand for sex without requiring implicit engagement in sex work. The current study used a novel purchase task with hotel rooms for sex as the hypothetical commodity to assess demand for sex in individuals with disordered cocaine use, a population that frequently engages in risky sexual behavior. Adults meeting criteria for cocaine abuse or dependence (13 males, ten females) and noncocaine-using controls (eight males, three females) chose hypothetical sexual partners from a series of photographs and endorsed two partners with whom they would most and least like to have sex. Participants then completed the hotel purchase task for both partners, wherein they reported how many nights at a hotel room, at prices from $10 to $1280 per night, they would purchase in a year. Demand intensity was significantly greater and demand elasticity was significantly lower for the most preferred relative to the less preferred partner. Males demonstrated significantly greater intensity and lesser elasticity for sex than females. Demand metrics did not differ between the cocaine and control group. This task may serve as a useful measure of demand for sex without requiring implicit hypothetical engagement in sex work. Future studies exploring the relation between task performance and other characteristics such as sexual dysfunction, in addition to acute substance administration effects, may further determine the task's clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Dolan
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Suite 3026, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Patrick S Johnson
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Suite 3026, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Johnson MW, Bruner NR, Johnson PS, Silverman K, Berry MS. Randomized controlled trial of d-cycloserine in cocaine dependence: Effects on contingency management and cue-induced cocaine craving in a naturalistic setting. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:157-168. [PMID: 31368770 PMCID: PMC6994347 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine dependence constitutes a significant public health concern. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial tested a novel approach to reducing cocaine use among cocaine-dependent individuals with d-cycloserine, a drug known to enhance learning and some learning-based therapies. Urine samples and cocaine craving were assessed across three phases: induction (Weeks 1-2), treatment (Weeks 3-5; urinalysis-based contingency management plus exposure therapy), and posttreatment (Weeks 6-7). During the treatment phase, either 50 mg of d-cycloserine or placebo was administered after delivery of urinalysis feedback with potential monetary reward and before exposure therapy sessions in naturalistic contexts individually associated with cocaine use. d-cycloserine significantly improved learning on an operant laboratory task. Contingency management significantly reduced cocaine use and craving. d-cycloserine did not significantly affect cocaine use or craving in the treatment phase. Craving significantly increased for the d-cycloserine group during the post treatment phase. Therefore, although the study showed that d-cycloserine was capable of improving learning, enhancement of learning-based therapy was not observed. Moreover, no differences in behavioral measures of cocaine demand (cocaine purchasing task) or monetary or sexual delay discounting were observed across phases or between groups in any phase. These results are somewhat consistent with previous findings suggesting that d-cycloserine administration increases cocaine craving, although they differ from other findings showing that d-cycloserine administration reduces alcohol or nicotine cravings. Methodological variables (e.g., guided vs. unguided exposure therapy sessions, length of extinction exposure) likely play a role in dissimilar findings observed across studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Prior to publication, correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Meredith S. Berry, Department of Health Education and Behavior and Department of Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 118210, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. Telephone: 407-595-1560, Fax: 352-392-1909, . Following publication, correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Matthew W. Johnson, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224. Telephone: 410-550-0056, Fax: 410-550-0030,
| | - Natalie R. Bruner
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick S. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Silverman
- Center for Learning and Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith S. Berry
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Prior to publication, correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Meredith S. Berry, Department of Health Education and Behavior and Department of Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 118210, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. Telephone: 407-595-1560, Fax: 352-392-1909, . Following publication, correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Matthew W. Johnson, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224. Telephone: 410-550-0056, Fax: 410-550-0030,
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Sweeney MM, Berry MS, Johnson PS, Herrmann ES, Meredith SE, Johnson MW. Demographic and sexual risk predictors of delay discounting of condom-protected sex. Psychol Health 2020; 35:366-386. [PMID: 31311321 PMCID: PMC6962567 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1631306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Sexual delay discounting describes the decreased likelihood of condom-protected sex if a condom is not immediately available, which can be quantitatively summarised using the Sexual Delay Discounting Task (SDDT). The present studies determined the extent to which condom use likelihood as assessed by the SDDT is associated with self-reported sexual risk behaviours and demographics in two online samples of adults. Design: Study 1 (n = 767) assessed demographics, sexual risk behaviour, and delay discounting, and examined relations between these variables using correlation and regression. Study 2 (n = 267) examined whether real-world instances of unprotected sex because a condom was not immediately available predicted greater sexual discounting. Main outcome measures: Sexual delay discounting, condom use. Results: Both studies observed significant positive relations between sexual delay discounting and self-reported sexual risk behaviours, and found that males tended to show greater sexual discounting. In Study 2, 46% of the sample self-reported having unprotected sex because a condom was not immediately available, and these individuals showed significantly greater sexual delay discounting. Conclusion: These results extend prior findings by demonstrating that delay is a critical variable underlying real-life sexual risk behaviour among non-clinical samples. The SDDT is an ecologically valid measure of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Sweeney
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Meredith S. Berry
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Patrick S. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Evan S. Herrmann
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Steven E. Meredith
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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The drug purity discounting task: Ecstasy use likelihood is reduced by probabilistic impurity according to harmfulness of adulterants. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107772. [PMID: 31974022 PMCID: PMC7156028 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecstasy typically contains adulterants in addition to, or in lieu of, MDMA which may pose a greater risk to users than MDMA itself. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adulterant-related informational prompts in reducing Ecstasy use using a novel probability discounting task. METHODS An online sample of past-month Ecstasy users (N = 278) were randomized to one of four different framing prompt conditions: no prompt; a prompt describing MDMA's effects; a prompt describing adulterants as inert "filler"; or a prompt describing adulterants as pharmacologically-active, potentially-harmful compounds. Each prompt contained general, potential public-health information that was not specifically related to subsequent behavioral tasks. All participants then completed an identical Drug Purity Discounting Task, in which they indicated the likelihood of using a sample of Ecstasy across different probabilities of the sample being impure, and then completed a hypothetical Ecstasy purchasing task. RESULTS Likelihood of Ecstasy use decreased as impurity probability increased across conditions. Ecstasy use likelihood was highest in the "inert" prompt condition, whereas pharmacologically-active adulterant or adulterant-nonspecific prompts resulted in comparably low likelihood of use. Ecstasy-use likelihood did not differ among conditions when the likelihood of sample impurity was 0. Ecstasy purchasing did not differ among groups. Inelastic purchasing was associated with greater likelihood of using potentially-impure Ecstasy. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data highlight the necessity of education regarding pharmacologically-active, rather than inert, adulterants in Ecstasy, and suggest that increased access to drug checking kits and services may mitigate some of the harms associated with Ecstasy use.
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Decision-making process underlying bystanders’ helping cyberbullying victims: A behavioral economic analysis of role of social discounting. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Leeman RF, Rowland BHP, Gebru NM, Potenza MN. Relationships among impulsive, addictive and sexual tendencies and behaviours: a systematic review of experimental and prospective studies in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180129. [PMID: 30966924 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity's relationships to addictive and sexual behaviours raise questions regarding the extent impulsivity may constitute a vulnerability factor for subsequent addictive and sexual behaviours and/or results from each of these. Here, we systematically reviewed empirical support for impulsivity as a precipitating factor or a consequence of addictive or sexual behaviours. We restricted ourselves to recent, human studies with assessments over time, including at least one measure of impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviours, yielding a review including 29 published reports from 28 studies. Findings point to generalized, self-reported impulsivity as a predictor of addictive and sexual behaviours at a wide range of severity, with elements of both impulsivity and compulsivity to these acts. Alcohol consumption often increases impulsive behaviour, including inclinations towards impulsive and potentially compulsive sexual acts. Research using the Sexual Delay Discounting Task has yielded findings linking impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviour and as such is a valuable research tool that should be used more extensively. The present review identified gaps to be addressed in further research that concurrently examines facets of impulsivity, addictive and sexual behaviours, especially because criteria for compulsive sexual behaviour disorder have been included in the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Leeman
- 1 Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance and the Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06510 , USA
| | - Bonnie H P Rowland
- 1 Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance and the Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA
| | - Nioud Mulugeta Gebru
- 1 Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance and the Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611 , USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06510 , USA.,3 Child Study Center and the Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06510 , USA.,4 Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling , Wethersfield, CT 06109 , USA.,5 Connecticut Mental Health Center , New Haven, CT 06519 , USA
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Hyperbolic Discounting with Environmental Outcomes across Time, Space, and Probability. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Berry MS, Johnson PS, Collado A, Loya JM, Yi R, Johnson MW. Sexual Probability Discounting: A Mechanism for Sexually Transmitted Infection Among Undergraduate Students. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:495-505. [PMID: 29582269 PMCID: PMC6365211 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lack of condom use among youth is a major contributor to the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS, which has lifelong deleterious health consequences. College students (N = 262) completed the Sexual Probability Discounting Task in which participants reported their likelihood of condom use under various probabilities of contracting an STI. Each participant completed the task in regard to different STIs including HIV/AIDS and different partners. Results showed that the likelihood of condom-protected sex generally decreased as HIV/AIDS and other STI contraction became less probable. Moreover, condom-protected sex likelihood was related to STI type (e.g., decreased condom-protected sex in chlamydia relative to HIV/AIDS condition) and partner desirability (decreased condom-protected sex with more desirable partners). Results are the first to show that compared to other STIs, HIV/AIDS had the most influence on condom-protected sex. Results showed probability discounting contributed to lack of condom-protected sex and offers a novel framework for examining determinants of within-subject variability in condom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Berry
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick S. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anahí Collado
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Jennifer M. Loya
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Richard Yi
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Kirkpatrick K, Marshall AT, Steele CC, Peterson JR. Resurrecting the individual in behavioral analysis: Using mixed effects models to address nonsystematic discounting data. BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2018; 18:219-238. [PMID: 30135865 PMCID: PMC6101656 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Delay and probability discounting functions typically take a monotonic form, but some individuals produce functions that are nonsystematic. Johnson and Bickel (2008) developed an algorithm for classifying nonsystematic functions on the basis of two different criteria. Type 1 functions were identified as nonsystematic due to random choices and Type 2 functions were identified as nonsystematic due to relatively shallow slopes, suggesting poor sensitivity to choice parameters. Since their original publication, the algorithm has become widely used in the human discounting literature for removal of participants, with studies often removing approximately 20% of the original sample (Smith & Lawyer, 2017). Because subject removal may not always be feasible due to loss of power or other factors, the present report applied a mixed effects regression modeling technique (Wileyto, Audrain-Mcgovern, Epstein, & Lerman, 2004; Young, 2017) to account for individual differences in DD and PD functions. Assessment of the model estimates for Type 1 and 2 nonsystematic functions indicated that both types of functions deviated systematically from the rest of the sample in that nonsystematic participants were more likely to show shallower slopes and increased biases for larger amounts. The results indicate that removing these participants would fundamentally alter the properties of the final sample in undesirable ways. Because mixed effects models account for between-participant variation with random effects, we advocate for the use of these models for future analyses of a wide range of functions within the behavioral analysis field, with the benefit of avoiding the negative consequences associated with subject removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Andrew T. Marshall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Catherine C. Steele
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Hayashi Y, Fessler HJ, Friedel JE, Foreman AM, Wirth O. The roles of delay and probability discounting in texting while driving: Toward the development of a translational scientific program. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 110:229-242. [PMID: 30028007 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A sample of 109 college students completed a survey to assess how frequently they send or read text messages while driving. In a novel discounting task with a hypothetical scenario in which participants receive a text message while driving, they rated the likelihood of replying to a text message immediately versus waiting to reply until arriving at a destination. The scenario presented several delays to a destination and probabilities of a motor vehicle crash. The likelihood of waiting to reply decreased as a function of both the delay until the destination and the probability of a motor vehicle crash. Self-reported higher frequencies of texting while driving were associated with greater rates of both delay and probability discounting. The degree of delay discounting was altered as a function of the probability of a motor vehicle crash and vice versa. These results suggest that both delay and probability discounting are important underlying mechanisms of drivers' decision to text while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Wirth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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26
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Kuiper LB, Coolen LM. Compulsive Sexual Behavior in Humans and Preclinical Models. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-018-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lemley SM, Jarmolowicz DP, Parkhurst D, Celio MA. The Effects of Condom Availability on College Women's Sexual Discounting. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:551-563. [PMID: 28913688 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
College students commonly engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as casual sexual encounters and inconsistent condom use. Discounting paradigms that examine how individuals devalue rewards due to their delay or uncertainty have been used to improve our understanding of behavioral problems, including sexual risk. The current study assessed relations between college women's sexual partners discounting and risky sexual behavior. In this study, college women (N = 42) completed two sexual partners delay discounting tasks that assessed how choices among hypothetical sexual partners changed across a parametric range of delays in two conditions: condom availability and condom unavailability. Participants also completed two sexual partners probability discounting tasks that assessed partner choices across a parametric range of probabilities in condom availability and unavailability conditions. Additionally, participants reported risky sexual behavior on the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS). Participants discounted delayed partners more steeply in the condom availability condition, but those differences were significant only for those women with three or fewer lifetime sexual partners. There were no consistent differences in discounting rate across condom availability conditions for probability discounting. Sexual partners discounting measures correlated with risky sexual behaviors as measured by the SRS, but a greater number of significant relations were observed with the condoms-unavailable delay discounting task. These findings suggest the importance of examining the interaction of inconsistent condom use and multiple partners in examinations of sexual decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea M Lemley
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science and Problem Gambling Research and Education Support System, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Daniel Parkhurst
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4050 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Mark A Celio
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Box G-121-5, 121 S. Main Street, Providence, RI, 02915, USA
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Collado A, Johnson PS, Loya JM, Johnson MW, Yi R. Discounting of Condom-Protected Sex as a Measure of High Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infection Among College Students. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2187-2195. [PMID: 27699562 PMCID: PMC5893305 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The study examined sexual delay discounting, or the devaluation of condom-protected sex in the face of delay, as a risk factor for sexually transmitted infection (STI) among college students. Participants (143 females, 117 males) completed the sexual delay discounting task (Johnson & Bruner, 2012) and questionnaires of risky sexual behavior, risk perception, and knowledge. Participants exhibited steeper sexual delay discounting (above and beyond general likelihood of having unprotected sex) when partners were viewed as more desirable or less likely to have a STI, with males demonstrating greater sexual delay discounting than females across most conditions. Importantly, greater self-reported risky sexual behaviors were associated with higher rates of sexual delay discounting, but not with likelihood of using a condom in the absence of delay. These results provide support for considering sexual delay discounting, with particular emphasis on potential delays to condom use, as a risk factor for STI among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Collado
- Alvord, Baker, and Associates, LLC, 3200 Tower Oaks Blvd, Suite 200, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Patrick S Johnson
- Psychology Department, California State University-Chico, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Loya
- Psychology Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Yi
- Psychology Department, University of Maryland- College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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Wongsomboon V, Robles E. Devaluation of Safe Sex by Delay or Uncertainty: A Within-Subjects Study of Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Risk Behavior. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2131-2144. [PMID: 27473071 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The value of safe sex may be discounted based on contextual factors associated with an opportunity for sex. College students in a within-subjects study selected hypothetical sexual partners from a set of pictures and classified them based on attractiveness and estimated chance of having an sexually transmitted infection (STI). In the Sexual Delay Discounting (SDD) task, participants rated their likelihood (0-100 %) of waiting for some period of time (e.g., 3 h) to have protected sex with their selected partners, when they could have immediate sex without protection. In the Sexual Probability Discounting (SPD) task, participants rated their likelihood of having protected sex if the opportunity was uncertain (e.g., 50 %), when they could have unprotected sex for sure (100 %). All participants included in the final analyses were aware of and had a positive attitude towards protection against STIs as they were likely to have immediate (or certain) protected sex. Results from 432 delay data in the SDD task and 488 probability data in the SPD task showed that participants' preference for safe sex systematically decreased as the delay to and odds against having safe sex increased. However, this preference was altered by the participants' perception of their partner's attractiveness and STI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val Wongsomboon
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA.
| | - Elias Robles
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA
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Behavioral Economic Predictors of Alcohol and Sexual Risk Behavior in College Drinkers. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-017-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Johnson MW, Herrmann ES, Sweeney MM, LeComte RS, Johnson PS. Cocaine administration dose-dependently increases sexual desire and decreases condom use likelihood: The role of delay and probability discounting in connecting cocaine with HIV. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:599-612. [PMID: 27921140 PMCID: PMC5343757 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although cocaine use has been linked to sexual HIV risk behavior for decades, the direct effects of cocaine on sexual desire and sexual decision-making are unexamined. Research suggests delay discounting (devaluation of future outcomes) and probability discounting (devaluation of uncertain outcomes) play roles in condom use decisions. This study examined the effect of cocaine administration on sexual desire, hypothetical condom use, and discounting tasks. METHODS This double-blind, within-subjects study compared the effects of 0, 125, and 250 mg/70 kg oral cocaine HCl in 12 cocaine users. Measures included sexual desire and other subjective ratings, the Sexual Delay Discounting Task, the Sexual Probability Discounting Task, and monetary delay and probability discounting tasks. RESULTS Cocaine caused dose-related increases in sexual desire and prototypical stimulant abuse-liability ratings. Relative to placebo, cocaine did not significantly alter condom use likelihood when condoms were immediately available or when sex was associated with 100% certainty of sexually transmitted infection (STI). In contrast, cocaine dose-dependently strengthened the effect of delay (sexual delay discounting) and STI uncertainty (sexual probability discounting) in decreasing condom use likelihood. Cocaine caused no significant change in monetary delay and probability discounting. CONCLUSION This is the first study showing that cocaine administration increases sexual desire. Detrimental effects of cocaine on sexual risk were only observed when safer sex required delay, or STI risk was uncertain (representative of many real-world scenarios), suggesting a critical role of discounting processes. Lack of monetary effects highlights the importance of studying clinically relevant outcomes when examining drug effects on behavioral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Evan S Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary M Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Robert S LeComte
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Patrick S Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
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32
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Toward Narrative Theory: Interventions for Reinforcer Pathology in Health Behavior. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51721-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Strickland JC, Bolin BL, Romanelli MR, Rush CR, Stoops WW. Effects of acute buspirone administration on inhibitory control and sexual discounting in cocaine users. Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28120485 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cocaine users display deficits in inhibitory control and make impulsive choices that may increase risky behavior. Buspirone is an anxiolytic that activates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and improves impulsive choice (i.e., reduces sexual risk-taking intent) in cocaine users when administered chronically. We evaluated the effects of acutely administered buspirone on inhibitory control and impulsive choice. METHODS Eleven subjects with a recent history of cocaine use completed this within-subject, placebo-controlled study. Subjects performed two cued go/no-go and a sexual risk delay-discounting task following oral administration of buspirone (10 and 30 mg), triazolam (0.375 mg; positive control), and placebo (negative control). Physiological and psychomotor performance and subject-rated data were also collected. RESULTS Buspirone failed to change inhibitory control or impulsive choice; however, slower reaction times were observed at the highest dose tested. Buspirone did not produce subject-rated drug effects but dose-dependently decreased diastolic blood pressure. Triazolam impaired psychomotor performance and increased ratings of positive subject-rated effects (e.g., Like Drug). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that acutely administered buspirone has little impact on behavioral measures of inhibitory control and impulsive sexual decision-making. Considering previous findings with chronic dosing, these findings highlight that the behavioral effects of buspirone differ as a function of dosing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Levi Bolin
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Babakhanian M, Haghdoost AA, Afshari M, Taghizadeh F, Moosazadeh M. Methadone Replacement Therapy and Sexual Disorders among Opium Dependent Iranian Men: A Meta-Analysis Study. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2017; 9:1-10. [PMID: 29026497 PMCID: PMC5628762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of sexual disorders among persons receiving methadone replacement therapy is of great importance, because these problems may lead to non-compliance and relapse. This study aimed to estimate the effect of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) on sexual function among addicted Iranian men using met-analysis. METHODS Investigating the available data banks, relevant studies were identified. After exclusion of duplicates, irrelevant papers and low quality articles, eligible papers were entered into the meta-analysis. Prevalence and standardized mean difference of sexual function scores were illustrated by forest plots based on sexual desire, orgasm and erectile function. FINDINGS During the primary search, 5341 evidences were identified. After application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality assessment, nine papers were detected eligible for final meta-analysis. Total prevalence [95% confidence intervals (CI)] of sexual disorders and erectile dysfunction among Iranian men under methadone therapy were estimated as 66.3% (27.1-105.5) and 77.5% (61.9-93.1), respectively. The standardized mean differences (95% CI) of Sexual desire, orgasm and erection before and after methadone therapy were estimated as 0.16 (-0.68, 0.99), -0.01 (-0.75, 0.74) and 0.11 (-0.41, 0.64), respectively. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis showed that methadone therapy did not significantly influence the sexual desire, erectile function and orgasm among opium dependent men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoudeh Babakhanian
- PhD Student, Student Research Committee, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- Professor, Research Center for Modelling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taghizadeh
- PhD Student, Student Research Committee, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Assistant Professor, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Correspondence to: Mahmood Moosazadeh PhD,
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35
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Hayashi Y, Miller K, Foreman AM, Wirth O. A behavioral economic analysis of texting while driving: Delay discounting processes. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 97:132-140. [PMID: 27614547 PMCID: PMC5154926 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine an impulsive decision-making process underlying texting while driving from a behavioral economic perspective. A sample of 108 college students completed a novel discounting task that presented participants with a hypothetical scenario in which, after receiving a text message while driving, they rated the likelihood of replying to a text message immediately versus waiting to reply for a specific period of time. Participants also completed a delay discounting task in which they made repeated hypothetical choices between obtaining a larger amount of money available after a delay and an equal or lesser amount of money available immediately. The results show that the duration of the delay is a critical variable that strongly determines whether participants choose to wait to reply to a text message, and that the decrease in the likelihood of waiting as a function of delay is best described by a hyperbolic delay discounting function. The results also show that participants who self-reported higher frequency of texting while driving discounted the opportunity to reply to a text message at greater rates, whereas there was no relation between the rates of discounting of hypothetical monetary rewards and the frequency of texting while driving. The results support the conclusion that texting while driving is fundamentally an impulsive choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hayashi
- Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, 76 University Drive, Hazleton, PA 18202, USA.
| | - Kimberly Miller
- Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, 76 University Drive, Hazleton, PA 18202, USA
| | - Anne M Foreman
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Oliver Wirth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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36
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Heil SH, Hand DJ, Sigmon SC, Badger GJ, Meyer MC, Higgins ST. Using behavioral economic theory to increase use of effective contraceptives among opioid-maintained women at risk of unintended pregnancy. Prev Med 2016; 92:62-67. [PMID: 27346756 PMCID: PMC5085886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An unsettling aspect of the US opioid epidemic is the high rate of in utero exposure, especially since most of these pregnancies are unintended, due in part to low rates of effective contraceptive use among opioid-using women. This study tested an intervention informed by behavioral economic theory and aimed at promoting effective contraceptive use among opioid-maintained women at risk of unintended pregnancy in the Burlington, VT, area between 2011 and 2013. METHODS Thirty-one women were assigned (initial 5 consecutively, subsequent 26 randomly) to either usual care or an experimental intervention. Participants in usual care received condoms, a dose of emergency contraception, and referral to local providers. Participants in the experimental condition received usual care plus the World Health Organization's contraception initiation protocol, including free prescription contraceptives, and financial incentives for attending 13 follow-up visits over 6months to help manage side effects and other issues. RESULTS Significantly more women in the experimental vs. usual care control conditions initiated prescription contraceptive use (100% vs. 29%) and reported prescription contraceptive use at 1-month (63% vs. 13%), 3-month (88% vs. 20%), and 6-month (94% vs. 13%) assessments. None of the experimental condition participants became pregnant during the 6-month protocol vs. three women (20%) in the control condition. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first experimental evidence supporting the efficacy of an intervention for increasing prescription contraceptive use among opioid-maintained women at risk of unintended pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Heil
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
| | - Dennis J Hand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Stacey C Sigmon
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Gary J Badger
- Department of Medical Biostatistics(4), University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Marjorie C Meyer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
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37
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Koffarnus MN, Johnson MW, Thompson-Lake DGY, Wesley MJ, Lohrenz T, Montague PR, Bickel WK. Cocaine-dependent adults and recreational cocaine users are more likely than controls to choose immediate unsafe sex over delayed safer sex. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:297-304. [PMID: 27454677 PMCID: PMC5017011 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine users have a higher incidence of risky sexual behavior and HIV infection than nonusers. Our aim was to measure whether safer sex discount rates-a measure of the likelihood of having immediate unprotected sex versus waiting to have safer sex-differed between controls and cocaine users of varying severity. Of the 162 individuals included in the primary data analyses, 69 met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) criteria for cocaine dependence, 29 were recreational cocaine users who did not meet the dependence criteria, and 64 were controls. Participants completed the Sexual Discounting Task, which measures a person's likelihood of using a condom when one is immediately available and how that likelihood decreases as a function of delay to condom availability with regard to 4 images chosen by the participants of hypothetical sexual partners differing in perceived desirability and likelihood of having a sexually transmitted infection. When a condom was immediately available, the stated likelihood of condom use sometimes differed between cocaine users and controls, which depended on the image condition. Even after controlling for rates of condom use when one is immediately available, the cocaine-dependent and recreational users groups were more sensitive to delay to condom availability than controls. Safer sex discount rates were also related to intelligence scores. The Sexual Discounting Task identifies delay as a key variable that impacts the likelihood of using a condom among these groups and suggests that HIV prevention efforts may be differentially effective based on an individual's safer sex discount rate. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N. Koffarnus
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daisy G. Y. Thompson-Lake
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Terry Lohrenz
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - P. Read Montague
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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Johnson PS, Sweeney MM, Herrmann ES, Johnson MW. Alcohol Increases Delay and Probability Discounting of Condom-Protected Sex: A Novel Vector for Alcohol-Related HIV Transmission. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1339-50. [PMID: 27129419 PMCID: PMC4968206 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use, especially at binge levels, is associated with sexual HIV risk behavior, but the mechanisms through which alcohol increases sexual risk taking are not well-examined. Delay discounting, that is, devaluation of future consequences as a function of delay to their occurrence, has been implicated in a variety of problem behaviors, including risky sexual behavior. Probability discounting is studied with a similar framework as delay discounting, but is a distinct process in which a consequence is devalued because it is uncertain or probabilistic. METHODS Twenty-three, nondependent alcohol users (13 male, 10 female; mean age = 25.3 years old) orally consumed alcohol (1 g/kg) or placebo in 2 separate experimental sessions. During sessions, participants completed tasks examining delay and probability discounting of hypothetical condom-protected sex (Sexual Delay Discounting Task, Sexual Probability Discounting Task) and of hypothetical and real money. RESULTS Alcohol decreased the likelihood that participants would wait to have condom-protected sex versus having immediate, unprotected sex. Alcohol also decreased the likelihood that participants would use an immediately available condom given a specified level of sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk. Alcohol did not affect delay discounting of money, but it did increase participants' preferences for larger, probabilistic monetary rewards over smaller, certain rewards. CONCLUSIONS Acute, binge-level alcohol intoxication may increase sexual HIV risk by decreasing willingness to delay sex in order to acquire a condom in situations where one is not immediately available, and by decreasing sensitivity to perceived risk of STI contraction. These findings suggest that delay and probability discounting are critical, but heretofore unrecognized, processes that may mediate the relations between alcohol use and HIV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary M Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Evan S Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bolin BL, Lile JA, Marks KR, Beckmann JS, Rush CR, Stoops WW. Buspirone reduces sexual risk-taking intent but not cocaine self-administration. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:162-73. [PMID: 27254258 PMCID: PMC4896094 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive sexual decision-making may underlie sexual risk-taking behavior that contributes to the disproportionately high prevalence of HIV infection among cocaine users. Delay-discounting procedures measure impulsive decision-making and may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of sexual risk-taking behavior. The anxiolytic drug buspirone reduces delay discounting in rats and blunts the reinforcing effects of cocaine in some preclinical studies suggesting that it might have utility in the treatment of cocaine-use disorders. This study determined whether buspirone mitigates impulsive risky sexual decision-making in cocaine users on a sexual delay-discounting procedure. The effects of buspirone maintenance on the abuse-related and physiological effects of cocaine were also tested. Nine (N = 9) current cocaine users completed a repeated-measures, inpatient protocol in which sexual delay discounting was assessed after 3 days of maintenance on placebo and buspirone (30 mg/day) in counterbalanced order. The reinforcing, subject-rated, and physiological effects of placebo and intranasal cocaine (15 and 45 mg) were also assessed during buspirone and placebo maintenance. Buspirone increased the likelihood of condom use for hypothetical sexual partners that were categorized as most likely to have a sexually transmitted infection and least sexually desirable. Cocaine functioned as a reinforcer and increased positive subjective effects ratings, but buspirone maintenance did not impact these effects of cocaine. Buspirone was also safe and tolerable when combined with cocaine and may have blunted some its cardiovascular effects. The results from the sexual delay-discounting procedure indicate that buspirone may reduce preference for riskier sex in cocaine users. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Levi Bolin
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509, U.S.A
| | - Katherine R. Marks
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Joshua S. Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Craig R. Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509, U.S.A
| | - William W. Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 140 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509, U.S.A
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40
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Kluwe-Schiavon B, Viola TW, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Pezzi JC, Grassi-Oliveira R. Similarities between adult female crack cocaine users and adolescents in risky decision-making scenarios. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:795-810. [PMID: 27187587 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1167171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have shown that both adolescence and drug addiction can influence risk-taking and decision-making processes, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Specifically, there is a lack of evidence as to whether these conditions could affect deliberative and affective processes involved in risk taking, such as feedback learning and valuation of profits and risk. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to compare the role of feedback and the use of information in risk-taking behavior between female crack cocaine users and adolescents. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether sensation seeking, impulsivity, depressive and anxiety symptoms, executive functioning, and working memory performance could explain differences in risk-taking behavior. METHOD This is a quasi-experimental study comparing 27 low-income adult female crack cocaine users (CU) to 18 female adolescents (AD) within two conditions (no-feedback or delayed-feedback) of the Columbia Card Task (CCT). In order to investigate CCT reference values for adult females, we also included 20 female non-drug-users with regular education and income as a reference group (RG). RESULTS A similar pattern of risk-taking behavior was found between CU and AD within the CCT no-feedback condition. When delayed feedback was provided, AD exhibited a similar pattern of risk-taking behavior in the no-feedback condition, while CU showed a reduction of risk-taking behavior. Both groups exhibited higher risk taking than the RG within the CCT no-feedback condition, but only the AD group showed higher risk-taking behavior within the CCT feedback condition. Depressive symptom severity and working memory deficits were associated with higher risk-taking behaviors in CU. Executive functioning deficits were associated with higher risk-taking behavior in AD. CONCLUSIONS Adult female crack cocaine users and female adolescents took similar risks during risky decision-making scenarios where feedback about their own performance was absent. However, when participants were provided with such feedback, it modulated risk-taking behaviors in crack cocaine users but not in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- b Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, PUCRS , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Breno Sanvicente-Vieira
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Júlio Carlos Pezzi
- c Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil.,b Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, PUCRS , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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Paglieri F. Social choice for one: On the rationality of intertemporal decisions. Behav Processes 2016; 127:97-108. [PMID: 27118422 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
When faced with an intertemporal choice between a smaller short-term reward and a larger long-term prize, is opting for the latter always indicative of delay tolerance? And is delay tolerance always to be regarded as a manifestation of self-control, and thus as a rational solution to intertemporal dilemmas? I argue in favor of a negative answer to both questions, based on evidence collected in the delay discounting literature. This highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of rationality in intertemporal choice, to capture also situations in which waiting is not the optimal strategy. This paper suggests that such an understanding is fostered by adopting social choice theory as a promising framework to model intertemporal decision making. Some preliminary results of this approach are discussed, and its potential is compared with a much more studied formal model for intertemporal choice, i.e. game theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Paglieri
- Goal-Oriented Agents Lab (GOAL), ISTC-CNR, Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Meredith SE, Sweeney MM, Johnson PS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Weekly Energy Drink Use Is Positively Associated with Delay Discounting and Risk Behavior in a Nationwide Sample of Young Adults. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016; 6:10-19. [PMID: 26989563 PMCID: PMC4779981 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Energy drink use is associated with increased risk behavior among adolescents and college students. This study examined this relationship in a nationwide sample of young adults and also examined relations between energy drink use and delay discounting. Methods: Participants were 874 U.S. adults 18-28 years of age with past 30-day consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Participants completed an online survey of energy drink use, drug use, sexual activity, alcohol misuse (alcohol use disorders identification test [AUDIT]), sensation seeking (four-item Brief Sensation Seeking Scale [BSSS-4]), and delay discounting of monetary rewards and condom use. Results: Over one-third of participants (n = 303) reported consuming energy drinks at least once per week. Weekly energy drink users were more likely than less-than-weekly energy drink users to report a recent history of risk behaviors, including cigarette smoking (56% vs. 28%, p < 0.0001), illicit stimulant use (22% vs. 6%, p < 0.0001), and unprotected sex (63% vs. 45%, p < 0.0001). Covariate-adjusted analyses found that weekly energy drink users did not have significantly higher BSSS-4 scores (3.5 vs. 3.1, p = 0.098), but they had higher mean AUDIT scores (8.0 vs. 4.8, p < 0.0001), and they more steeply discounted delayed monetary rewards. Although weekly energy drink users did not show steeper discounting of delayed condom use, they showed a lower likelihood of using a condom when one was immediately available. Conclusions: This study extends findings that energy drink use is associated with risk behavior, and it is the first study to show that energy drink use is associated with monetary delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Meredith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mary M. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrick S. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Reed DD, Becirevic A, Atchley P, Kaplan BA, Liese BS. Validation of a Novel Delay Discounting of Text Messaging Questionnaire. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-016-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Kaplan BA, Reed DD, Jarmolowicz DP. Effects of episodic future thinking on discounting: Personalized age-progressed pictures improve risky long-term health decisions. J Appl Behav Anal 2015; 49:148-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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45
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Examining Delay Discounting of Condom-Protected Sex Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Using Crowdsourcing Technology. AIDS Behav 2015; 19:1655-65. [PMID: 26066395 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Some men who have sex with men (MSM) have unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in situations that put them at risk for HIV infection despite having the knowledge and skills to avoid these risks. The present study examined the potential role of delay discounting in sexual HIV risk behavior among MSM. Participants (n = 108) completed the Sexual Discounting Task and a questionnaire regarding UAI and other variables associated with HIV risk (e.g., age, socioeconomic status, substance use, psychiatric problems). MSM discounted the value of condom-protected anal intercourse in a manner that was orderly, hyperbolic, and sensitive to partner characteristics that likely influence realworld decisions about using condoms. Steeper discounting was associated with UAI, and other factors related to sexual HIV risk among MSM, including young age, socioeconomic disadvantage, substance use, sex under the influence of substances, and depression). Delay discounting is likely a critical, but underappreciated facet of HIV risk among MSM.
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Quisenberry AJ, Eddy CR, Patterson DL, Franck CT, Bickel WK. Regret Expression and Social Learning Increases Delay to Sexual Gratification. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135977. [PMID: 26280349 PMCID: PMC4539230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Modification and prevention of risky sexual behavior is important to individuals’ health and public health policy. This study employed a novel sexual discounting task to elucidate the effects of social learning and regret expression on delay to sexual gratification in a behavioral task. Methods Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers were assigned to hear one of three scenarios about a friend who engages in similar sexual behavior. The scenarios included a positive health consequence, a negative health consequence or a negative health consequence with the expression of regret. After reading one scenario, participants were asked to select from 60 images, those with whom they would have casual sex. Of the selected images, participants chose one image each for the person they most and least want to have sex with and person most and least likely to have a sexually transmitted infection. They then answered questions about engaging in unprotected sex now or waiting some delay for condom-protected sex in each partner condition. Results Results indicate that the negative health outcome scenario with regret expression resulted in delayed sexual gratification in the most attractive and least STI partner conditions, whereas in the least attractive and most STI partner conditions the negative health outcome with and without regret resulted in delayed sexual gratification. Conclusions Results suggest that the sexual discounting task is a relevant laboratory measure and the framing of information to include regret expression may be relevant for prevention of risky sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Quisenberry
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Celia R. Eddy
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Tech, Department of Statistics, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David L. Patterson
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Franck
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
- Virginia Tech, Department of Statistics, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jarmolowicz DP, Lemley SM, Asmussen L, Reed DD. Mr. right versus Mr. right now: A discounting-based approach to promiscuity. Behav Processes 2015; 115:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Delay and probability discounting of sexual and monetary outcomes in individuals with cocaine use disorders and matched controls. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128641. [PMID: 26017273 PMCID: PMC4445907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with cocaine use disorders are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, partly due to higher rates of unprotected sex. Recent research suggests delay discounting of condom use is a factor in sexual HIV risk. Delay discounting is a behavioral economic concept describing how delaying an event reduces that event’s value or impact on behavior. Probability discounting is a related concept describing how the uncertainty of an event decreases its impact on behavior. Individuals with cocaine use disorders (n = 23) and matched non-cocaine-using controls (n = 24) were compared in decision-making tasks involving hypothetical outcomes: delay discounting of condom-protected sex (Sexual Delay Discounting Task), delay discounting of money, the effect of sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk on likelihood of condom use (Sexual Probability Discounting Task), and probability discounting of money. The Cocaine group discounted delayed condom-protected sex (i.e., were more likely to have unprotected sex vs. wait for a condom) significantly more than controls in two of four Sexual Delay Discounting Task partner conditions. The Cocaine group also discounted delayed money (i.e., preferred smaller immediate amounts over larger delayed amounts) significantly more than controls. In the Sexual Probability Discounting Task, both groups showed sensitivity to STI risk, however the groups did not differ. The Cocaine group did not consistently discount probabilistic money more or less than controls. Steeper discounting of delayed, but not probabilistic, sexual outcomes may contribute to greater rates of sexual HIV risk among individuals with cocaine use disorders. Probability discounting of sexual outcomes may contribute to risk of unprotected sex in both groups. Correlations showed sexual and monetary results were unrelated, for both delay and probability discounting. The results highlight the importance of studying specific behavioral processes (e.g., delay and probability discounting) with respect to specific outcomes (e.g., monetary and sexual) to understand decision making in problematic behavior.
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Hamilton KR, Mitchell MR, Wing VC, Balodis IM, Bickel WK, Fillmore M, Lane SD, Lejuez CW, Littlefield AK, Luijten M, Mathias CW, Mitchell SH, Napier TC, Reynolds B, Schütz CG, Setlow B, Sher KJ, Swann AC, Tedford SE, White MJ, Winstanley CA, Yi R, Potenza MN, Moeller FG. Choice impulsivity: Definitions, measurement issues, and clinical implications. Personal Disord 2015; 6:182-98. [PMID: 25867841 PMCID: PMC4535726 DOI: 10.1037/per0000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity critically relates to many psychiatric disorders. Given the multifaceted construct that impulsivity represents, defining core aspects of impulsivity is vital for the assessment and understanding of clinical conditions. Choice impulsivity (CI), involving the preferential selection of smaller sooner rewards over larger later rewards, represents one important type of impulsivity. The International Society for Research on Impulsivity (InSRI) convened to discuss the definition and assessment of CI and provide recommendations regarding measurement across species. Commonly used preclinical and clinical CI behavioral tasks are described, and considerations for each task are provided to guide CI task selection. Differences in assessment of CI (self-report, behavioral) and calculating CI indices (e.g., area-under-the-curve, indifference point, and steepness of discounting curve) are discussed along with properties of specific behavioral tasks used in preclinical and clinical settings. The InSRI group recommends inclusion of measures of CI in human studies examining impulsivity. Animal studies examining impulsivity should also include assessments of CI and these measures should be harmonized in accordance with human studies of the disorders being modeled in the preclinical investigations. The choice of specific CI measures to be included should be based on the goals of the study and existing preclinical and clinical literature using established CI measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland
| | | | - Victoria C Wing
- Schizophrenia Division, Complex Mental Illness, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Houston Medical School
| | - C W Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | | | | | - Charles W Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio
| | - Suzanne H Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University
| | - T Celeste Napier
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Brady Reynolds
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | - Alan C Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Stephanie E Tedford
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center
| | - Melanie J White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology
| | | | - Richard Yi
- Department of Psychology, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - F Gerard Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
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Black AC, McMahon TJ, Potenza MN, Fiellin LE, Rosen MI. Gender moderates the relationship between impulsivity and sexual risk-taking in a cocaine-using psychiatric outpatient population. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015; 75:190-194. [PMID: 25554716 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adults who abuse substances are at increased risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Within this population, sexual risk behaviors have been associated with increased impulsivity. Studies in non-clinical populations showing gender-related differences in sexual decision-making and casual sexual partnering suggest impulsivity has a greater influence on men than women, but these differences have not been documented in substance-using patients. In a sample of 89 adults with recent cocaine use and receiving outpatient psychiatric treatment, we tested the hypothesis that gender moderates the effect of impulsivity on sexual risk-taking. Using logistic regression modeling, we tested the main and gender-moderated effects of task-related impulsivity on the probability of having a casual sexual partner and multiple sexual partners. Results confirmed a significant gender-by-impulsivity interaction; men who were more impulsive on a continuous performance task had significantly higher rates of sexual risk-taking than less impulsive men, but women's impulsivity was unrelated to these outcomes. Impulsive men were over three times as likely as less impulsive men to have a recent casual partner. Implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Thomas J McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA ; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA ; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA ; Departments of Neurobiology and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Lynn E Fiellin
- Department of Internal Medicine, play2PREVENT Lab, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marc I Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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