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Kennedy TM, Walther CAP, Pedersen SL, McKone KMP, Gnagy EM, Pelham WE, Molina BSG. Beers with Peers: Childhood ADHD and Risk for Correlated Change in Perceived Peer and Personal Alcohol Use Across Young Adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2350-2360. [PMID: 32966613 PMCID: PMC7680395 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD poses risk for problematic alcohol use through adulthood. Perceived peer alcohol use, one of the strongest correlates of individuals' own alcohol use, is especially salient for adolescents with ADHD. The extent to which this risk extends into young adulthood is unknown, as well as how change in these constructs is associated throughout young adulthood. METHODS In the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study, 358 individuals with childhood-diagnosed ADHD and 239 without were prospectively followed from ages 18 to 29. Piecewise, bivariate longitudinal growth modeling was used to examine the change in both peer alcohol use and individuals' heavy drinking (binge-drinking frequency), their between-person associations, and differences by ADHD group. The addition of structured residuals probed within-person year-to-year change in peer and personal alcohol use and their prospective associations. RESULTS Perceived peer alcohol use and individuals' heavy drinking frequencies changed together over time concurrently-from ages 18 to 21 (piece 1) and 21 to 29 (piece 2). Prospectively, individuals who increased the most in heavy drinking from ages 18 to 21 reported more friends using alcohol at age 29, regardless of ADHD history. Within-person increases in personal alcohol use likewise predicted increased perceived peer use the subsequent year within each age group (piece), regardless of ADHD history. However, while decreasing perceived peer use from ages 21 to 29 was related to more frequent heavy drinking at age 29 for those without ADHD, increasing perceived peer use from ages 18 to 21 predicted more frequent heavy drinking at age 29 for those with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Young adult heavy drinking changes in tandem with perceived peer alcohol use across individuals and predicts selection of alcohol-using peers from year to year within individuals, further into adulthood than previously documented. Findings suggest the centrality of relationships with alcohol-consuming friends in relation to one's heavy drinking, especially for young adults with ADHD histories, through the twenties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci M Kennedy
- From the, University of Pittsburgh, (TMK, SLP, KMPM, BSGM), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sarah L Pedersen
- From the, University of Pittsburgh, (TMK, SLP, KMPM, BSGM), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirsten M P McKone
- From the, University of Pittsburgh, (TMK, SLP, KMPM, BSGM), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - William E Pelham
- Florida International University, (EMG, WEP), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- From the, University of Pittsburgh, (TMK, SLP, KMPM, BSGM), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Kennedy TM, Howard AL, Mitchell JT, Hoza B, Arnold LE, Hechtman LT, Swanson JM, Stehli A, Molina BSG. Adult substance use as a function of growth in peer use across adolescence and young adulthood in the context of ADHD: Findings from the MTA. Addict Behav 2019; 99:106106. [PMID: 31473568 PMCID: PMC6791771 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peer substance use strongly predicts adolescent and young adult substance use, but its role in ADHD-related risk for substance use, especially in adulthood, is unclear. In a sample with (n = 516) and without (n = 249) childhood ADHD from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD, we compared associations between change over time in peer substance use and personal substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, illicit drugs) from age 14-26 by ADHD status. Developmentally typical peer substance use trajectories across adolescence and young adulthood coincided with similar changes in personal use - but less so for those with ADHD histories. Concurrent associations between peer and personal use in adolescence and young adulthood were weaker for those with ADHD histories than without for commonly used substances (alcohol, marijuana). Prospectively, escalating peer use during adolescence forecasted adulthood declines for commonly used substances, yet persistently high substance use at age 25, regardless of ADHD history. In the reverse direction, growth in adolescent substance use predicted developmentally normative young adult declines in peer use - but for the ADHD group, adolescent heavy drinking predicted increases in young adult peer use. Findings suggest that individuals with ADHD may have difficulty emulating their peers' developmentally normative declines in substance use, highlighting the importance of social factors when treating young adults affected by ADHD and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci M. Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Corresponding author at: Traci M. Kennedy, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15217.,
| | - Andrea L. Howard
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottowan, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - John T. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road, Pavilion East, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Betsy Hoza
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - L. Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, 395E McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lily T. Hechtman
- Division of Child Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal Children’s Hospital, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, A04.4205, Montréal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - James M. Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, 3 Harvey Court, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Annamarie Stehli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brooke S. G. Molina
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kuppa A, Maysun A. Risk of Alcohol Abuse in Humans with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. Cureus 2019; 11:e5996. [PMID: 31807384 PMCID: PMC6876904 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the risk of alcohol abuse is widely studied. Even though this topic has been of interest for several years, it is heavily debated. We studied various papers and conducted a systematic review using PubMed as the main source of data collection. We found that several studies put forward the concept of a positive association between alcohol abuse and ADHD symptoms, but a minority of them also showed opposing and contradictory results. We discovered that this inconsistency observed in studies could be a result of a biased approach in studies and a subjective attempt in interpretations. These biases could be studied in terms of sample size involved in the analysis, age at which studies are conducted among other statistical parameters. We believe that the deviations in the outcomes prove that the studies may be incomplete and that a standardized method of interpretation is required. Therefore, this paper recommends the need for further research to explore the connection between alcohol abuse in patients showing ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Kuppa
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Dvorsky MR, Langberg JM. Cigarette and e-cigarette use and social perceptions over the transition to college: The role of ADHD symptoms. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 33:318-330. [PMID: 30869922 PMCID: PMC6483890 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use prevalence increases during adolescence and peaks in young adulthood, with substantial increases during the transition from high school to college especially more recently for e-cigarette use. It is important to identify the underlying factors that serve as risk factors for tobacco use and social perceptions about cigarette and e-cigarette use. It is unknown whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with social perceptions about tobacco or increased tobacco use during the high school to college transition. This three timepoint prospective longitudinal study evaluates the reciprocal relationship between ADHD symptoms and social perceptions about tobacco as well as the frequency of cigarette and e-cigarette use in a sample of 150 high school seniors (Mage = 18.25, 66.0% female, 65.3% White) across the transition to college. ADHD symptoms in high school predicted increases in e-cigarette use during the first semester of college, and this association maintained through the end of the first year. ADHD symptoms predicted changes in social perceptions about cigarette and e-cigarette use after the transition to college. ADHD symptoms were predicted by social perceptions about e-cigarettes at the beginning of college. Understanding the psychosocial mechanisms underlying the pathways from ADHD symptoms to e-cigarette use may advance tobacco use etiology and prevention efforts, which is important considering the rapid growth in e-cigarette use among emerging adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Klanjšek R, Tement S. Alcohol and Drug Use among Youth - The Interplay of Future Orientation, Parenting, and Housing Conditions. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1956-1969. [PMID: 31156007 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1621902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Past research indicated that future orientation might protect against substance use; however, this potential had not yet been examined in the context of a multiple risk factor model that would include different parenting styles and indicators of the material situation. Additionally, past research draws primarily from a limited set of geographical regions, often using convenience samples of children and adolescents. Objectives: The current study addresses these issues by examining (in)direct relationships between substance use (alcohol, marijuana, hard drugs), future orientation, different parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive), and family housing conditions, using a representative sample of Slovenian youth. Methods: Correlational and path analyses were used to test the proposed hypotheses. Additionally, possible mediating pathways were examined and evaluated. Results: Findings indicated a negative relation between future orientation and use of all substances. Next, future orientation fully mediated the effect of authoritative parenting on substance use. Finally, housing conditions had a direct and positive effect on authoritative parenting, a direct and an indirect effect on future orientation and only an indirect (through authoritative parenting and future orientation) effect on substance use. Conclusions: Results, besides indicating the relevance of future orientation in understanding substance use among youth, highlight the importance of authoritative parenting (that spans beyond childhood and adolescence) and housing conditions on the development of future orientation. In addition, findings highlight the importance of the material situation when examining antecedents of substance use among youth that might be missed if only direct effects are observed. Results are discussed in the context of the risk factor paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Klanjšek
- Department of Sociology, University of Maribor , Maribor , Slovenia, EU
| | - Sara Tement
- Department of Psychology, University of Maribor , Maribor , Slovenia
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Van Eck K, Morse M, Flory K. The Role of Body Image in the Link Between ADHD and Depression Symptoms Among College Students. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:435-445. [PMID: 25870202 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715580845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the link between negative body image and depression symptoms, body image may affect the association between ADHD and depression symptoms. We evaluated the degree to which a variety of body image constructs mediated the association between ADHD and depression symptoms. METHOD Participants were undergraduate psychology students ( N = 627, age: M = 20.23, SD = 1.40, 60% female, 47% European American) who completed an online assessment. RESULTS Results indicated that ADHD symptoms were indirectly associated with increased depression symptoms, and that negative evaluation of physical appearance, overweight preoccupation, and body dissatisfaction mediated the association between ADHD and depression symptoms. ADHD symptoms were also directly associated with increased depression symptoms. CONCLUSION Body image appears to play a role in the association between ADHD and depression symptoms for college students. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Van Eck
- 1 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kate Flory
- 3 University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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Gu Y, Xu G, Zhu Y. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for College Students With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:388-399. [PMID: 28038496 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716686183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Between 2% and 8% of college students meet criteria for ADHD, with increased incidence in recent decades. There are very few clinical trials conducted on the meaningful intervention of ADHD in college. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) effectively treats college students with ADHD and could be more feasibly applied in college mental health clinics. METHOD Fifty-four undergraduates with ADHD between ages 19 and 24 were randomized to receive either MBCT or wait-list (WL) during a 6-week intervention phase. ADHD symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and related outcomes were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Participants receiving MBCT group showed greater treatment response rates (57%-71% vs. 23%-31%) and experience less anxiety and depression, and greater levels of mindfulness; MBCT participants show greater improvement on neuropsychological performance. CONCLUSION MBCT may be a useful intervention for college students with ADHD, improving participants' ADHD symptoms, mindfulness, and sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Gu
- 1 East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,2 Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | | | - Yi Zhu
- 2 Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Skopp NA, Smolenski DJ, Sheppard SC, Bush NE, Luxton DD. Comparison of Suicide Attempters and Decedents in the U.S. Army: A Latent Class Analysis. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2016; 46:413-26. [PMID: 26749381 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A clearer understanding of risk factors for suicidal behavior among soldiers is of principal importance to military suicide prevention. It is unclear whether soldiers who attempt suicide and those who die by suicide have different patterns of risk factors. As such, preventive efforts aimed toward reducing suicide attempts and suicides, respectively, may require different strategies. We conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) to examine classes of risk factors among suicide attempters (n = 1,433) and decedents (n = 424). Both groups were represented by three classes: (1) External/Antisocial Risk Factors, (2) Mental Health Risk Factors, and (3) No Pattern. These findings support the conceptualization that military suicide attempters and decedents represent a single population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Skopp
- National Center for Telehealth & Technology (T2), Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health & Traumatic Brain Injury, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Derek J Smolenski
- National Center for Telehealth & Technology (T2), Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health & Traumatic Brain Injury, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Sean C Sheppard
- 17/555 Embedded Behavioral Health Clinic OIC, 17th Fires Brigade, 7th Infantry Division, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Nigel E Bush
- National Center for Telehealth & Technology (T2), Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health & Traumatic Brain Injury, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - David D Luxton
- National Center for Telehealth & Technology (T2), Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health & Traumatic Brain Injury, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA
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