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Speroni J, Fanniff AM, Edgemon JM, Martini V, Haas AL. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks and aggressive behaviors in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 104:102319. [PMID: 37494857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is a high-risk drinking practice. This systematic review examines how AmED use contributes to aggression (physical and sexual), in what role(s) (perpetrator and/or victim), in adolescents and young adult drinkers (age 25 and younger). METHODS Computer assisted search identified 844 studies conducted prior to March 2023; of them 17 met inclusion criteria. RESULTS AmED use was significantly associated with aggressive behaviors. Between-subject studies suggests that AmED consumers have higher rates of perpetration (physical fights, bullying) and victimization compared to peers who only drink alcohol; however, within-subject studies of AmED users find no difference in physical aggression by drinking event (AmED vs. occasions where consumer drinks alcohol only). Similarly, AmED use was a risk factor for sexually aggressive behaviors (e.g., unwanted contact) and victimization. CONCLUSIONS AmED use is a significant risk factor both victimization and perpetration of violent acts. Differences in within- versus between-study findings suggests that risk is associated with use of AmED, and not event level differences in drinking occasions among AmED users. Findings highlight the relative paucity of studies examining victimization and sexual violence and the need for future studies to incorporate more diverse samples and methodologies to better understand patterns of AmED use, perpetration, and victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Speroni
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Amanda M Fanniff
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M Edgemon
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Amie L Haas
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.
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Alcohol Versus Combined Alcohol and Energy Drinks Consumption: risk behaviours and consumption patterns among European students. Alcohol 2023; 110:15-21. [PMID: 36906242 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent research found that mixing energy drinks with alcohol (AmED) could be more risky than drinking alcohol alone. Our aim was to compare rates of risk behaviours in consumers AmED versus exclusive alcohol drinkers, matching them based on their drinking frequency. METHODS Data about sixteen-year-old students who reported the number occasions on which they had drunk AmED or alcohol only in the preceding 12 months (n = 32,848) were drawn from the 2019 ESPAD study. After matching for consumption frequency, the sample consisted of 22,370 students (11,185 AmED consumers and 11,185 exclusive alcohol drinkers). Key predictors comprised substance use, other individual risk behaviours and family characteristics (parental regulation, monitoring and caring). RESULTS The multivariate analysis showed significantly higher odds of being AmED consumers compared to exclusive alcohol drinkers in the majority of the investigated risk behaviours, including: daily tobacco smoking, illicit drug use, heavy episodic drinking, truancy at school, engaging in physical fights and serious arguments, having troubles with the police and having unprotected sexual intercourse. Instead, lower odds were found for reporting high parents' educational level, medium and low family economic status, perceived possibility to freely talk about problems to family members, spending free time reading books or other hobbies. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that, given the same consumption frequency in the past year, AmED consumers typically reported higher associations with risk-taking behaviours compared to exclusive alcohol drinkers. These findings advance past research that failed to control for the frequency of AmED use versus exclusive alcohol consumption.
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Costa-Valle MT, Gomes JF, De Oliveira CR, Scherer A, Franco De Oliveira SCWDSE, Menezes RCR, Leal MB, Romão PRT, Dallegrave E. Energy drinks and alcohol in a binge drinking protocol in Wistar rats: Male and female behavioral and reproductive effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173487. [PMID: 36341912 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of energy drinks is common among adolescents and young adults. The possible effects (mainly behavioral and reproductive) of ingestion in this population remain unknown. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the behavioral and reproductive effects of energy drinks and their main constituents (caffeine and taurine), as well as their combinations with alcohol, via a binge drinking protocol in male and female Wistar rats during puberty. In this study, 100 male and 100 female rats were treated with a binge drinking protocol 3 days a week over 4 weeks from postnatal day (PND) 28 to PND 60, which included 10 mL/kg by oral gavage of distilled water, energy drink, caffeine (3.2 mg/kg), taurine (40 mg/kg), and their combinations with alcohol (2 g/kg). The animals were evaluated by behavioral tests from PND 56 to PND 60 (open field, plus maze and object recognition) and reproductive parameters (estrous cycle regularity, weight of sexual organs, oocyte quality, spermatid and sperm count, sperm morphology and testosterone level). Locomotor activity was increased in females in the groups combined with alcohol (except alcohol + caffeine) and in the caffeine group. Long-term memory was increased in males in the caffeine and taurine groups even when combined with alcohol. The combination of energy drinks and alcohol did not have significant effects on the reproductive parameters of either sex of rats during puberty. We concluded that energy drinks (and their main constituents) and alcohol combinations did not cause alterations in reproductive profiles, and locomotor activity and long-term memory were increased in females and males, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuerlinckx Costa-Valle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fank Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rodrigues De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andressa Scherer
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaella Câmara Rocha Menezes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirna Bainy Leal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Neurocomportamental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Graczyk AM, Leone LA, Orom H, Ziegler AM, Crandall AK, Klasko-Foster LB, Temple JL. Alcohol mixed energy drink usage and risk-taking among college students in Western New York State. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1651-1664. [PMID: 33048628 PMCID: PMC8041911 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1817036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol mixed energy drinks (AmED) may promote excessive alcohol intake and risk-taking among college students. Objective: To understand the relationship between AmED use and risky behavior as well as attitudes and motivations for AmED use. Participants: Undergraduate college students N = 422 (Study 1), N = 37 (Study 2). Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, we first surveyed undergraduate students about their AmED and alcohol consumption and a series of risk behaviors, self-efficacy, and beliefs (Study 1). We then conducted focus groups within the same population to better understand attitudes, knowledge, and motivations for using AmED (Study 2). Results: Recent AmED use was significantly associated with an increased number of reported binge drinking occasions and self-reported driving while intoxicated events. Our qualitative data analyses revealed two major themes associated with AmED consumption: factors encouraging AmED use and decisions about driving while under the influence of alcohol. Conclusions: These findings add to the literature of beliefs and motivations for AmED use among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Graczyk
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Lucia A Leone
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Heather Orom
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Amanda M Ziegler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | - Amanda K Crandall
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
| | | | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo
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Crane CA, Schlauch RC, Miller KE. Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019; 9:60-63. [PMID: 31297491 PMCID: PMC6602101 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2018.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use is associated with general victimization beyond the use of alcohol alone. Materials and Methods: No prior research has evaluated the association between CAB use and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. This study evaluated the CAB-IPV victimization relationship using the responses of 100 (40 female) respondents to an online survey. Results: Results of logistic regression analyses indicated that CAB use was associated with IPV physical and sexual victimization after adjusting for demographics and heavy alcohol use. Exploratory analyses detected little evidence of sex differences in the strength of the relationship between CAB use and IPV victimization. Conclusions: The current results provide initial evidence that CAB use may place males and females at greater risk of IPV victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A. Crane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
- Behavioral Health, Canandaigua Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Canandaigua, New York
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