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Zheng H, Zhou W, Wang M, Dong HH, Lu C, Zhang JL, Ma XF, Hu Y, Dong GH. Gender difference in network relationship between inter-temporal decisions and prefrontal activation levels in internet gaming disorder. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad015. [PMID: 38666126 PMCID: PMC11003422 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Impulsivity and decision-making are key factors in addiction. However, little is known about how gender and time sensitivity affect impulsivity in internet gaming disorder (IGD). Objective To investigate the gender difference of impulsive decision-making and relevant brain responses in IGD. Methods We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with 123 participants, including 59 IGD individuals (26 females) and 64 matched recreational game users (RGUs, 23 females). Participants performed a delay-discounting task during fMRI scanning. We examined gender-by-group effects on behavioral and neural measures to explore the preference for immediate over delayed rewards and the associated brain activity. We also investigated the network correlations between addiction severity and behavioral and neural measures, and analyzed the mediating role of brain activity in the link between delay discounting parameters and IGD severity. Results We found significant gender-by-group interactions. The imaging results revealed gender-by-group interactions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Post hoc analysis indicated that, for females, RGUs showed higher activity than IGD individuals in these brain regions, while for males IGD individuals exhibited higher activity than RGUs. The activation in the left IFG mediated the relation between Internet Addiction Test score and discount rate in females. In males, the activation in the right dlPFC mediated the relation between IAT score and time sensitivity. Discussion Our findings imply that male IGD participants demonstrate impaired intertemporal decisions associated with neural dysfunction. Influencing factors for impulsive decision-making in IGD diverge between males (time sensitivity) and females (discount rate). These findings augment our comprehension of the neural underpinnings of gender differences in IGD and bear significant implications for devising effective intervention strategies for treating people with IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hao-hao Dong
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321004, China
| | - Jia-lin Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,China
| | - Xue-feng Ma
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Yanbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
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Calvert C, Jones-Webb R, Erickson D, Lenk K, Toomey T, Nelson T. Effects of Sunday Liquor Sales Legalization on Alcohol Policy Attitudes and Alcohol Purchasing Behavior. JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 2023; 52:47-62. [PMID: 38013419 DOI: 10.1177/00472379231217846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined how legalization of Sunday alcohol sales relates to attitudes towards Sunday sales, and how both attitudes and alcohol consumption patterns relate to Sunday alcohol purchasing. A total of 1,384 adults of legal drinking age completed a survey one year post-legalization of Sunday sales. A majority of respondents (51%) were supportive of Sunday sales legalization both before and after legalization. People were more likely to support Sunday sales legalization if they reported binge drinking (PR: 2.19; CI: 1.51 3.18). Following Sunday sales legalization, 59% of participants reported purchasing alcohol in Minnesota on Sunday. Binge drinking (PR: 1.39; CI: 1.27, 1.52) or supporting Sunday sales legalization (PR: 1.85; CI: 1.56, 2.17) were associated with higher likelihood of purchasing alcohol on Sunday. Legalizing Sunday sales may have increased access to alcohol for people with more unhealthy drinking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Calvert
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Rhonda Jones-Webb
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Darin Erickson
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Kathleen Lenk
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Traci Toomey
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Toben Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA
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Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks (AmED) Use among University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234985. [PMID: 36501015 PMCID: PMC9737502 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, there has been a huge increase in the consumption of both Energy Drinks (EDs) and alcohol and, concurrently, these two trends generated the additional practice of mixing ED with alcohol, known as Alcohol mixed with Energy Drink (AmED). One of the most important group of AmED consumers is represented by young. Indeed, the study population of the researches in this field are mainly represented by college students and the results evidence a great range of negative consequences for health. The purpose of the systematic review was to explore the prevalence of AmED consumption among undergraduate students, together with motivations to their use, adverse effects and health-related behaviors associated to AmEDs use. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA Statement and PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were interrogated. 42 articles, published from 2008 to 2021, were included in the review. An overall prevalence rate of 37% was estimated for AmEDs use in undergraduates, with geographical differences. Although a decrease in consumption was observed throughout the studied period, a continuous monitoring on this phenomenon is needed for identifying those risk groups that could develop risky behaviors related to AmEDs consumption and provide them targeted educational interventions.
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Martínez-Loredo V, González-Roz A, Secades-Villa R, Fernández-Hermida JR, MacKillop J. Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task for measuring the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2021; 116:2635-2650. [PMID: 33338263 PMCID: PMC9186155 DOI: 10.1111/add.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An early meta-analysis testing the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT), a measure of alcohol's relative reinforcing value, reported mixed associations, but predated a large number of studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to: (1) estimate the relationships between trait-based alcohol demand indices from the APT and multiple alcohol indicators, (2) test several moderators and (3) analyze small study effects. METHODS A meta-analysis of 50 cross-sectional studies in four databases (n = 18 466, females = 43.32%). Sex, year of publication, number of APT prices and index transformations (logarithmic, square root or none) were considered as moderators. Small study effects were examined by using the Begg-Mazumdar, Egger's and Duval & Tweedie's trim-and-fill tests. Alcohol indicators were quantity of alcohol use, number of heavy drinking episodes, alcohol-related problems and hazardous drinking. APT indices were intensity (i.e. consumption at zero cost), elasticity (i.e. sensitivity to increases in costs), Omax (i.e. maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e. price associated to Omax ) and breakpoint (i.e. price at which consumption ceases). RESULTS All alcohol demand indices were significantly associated with all alcohol-related outcomes (r = 0.132-0.494), except Pmax , which was significantly associated with alcohol-related problems only (r = 0.064). The greatest associations were evinced between intensity in relation to alcohol use, hazardous drinking and heavy drinking and between Omax and alcohol use. All the tested moderators emerged as significant moderators. Evidence of small-study effects was limited. CONCLUSIONS The Alcohol Purchase Task appears to have concurrent validity in alcohol research. Intensity and Omax are the most relevant indices to account for alcohol involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martínez-Loredo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alba González-Roz
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Research Institute on Health Sciences, Palma de Mallorca, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Acuff SF, MacKillop J, Murphy JG. Integrating Behavioral Economic and Social Network Influences in Understanding Alcohol Misuse in a Diverse Sample of Emerging Adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1444-1455. [PMID: 32568458 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral economic alcohol demand is a measure of motivation to consume alcohol and a robust risk factor for alcohol misuse. Social networks that are dense with alcohol are also associated with heavy drinking, but the intersection of these risk factors has not been investigated to date. This study examined these interrelationships with structural equation modeling using cross-sectional data from a diverse community sample of heavy-drinking emerging adults (N = 602). METHODS Latent variables for alcohol social network, alcohol demand, and alcohol misuse were constructed. Next, relations between the latent variables were examined, including the indirect effect of alcohol demand in the relation between alcohol social network and alcohol misuse. An alternative modeling testing the indirect effect of alcohol social network on the relation between alcohol demand and misuse was also tested. RESULTS When alone in the model, social network alcohol density significantly predicted alcohol misuse. When alcohol demand was included in the model, social network alcohol density predicted alcohol demand, alcohol demand predicted alcohol misuse, and an indirect effect on alcohol misuse through alcohol demand was present. In the alternative model, an indirect effect was not present between alcohol demand and alcohol misuse by social network alcohol density. Exploratory analyses revealed significant sex, race, and college status differences. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the influence of social network alcohol density on alcohol misuse may be, in part, through variance accounted for by alcohol reinforcing value. Longitudinal testing of this mechanistic pathway is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Acuff
- From the, Department of Psychology, (SFA, JGM), University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, (JM), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University/St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James G Murphy
- From the, Department of Psychology, (SFA, JGM), University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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García-Pérez Á, Weidberg S, González-Roz A, Krotter A, Secades-Villa R. Effects of combined coffee and alcohol use over cigarette demand among treatment-seeking smokers. Behav Processes 2020; 174:104108. [PMID: 32198089 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is aimed at comparing the relative reinforcing efficacy (RRE) of nicotine though CPT performance in function of alcohol and coffee consumption of treatment-seeking smokers. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 88 treatment-seeking smokers (60.2 % female) completed the CPT. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to compare alcohol (consumers and abstainers of alcohol) and coffee intake (high coffee consumers and low coffee consumers) on CPT indices. RESULTS Univariate effects of coffee × alcohol use interaction were significant for elasticity [F (1, 83) = 4.9435, p = .038, η2 = .051] and intensity [F (1, 83) = 6.972, p = .01, η2 = .077]. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol and coffee use is associated with an elevated cigarette demand among treatment-seeking smokers. This finding suggests the need for specific interventions to reduce alcohol and coffee use in order to increase the effectiveness of treatments for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Sara Weidberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alba González-Roz
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Andrea Krotter
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Roberto Secades-Villa
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain
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Khalil M, Antoun J. Knowledge and consumption of caffeinated products by university students in Beirut, Lebanon. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 37:213-217. [PMID: 32359746 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Caffeine consumption is well studied among children and adults on a national level. Literature about university student comprehensive consumption, in particular, is scarce. This study aims to measure university student caffeine consumption during weekdays, weekends and exam days. METHODS A cross-sectional study using the online Lime Survey tool was sent to a random sample of 2154 students at the American University of Beirut. The survey included a self-report questionnaire that asked participants to quantify servings of various products consumed on a typical day using the visual presentation of available serving sizes of common brand names present in the market. RESULTS A total of 146 students replied to the survey, yielding a response rate of 6.8%. The mean total consumption of caffeine was 373.1 ± 286.6 mg during weekdays, 326.7 ± 305.3 mg on weekends and 473.6 ± 444.0 mg during exams. Consumption beyond the approved level of 400 mg/day was found among 34.9%, 28.8% and 46.6% of participants during weekdays, weekends and exams, respectively. Products other than coffee and energy drinks contributed to at least 61% of daily caffeine consumption. Total caffeine consumption was associated with smoking, alcohol drinking, and general stress level. CONCLUSION University students consume high levels of caffeine from products other than coffee and energy drinks. During exams, the total daily consumption of caffeine is alarmingly above the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved daily intake. Targeted programs and awareness campaigns are needed on campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysaa Khalil
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jumana Antoun
- Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Zvorsky I, Nighbor TD, Kurti AN, DeSarno M, Naudé G, Reed DD, Higgins ST. Sensitivity of hypothetical purchase task indices when studying substance use: A systematic literature review. Prev Med 2019; 128:105789. [PMID: 31400376 PMCID: PMC6879840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypothetical Purchase Tasks (HPTs) simulate demand for a substance as a function of escalating price. HPTs are increasingly used to examine relationships between substance-related correlates and outcomes and demand typically characterized using a common battery of indices (Intensity, Omax, Pmax, Breakpoint, Elasticity). This review examines the relative sensitivity of the HPT indices. Reports were identified using the search term "purchase task" in PubMed and Web of Science. For inclusion, reports had to be original studies in English, examine relationships between HPT indices and substance-related correlates or outcomes, and appear in a peer-reviewed journal through December 2017. Indices were compared using effect sizes (Cohen's d) and the proportion of studies in which statistically significant relationships were observed. The search identified 1274 reports with 114 (9%) receiving full-text review and 82 (6%) meeting inclusion criteria. 41 reports examined alcohol, 34 examined cigarettes/nicotine products, and 10 examined other substances. Overall, statistically significant relationships between HPT indices and substance-related correlates and outcomes were most often reported for Intensity (88.61%, 70/79), followed by Omax (81.16%, 56/69), Elasticity (72.15%, 57/59), Breakpoint (62.12%, 41/66), and Pmax (48.08%; 25/52). The largest effect sizes were observed for Intensity (0.75 ± 0.04, CI 0.67-0.84) and Omax (0.64 ± 0.04, CI 0.56-0.71), followed by Elasticity (0.44 ± 0.04, CI 0.37-0.51), Breakpoint (0.30 ± 0.03, CI 0.25-0.36), and Pmax (0.25 ± 0.04, CI 0.18-0.33). Patterns were largely consistent across substances. In conclusion, HPTs can be highly effective in revealing relationships between demand and substance-related correlates and outcomes, with Intensity and Omax exhibiting the greatest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivori Zvorsky
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Tyler D Nighbor
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Allison N Kurti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Michael DeSarno
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, University of Vermont, United States of America
| | - Gideon Naudé
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, United States of America
| | - Derek D Reed
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States of America; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States of America.
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Nighbor TD, Zvorsky I, Kurti AN, Skelly JM, Bickel WK, Reed DD, Naudé GP, Higgins ST. Examining interrelationships between the Cigarette Purchase Task and delay discounting among pregnant women. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 111:405-415. [PMID: 30681144 PMCID: PMC6508990 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two common behavioral economic simulation tasks used to study cigarette smoking are the Cigarette Purchase Task, a measure of cigarette demand, and delay discounting, a measure of the subjective value of rewards as a function of delays to delivery. Few studies have evaluated whether combining these tasks enhances understanding of smoking beyond either alone. The current study represents an initial evaluation of the intersection between cigarette demand indices and delay discounting among pregnant smokers by examining associations between these measures and whether a woman makes antepartum quit attempts before entering prenatal care (a reliable predictor of eventual quitting). Participants were 159 pregnant women enrolled in a smoking-cessation trial. Low O max and shallow discounting were each associated with antepartum quit attempts. Participants were next categorized into four subgroups (low O max , shallow discounting; low O max , steep discounting; high O max , shallow discounting; high O max , steep discounting) using median splits. Those with shallow discounting and low O max were more likely to have made quit attempts than each of the other three subgroups. That is, steep discounting appears to undermine the association of low O max and efforts to quit smoking during pregnancy while high O max overshadows any protective influence associated with shallow discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. Nighbor
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont
| | - Ivori Zvorsky
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont
| | - Allison N. Kurti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont
| | - Joan M. Skelly
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carillion Research Institute
| | - Derek D. Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas
| | - Gideon P. Naudé
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas
| | - Stephen T. Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont
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Lindgren KP, Hendershot CS, Ramirez JJ, Bernat E, Rangel-Gomez M, Peterson KP, Murphy JG. A dual process perspective on advances in cognitive science and alcohol use disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 69:83-96. [PMID: 29680185 PMCID: PMC6181791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a tremendous global and national (US) burden associated with alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Further, of the mental health disorders, AUD has the widest treatment gap. Thus, there is a critical need for improved understanding of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of AUD. The application of cognitive science to the study of AUD has a longstanding history of attempting to meet this need. In this selective review, we identified and focused on four domains of recent (i.e., in the last decade) applications of cognitive science to the study of AUD: implicit cognitive biases, executive function, behavioral economic approaches to alcohol decision making, and functional connectivity neuroimaging. We highlighted advances within these four domains and considered them in the context of dual process models of addiction, which focus on the contribution and interplay of two complementary neurocognitive systems (impulsive and control systems). Findings across the domains were generally consistent with dual process models. They also suggest the need for further model refinements, including integrating behavioral economic approaches and findings from functional connectivity neuroimaging studies. Research evaluating candidate interventions associated with these domains is emergent but promising, suggesting important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Christian S Hendershot
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason J Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Kirsten P Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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Leffa DT, Pandolfo P, Gonçalves N, Machado NJ, de Souza CM, Real JI, Silva AC, Silva HB, Köfalvi A, Cunha RA, Ferreira SG. Adenosine A 2A Receptors in the Rat Prelimbic Medial Prefrontal Cortex Control Delay-Based Cost-Benefit Decision Making. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:475. [PMID: 30618621 PMCID: PMC6306464 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) were recently described to control synaptic plasticity and network activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We now probed the role of these PFC A2AR by evaluating the behavioral performance (locomotor activity, anxiety-related behavior, cost-benefit decision making and working memory) of rats upon downregulation of A2AR selectively in the prelimbic medial PFC (PLmPFC) via viral small hairpin RNA targeting the A2AR (shA2AR). The most evident alteration observed in shA2AR-treated rats, when compared to sh-control (shCTRL)-treated rats, was a decrease in the choice of the large reward upon an imposed delay of 15 s assessed in a T-maze-based cost-benefit decision-making paradigm, suggestive of impulsive decision making. Spontaneous locomotion in the open field was not altered, suggesting no changes in exploratory behavior. Furthermore, rats treated with shA2AR in the PLmPFC also displayed a tendency for higher anxiety levels in the elevated plus maze (less entries in the open arms), but not in the open field test (time spent in the center was not affected). Finally, working memory performance was not significantly altered, as revealed by the spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and the latency to reach the platform in the repeated trial Morris water maze. These findings constitute the first direct demonstration of a role of PFC A2AR in the control of behavior in physiological conditions, showing their major contribution for the control of delay-based cost-benefit decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T Leffa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pandolfo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Neurobiology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno J Machado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina M de Souza
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Joana I Real
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António C Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique B Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Attila Köfalvi
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Samira G Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Kaplan BA, Foster RNS, Reed DD, Amlung M, Murphy JG, MacKillop J. Understanding alcohol motivation using the alcohol purchase task: A methodological systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:117-140. [PMID: 30099174 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Alcohol Purchase Task (APT) is a behavioral economic assessment of alcohol demand (i.e., motivation for consumption during escalating levels of response cost) using simulated marketplace survey techniques. While the APT is often used and widely cited, to date, there has yet to be a systematic review elucidating the variability in administering and analyzing the APT. The purpose of the current paper is to address this knowledge gap in the literature by cataloging the various purchase task methodologies and providing recommendations and future areas of inquiry. METHODS The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology was utilized (Prospero: No. CRD42017072159). Searches through Google Scholar, PsychINFO, PubMed, and SpringerLink databases identified 47 empirical articles referencing the use of an APT and published through the year 2016. Articles were coded for demographic and procedural characteristics, structural characteristics of the APT itself, and characteristics of data analysis. RESULTS Results indicate substantial variation within categories and suggest that there is no standard approach to administering the APT or analyzing the responses generated from it. The results underscore the need for researchers to report as much information as possible related to administration, instructions, price structuring, and analytical approach, as we found that many articles did not provide these details. CONCLUSION Enhancing the transparency of APT methods and analyses in published reports will aid in reproducibility as well as future meta-analytic studies of alcohol demand that could lead to the development of best-practice recommendations for this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Kaplan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA USA; Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA.
| | - Rachel N S Foster
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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13
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Koffarnus MN, Kaplan BA. Clinical models of decision making in addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 164:71-83. [PMID: 28851586 PMCID: PMC5747979 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As research on decision making in addiction accumulates, it is increasingly clear that decision-making processes are dysfunctional in addiction and that this dysfunction may be fundamental to the initiation and maintenance of addictive behavior. How drug-dependent individuals value and choose among drug and nondrug rewards is consistently different from non-dependent individuals. The present review focuses on the assessment of decision-making in addiction. We cover the common behavioral tasks that have shown to be fruitful in decision-making research and highlight analytical and graphical considerations, when available, to facilitate comparisons within and among studies. Delay discounting tasks, drug demand tasks, drug choice tasks, the Iowa Gambling Task, and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N Koffarnus
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.
| | - Brent A Kaplan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
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14
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Zvolensky MJ, Abrantes AM, Metrik J. Psychopathology and tobacco demand. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:59-66. [PMID: 28575783 PMCID: PMC5534370 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral economic measurement of the relative value of tobacco (Cigarette Purchase Task; CPT) is used to examine individual differences in motivation for tobacco under certain contexts. Smokers with psychopathology, relative to those without, may demonstrate stronger demand for tobacco following a period of smoking deprivation, which could account for disparate rates of smoking and cessation among this subgroup. METHOD Participants (n=111) were community-recruited adult daily smokers who completed the CPT after a deprivation period of approximately 60min. Presence of psychopathology was assessed via clinical interview; 40.5% (n=45) of the sample met criteria for past-year psychological diagnosis. Specifically, 31.5% (n=35) had an emotional disorder (anxiety/depressive disorder), 17.1% (n=19) had a substance use disorder, and 19.1% of the sample had more than one disorder. RESULTS Smokers with any psychopathology showed significantly higher intensity (demand at unrestricted cost; $0) and Omax (peak expenditure for a drug) relative to smokers with no psychopathology. Intensity was significantly higher among smokers with an emotional disorder compared to those without. Smokers with a substance use disorder showed significantly higher intensity and Omax, and lower elasticity, reflecting greater insensitivity to price increases. Having≥2 disorders was associated with higher intensity relative to having 1 or no disorders. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that presence of psychopathology may be associated with greater and more persistent motivation to smoke. Future work is needed to explore the mechanism linking psychopathology to tobacco demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA,Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA,Corresponding author: Samantha G. Farris, Ph.D. at Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; 345 Blackstone Blvd, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906. ; Phone: 401-455-6219; Fax: 401-455-6685
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA
| | - Ana M. Abrantes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA,Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906, USA; Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Ave, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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15
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Behavioral Economic Predictors of Alcohol and Sexual Risk Behavior in College Drinkers. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-017-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Ide JS, Zhornitsky S, Hu S, Zhang S, Krystal JH, Li CSR. Sex differences in the interacting roles of impulsivity and positive alcohol expectancy in problem drinking: A structural brain imaging study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 14:750-759. [PMID: 28413777 PMCID: PMC5385596 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol expectancy and impulsivity are implicated in alcohol misuse. However, how these two risk factors interact to determine problem drinking and whether men and women differ in these risk processes remain unclear. In 158 social drinkers (86 women) assessed for Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), positive alcohol expectancy, and Barratt impulsivity, we examined sex differences in these risk processes. Further, with structural brain imaging, we examined the neural bases underlying the relationship between these risk factors and problem drinking. The results of general linear modeling showed that alcohol expectancy best predicted problem drinking in women, whereas in men as well as in the combined group alcohol expectancy and impulsivity interacted to best predict problem drinking. Alcohol expectancy was associated with decreased gray matter volume (GMV) of the right posterior insula in women and the interaction of alcohol expectancy and impulsivity was associated with decreased GMV of the left thalamus in women and men combined and in men alone, albeit less significantly. These risk factors mediated the correlation between GMV and problem drinking. Conversely, models where GMV resulted from problem drinking were not supported. These new findings reveal distinct psychological factors that dispose men and women to problem drinking. Although mediation analyses did not determine a causal link, GMV reduction in the insula and thalamus may represent neural phenotype of these risk processes rather than the consequence of alcohol consumption in non-dependent social drinkers. The results add to the alcohol imaging literature which has largely focused on dependent individuals and help elucidate alterations in brain structures that may contribute to the transition from social to habitual drinking. Alcohol expectancy (AE) and impulsivity are risk factors for problem drinking. AE mediates the correlation between right insula GMV and problem drinking in women. AE and impulsivity interacts to mediate left thalamus GMV and problem drinking in all. Models where changes in GMV as a result of problem drinking are not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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17
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Amlung M, Vedelago L, Acker J, Balodis I, MacKillop J. Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis of continuous associations. Addiction 2017; 112:51-62. [PMID: 27450931 PMCID: PMC5148639 DOI: 10.1111/add.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To synthesize continuous associations between delayed reward discounting (DRD) and both addiction severity and quantity-frequency (QF); to examine moderators of these relationships; and to investigate publication bias. METHODS Meta-analysis of published studies examining continuous associations between DRD and addictive behaviors. Published, peer-reviewed studies on addictive behaviors (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, opiates and gambling) were identified via PubMed, MEDLINE and PsycInfo. Studies were restricted to DRD measures of monetary gains. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Pearson's r as the effect size. Publication bias was evaluated using fail-safe N, Begg-Mazumdar and Egger's tests, meta-regression of publication year and effect size and imputation of missing studies. RESULTS The primary meta-analysis revealed a small magnitude effect size that was highly significant (r = 0.14, P < 10-14 ). Significantly larger effect sizes were observed for studies examining severity compared with QF (P = 0.01), but not between the type of addictive behavior (P = 0.30) or DRD assessment (P = 0.90). Indices of publication bias suggested a modest impact of unpublished findings. CONCLUSIONS Delayed reward discounting is associated robustly with continuous measures of addiction severity and quantity-frequency. This relation is generally robust across type of addictive behavior and delayed reward discounting assessment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton; 100 West 5 St, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3K7
| | - Lana Vedelago
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton; 100 West 5 St, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3K7
| | - John Acker
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center; Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Iris Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton; 100 West 5 St, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3K7
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton; 100 West 5 St, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3K7,Homewood Research Institute, Homewood Health Centre; 150 Delhi St, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1E 6K9
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18
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Aston ER, Metrik J, Amlung M, Kahler CW, MacKillop J. Interrelationships between marijuana demand and discounting of delayed rewards: Convergence in behavioral economic methods. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 169:141-147. [PMID: 27810657 PMCID: PMC5140845 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct behavioral economic domains, including high perceived drug value (demand) and delay discounting (DD), have been implicated in the initiation of drug use and the progression to dependence. However, it is unclear whether frequent marijuana users conform to a "reinforcer pathology" addiction model wherein marijuana demand and DD jointly increase risk for problematic marijuana use and cannabis dependence (CD). METHODS Participants (n=88, 34% female, 14% cannabis dependent) completed a marijuana purchase task at baseline. A delay discounting task was completed following placebo marijuana cigarette (0% THC) administration during a separate experimental session. RESULTS Marijuana demand and DD were quantified using area under the curve (AUC). In multiple regression models, demand uniquely predicted frequency of marijuana use while DD did not. In contrast, DD uniquely predicted CD symptom count while demand did not. There were no significant interactions between demand and DD in either model. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that frequent marijuana users exhibit key constituents of the reinforcer pathology model: high marijuana demand and steep discounting of delayed rewards. However, demand and DD appear to be independent rather than synergistic risk factors for elevated marijuana use and risk for progression to CD. Findings also provide support for using AUC as a singular marijuana demand metric, particularly when also examining other behavioral economic constructs that apply similar statistical approaches, such as DD, to support analytic methodological convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
| | - Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Christopher W. Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - James MacKillop
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9
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19
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Kiselica AM, Webber TA, Bornovalova MA. Validity of the alcohol purchase task: a meta-analysis. Addiction 2016; 111:806-16. [PMID: 26616514 DOI: 10.1111/add.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Behavioral economists assess alcohol consumption as a function of unit price. This method allows construction of demand curves and demand indices, which are thought to provide precise numerical estimates of risk for alcohol problems. One of the more commonly used behavioral economic measures is the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT). Although the APT has shown promise as a measure of risk for alcohol problems, the construct validity and incremental utility of the APT remain unclear. This paper presents a meta-analysis of the APT literature. METHODS Sixteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Studies were gathered via searches of the PsycInfo, PubMed, Web of Science and EconLit research databases. Random-effects meta-analyses with inverse variance weighting were used to calculate summary effect sizes for each demand index-drinking outcome relationship. Moderation of these effects by drinking status (regular versus heavy drinkers) was examined. Additionally, tests of the incremental utility of the APT indices in predicting drinking problems above and beyond measuring alcohol consumption were performed. RESULTS The APT indices were correlated in the expected directions with drinking outcomes, although many effects were small in size. These effects were typically not moderated by the drinking status of the samples. Additionally, the intensity metric demonstrated incremental utility in predicting alcohol use disorder symptoms beyond measuring drinking. CONCLUSIONS The Alcohol Purchase Task appears to have good construct validity, but limited incremental utility in estimating risk for alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kiselica
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Troy A Webber
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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20
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Meredith SE, Sweeney MM, Johnson PS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Weekly Energy Drink Use Is Positively Associated with Delay Discounting and Risk Behavior in a Nationwide Sample of Young Adults. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016; 6:10-19. [PMID: 26989563 PMCID: PMC4779981 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Energy drink use is associated with increased risk behavior among adolescents and college students. This study examined this relationship in a nationwide sample of young adults and also examined relations between energy drink use and delay discounting. Methods: Participants were 874 U.S. adults 18-28 years of age with past 30-day consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Participants completed an online survey of energy drink use, drug use, sexual activity, alcohol misuse (alcohol use disorders identification test [AUDIT]), sensation seeking (four-item Brief Sensation Seeking Scale [BSSS-4]), and delay discounting of monetary rewards and condom use. Results: Over one-third of participants (n = 303) reported consuming energy drinks at least once per week. Weekly energy drink users were more likely than less-than-weekly energy drink users to report a recent history of risk behaviors, including cigarette smoking (56% vs. 28%, p < 0.0001), illicit stimulant use (22% vs. 6%, p < 0.0001), and unprotected sex (63% vs. 45%, p < 0.0001). Covariate-adjusted analyses found that weekly energy drink users did not have significantly higher BSSS-4 scores (3.5 vs. 3.1, p = 0.098), but they had higher mean AUDIT scores (8.0 vs. 4.8, p < 0.0001), and they more steeply discounted delayed monetary rewards. Although weekly energy drink users did not show steeper discounting of delayed condom use, they showed a lower likelihood of using a condom when one was immediately available. Conclusions: This study extends findings that energy drink use is associated with risk behavior, and it is the first study to show that energy drink use is associated with monetary delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Meredith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mary M. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrick S. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Owens MM, Murphy CM, MacKillop J. Initial Development of a Brief Behavioral Economic Assessment of Alcohol Demand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:144-152. [PMID: 27135038 DOI: 10.1037/cns0000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to difficulties with definition and measurement, the role of conscious craving in substance use disorders remains contentious. To address this, behavioral economics is increasingly being used to quantify aspects of an individual's acute motivation to use a substance. Doing so typically involves the use of a purchase task, in which participants make choices about consuming alcohol or other substances at various prices and multiple indices of alcohol demand are generated. However, purchase tasks can be limited by the time required to administer and score them. In the current study, a brief 3-item measure, designed to capture three important indices of demand that are derived from demand curve modeling (intensity, Omax, and breakpoint), was investigated in a group of 84 heavy drinkers. Participants underwent a cue-reactivity paradigm that is established to increase both conscious craving and alcohol demand on traditional purchase tasks. All three indices of demand for alcohol measured using the abbreviated measure increased significantly in response to alcohol cues, analogous to what has been observed using a traditional purchase task. Additionally, the correlations between these indices and subjective craving were modest-to-moderate, as has been found in studies comparing craving to the indices derived from purchase tasks. These findings suggest that this abbreviated measure may be a useful and efficient way to capture important and distinct aspects of motivation for alcohol. If these results are confirmed, this measure may be able to help increase the portability of behavioral economic indices of demand into novel research and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
| | - Cara M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University; Peer Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
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22
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A comprehensive review of the effects of mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:15-30. [PMID: 25861944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to concern about whether mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol (AED) increases alcohol consumption and related harm, and the role of industry in this debate, we conducted a comprehensive review of the research evidence on the effects of AED and documented industry involvement in this research. METHOD A systematic review of 6 databases. Studies must have examined the effect of consuming alcohol with energy drinks (ED) or caffeine on alcohol-related outcomes. RESULTS 62 studies were identified; 29 were experiments, 9 had industry ties (8 with Red Bull GmbH). Young adults who consumed AED drank more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related harm than other drinkers. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that AED led to increased alcohol consumption or altered the nature of alcohol-related harm. However, AED consumers reported that AED increased stimulation and alertness, offset fatigue from drinking, and facilitated drinking. Experimental research also found that combining ED or caffeine with alcohol increased stimulation and alertness, offset alcohol-related fatigue and increased the desire to keep drinking. It did not change BAC, perceived intoxication, perceived impairment and it did not reverse alcohol-induced impairment on simple psychomotor tasks. Combining ED/caffeine with alcohol reduced alcohol-induced impairment on some but not all aspects of complex tasks. Although few in number, studies with industry ties presented contrary evidence. CONCLUSION A growing body of evidence suggests that AED may facilitate drinking and related harms via its effects on intoxication but a causal link needs to be confirmed. The influence of industry involvement in this area of research needs to be monitored.
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23
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Gray JC, MacKillop J. Using Behavior Economics to Understand Alcohol Use Disorders: A Concise Review and Identification of Research Priorities. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:68-75. [PMID: 27795939 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in the application of behavioral economics to alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Specifically, we review individual differences in alcohol demand (i.e., the relative reinforcing value of alcohol) and delayed reward discounting (i.e., impulsive decision making) in relation to AUDs. Additionally, we review the efficacy of reinforcement-based clinical applications. What emerges from the literature is an extensive body of cross-sectional research implicating alcohol demand and delayed reward discounting with alcohol misuse. However, more research is needed to examine these domains across the lifespan in order to understand their longitudinal trajectories. Similarly, clinical research is consistently supportive of reinforcement-based clinical interventions, but the number of randomized controlled trials to date is relatively small and there has been limited examination of the putative mechanisms of behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University / St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
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24
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Fritz BM, Companion M, Boehm SL. "Wired," yet intoxicated: modeling binge caffeine and alcohol co-consumption in the mouse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2269-78. [PMID: 24961658 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of highly caffeinated "energy drinks" with alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) has become popular among young adults and intoxication via such beverages has been associated with an elevated risk for harmful behaviors. However, there are discrepancies in the human literature regarding the effect of caffeine on alcohol intoxication, perhaps due to confounding factors such as personality type, expectancy, and history of exposure. Animal models of co-exposure are resistant to such issues; however, the consequences of voluntary co-consumption have been largely ignored in the animal literature. The primary goal of this work was to characterize a mouse model of binge caffeine and EtOH co-consumption employing the limited access "Drinking-in-the-Dark" (DID) paradigm. METHODS Caffeine was added to a 20% alcohol solution via DID. Alcohol/caffeine intake, locomotor behavior, ataxia, anxiety-like behavior, and cognitive function were evaluated as a consequence of co-consumption in adult male C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS Caffeine did not substantially alter binge alcohol intake or resultant blood EtOH concentrations (BECs), nor did it alter alcohol's anxiolytic effects on the elevated plus maze or cognitive-interfering effects in a novel object-recognition task. However, no evidence of alcohol-induced sedation was observed in co-consumption groups that instead demonstrated a highly stimulated state similar to that of caffeine alone. The addition of caffeine was also found to mitigate alcohol-induced ataxia. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our mouse model indicates that binge co-consumption of caffeine and alcohol produces a stimulated, less ataxic and anxious, as well as cognitively altered state; a state that could be of great public health concern. These results appear to resemble the colloquially identified "wide awake drunk" state that individuals seek via consumption of such beverages. This self-administration model therefore offers the capacity for translationally valid explorations of the neurobiological consequences of binge co-consumption to assess the public health risk of this drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Fritz
- Department of Psychology and Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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