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Mahar EA, Irving LH, Derovanesian A, Masterson A, Webster GD. Stigma Toward Consensual Non-Monogamy: Thematic Analysis and Minority Stress. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:571-586. [PMID: 36461779 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221139086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Consensually non-monogamous (CNM) romantic and sexual relationships tend to be stigmatized. The present research examined this stigma across two studies. First, we qualitatively explored the specific ways that people in CNM relationships report experiencing stigma using thematic analysis and identified the following four themes: Expressions of discomfort/disapproval of CNM, Loss of resources/threatening behaviors, Character devaluation, and Relationship devaluation (Study 1; N = 372). Second, we examined the relationship between experienced stigma and psychological well-being for people in CNM relationships, using the framework of minority stress theory. We found that experienced stigma was positively associated with psychological distress and that this association was partially statistically mediated by anticipated stigma and internalized stigma (Study 2; N = 383). Overall, this research strives to achieve a better understanding of the processes and potential consequences of stigma toward CNM relationships and individuals.
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Sideridis G, Tsaousis I, Ghamdi H. Equidistant Response Options on Likert-Type Instruments: Testing the Interval Scaling Assumption Using Mplus. EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 2023; 83:885-906. [PMID: 37663540 PMCID: PMC10470166 DOI: 10.1177/00131644221130482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to provide the means to evaluate the "interval-scaling" assumption that governs the use of parametric statistics and continuous data estimators in self-report instruments that utilize Likert-type scaling. Using simulated and real data, the methodology to test for this important assumption is evaluated using the popular software Mplus 8.8. Evidence on meeting the assumption is provided using the Wald test and the equidistant index. It is suggested that routine evaluations of self-report instruments engage the present methodology so that the most appropriate estimator will be implemented when testing the construct validity of self-report instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Sideridis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Hanan Ghamdi
- Education and Training Evaluation Commission, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Keum BT, Choi AY. Profiles of online racism exposure and mental health among Asian, Black, and Latinx emerging adults in the United States. Int Rev Psychiatry 2023; 35:310-322. [PMID: 37267025 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2180346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Online racism is a digital social determinant to health inequity and an acute and widespread public health problem. To explore the heterogeneity of online racism exposure within and across race, we latent class modelled this construct among Asian (n = 310), Black (n = 306), and Latinx (n = 163) emerging adults in the United States and analysed key demographic and psychosocial health correlates. We observed Low and Mediated Exposure classes across all racial groups, whereas High Exposure classes appeared among Asian and Black people and the Systemic Exposure classes emerged uniquely in Asian and Latinx people. Generally, the High Exposure classes reported the greatest psychological distress and unjust views of society compared to all other classes. The Mediated and Systemic Exposure classes reported greater mental health costs than the Low Exposure classes. Asian women were more likely to be in the Mediated Exposure class compared to the Low Exposure class, whereas Black women were more likely to be in the Mediated Exposure class compared to both High and Low Exposure classes. About a third of each racial group belonged to the Low Exposure classes. Our findings highlight the multidimensionality of online racism exposure and identify hidden yet divergently risky subgroups. Research implications include examination of class membership chronicity and change over time, online exposure to intersecting oppressions, and additional antecedents and health consequences of diverse forms of online racism exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Young Choi
- Counseling and Student Development Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Gamst G, Ma-Kellams C, Meyers LS, Arellano-Morales L. Shifting mediates gendered racial microaggressions and perceived racism among Asian American women. J Clin Psychol 2023. [PMID: 37082987 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microaggressive attacks on Asian American women increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study tested whether Asian American women's shifting, a coping strategy employed by some women of color to alter their self-presentation in response to perceived racism, mediated the association between gendered racial microaggressions and self-perceived subtle and blatant racism. METHODS A convenience sample of 253 Asian American adult women completed the gendered racial microaggressions scale for Asian American women (GRMSAAW), the Asian American women's shifting scale (AsAWSS), and the subtle and blatant racism scale for Asian American college students (SABR-A2 ). RESULTS Results from a structural equation model indicated a partial mediation effect; experiences with increased gendered racial microaggressions were associated with greater levels of shifting, which in turn, were associated with greater perceived subtle and blatant racism. DISCUSSION These data extend our understanding of the shifting coping mechanism used by some Asian American women. Implications for clinical practice and future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Gamst
- Department of Psychology, University of La Verne, La Verne, California, USA
| | - Christine Ma-Kellams
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Jose, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Lawrence S Meyers
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
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Do QA, Yang JP, Gaska KA, Knopp K, Scott SB. Centering Asian American Women's Health: Prevalence of Health Care Discrimination and Associated Health Outcomes. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:797-804. [PMID: 35195852 PMCID: PMC8865180 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Asian American women routinely face multiple and intersectional forms of discrimination based on their marginalized social identities, including during their interactions within the US health care system. However, most research on discrimination against Asian American women is limited by its exclusive focus on race-, gender-, or language-based forms of discrimination; and research has yet to assess if their discriminatory health care experiences are associated with poor health outcomes. To address this gap, we centered the experiences of Asian American women (N = 905) from the Association of American Medical Colleges Biannual Consumer Survey of Health Care Access, a national survey of health care consumers conducted from 2011 to 2020. Prevalence rates were established for unfair treatment due to race, gender, culture, language, age, health insurance, and sexual orientation. Multiple regression models were used to assess how these discriminatory experiences were associated with health and functioning outcomes. Findings demonstrate a high prevalence (32.0%) and wide range of discriminatory experiences in health care settings among Asian American women. The majority of these discriminatory experiences were significantly associated with poorer health and functioning outcomes, even after controlling for demographic influences. Results highlight the need for further development of culturally sensitive medical practices and policies to improve the delivery of health care for Asian American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen A Do
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Joyce P Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA
| | - Karie A Gaska
- Department of Clinical Foundations, Ross University School of Medicine, Two Mile Hill St. Michael, BB11093, Barbados
| | - Kayla Knopp
- Advanced Fellowship for Women's Health, VA San Diego Health Care System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Shelby B Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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Keum BT, Wong MJ, Salim-Eissa R. Gendered racial microaggressions, internalized racism, and suicidal ideation among emerging adult Asian American women. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:342-350. [PMID: 35411802 PMCID: PMC9983054 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221089536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite suicide being the leading cause of death among emerging adult Asian American women (AAW), little is known about the risk factors. AIM We tested whether gendered racial microaggressions stress (GRMS) would be associated with AAW's suicidal ideation, and whether internalized racism (self-negativity, IRSN; weakness stereotypes, IRWS; and appearance bias, IRAB) would exacerbate this link based on self-devaluating implications of internalized racism. METHOD Using a sample of 309 AAW (Mage = 20.00, SD = 6.26), we conducted a moderated logistic regression with GRMS predicting suicidal ideation (endorsement or no endorsement) and the three internalized racism factors (IRSN, IRWS, and IRAB) as moderators. RESULTS GRMS significantly predicted suicidal ideation with a threefold increase in the odds of suicidal ideation. Only IRSN significantly exacerbated this link at low to mean levels. CONCLUSION Gendered racial microaggressions is likely a risk factor for suicidal ideation among AAW, particularly for those who internalize negative images of themselves as Asian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michele J Wong
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Forbes N, Yang LC, Lim S. Intersectional discrimination and its impact on Asian American women's mental health: A mixed-methods scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:993396. [PMID: 36923035 PMCID: PMC10008964 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.993396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gendered racism against Asian American women has become an increasing public health threat in recent years. Although intersectional discrimination (i.e., co-occurring race- and gender-based discrimination) against Asian American women is not new, research on this topic is lacking. The present scoping review sought to explore how Asian American women report experiences of intersectional discrimination through a systematic examination of the current literature. We included studies that explicitly or implicitly discuss intersectional discrimination. We also aimed to identify indicators of psychological wellbeing and coping associated with these experiences. Methods Following PRISMA Guidelines for Systematic Scoping Reviews, database searches were conducted for peer-reviewed articles. A total of 1,476 studies were title- and abstract-screened by two independent reviewers. Then, 148 articles were full-text screened for eligibility. Results A final sample of 23 studies was identified (15 qualitative and 8 quantitative). Only nine of the included studies explicitly used an intersectional framework. Results from qualitative studies revealed that Asian American women experience intersectional discrimination through fetishization, the ascription of passivity, invalidation through lack of representation and pervasive white beauty ideals, and workplace tokenization and scrutiny. Study findings suggested that Asian American women experience these forms of intersectional discrimination across multiple levels of influence (i.e., internalized, interpersonal, institutional, structural). Findings from both qualitative and quantitative studies also indicated how discrimination, whether explicitly or implicitly intersectional, contributes to adverse mental health outcomes such as body shame, disordered eating, depression, and suicidality. Studies also touched on common coping mechanisms employed by Asian American women when facing or anticipating discrimination, such as avoidance, shifting, proactive coping, and leaning on networks of support. There was a lack of studies using quantitative assessments of intersectional discrimination. Also, most studies did not include disaggregated data by ethnicity, age, sexual identity, religion, socioeconomic status, immigration status, or skin color, all of which are likely to shape their experiences. Discussion Our scoping review highlights how the marginalization of Asian American women is an urgent threat to their mental wellbeing. These findings are discussed to inform future research, interventions, and policy changes that prevent racialized and gendered violence against Asian American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Forbes
- Applied Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Fordham University, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lauren C. Yang
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sahnah Lim
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Keum BT, Wong MJ. Congruence and discrepancy in Asian American women's perception and stress appraisal of gendered racial microaggressions: Relationships with depressive symptoms and internalized racism. Front Public Health 2022; 10:954897. [PMID: 36388393 PMCID: PMC9641222 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.954897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research demonstrates significant links between discrimination and mental health by assessing either encounters with or stress appraisal of discrimination. However, research has yet to examine the dynamic interplay between frequency and stress appraisal (e.g., high frequency-low stress appraisal) and their linkage to depressive symptoms. Using a sample of 309 Asian American women (M age = 22.81, SD = 0.26), we used a polynomial regression and response surface analysis to model the congruence and discrepancy between frequency and stress appraisal of gendered racial microaggressions experienced by Asian American women and how they are related to depressive symptoms and internalized racism. The dynamics between frequency and stress in relation to depressive symptoms were further probed at low, mean, and high levels of internalized racism. Greater congruence between frequency and stress was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (medium to large effect) and internalized racism (small effect). A discrepancy between higher frequency and lower stress was significantly associated with greater internalized racism. Further, when looking across levels of internalized racism, greater congruence between frequency and stress was significantly associated with greater depressive symptoms at low and mean levels of internalized racism but not at high levels. Gendered racial microaggressions are associated with adverse mental health outcomes among Asian American women, contributing to greater depressive symptoms and internalized racism. Further consideration should be given toward how internalized racism shapes differences in the perceptions and stress appraisal of gendered racial microaggressions, and subsequent mental health outcomes among Asian American women.
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Indirect Intergroup Bargaining: An Evolutionary Psychological Theory of Microaggression. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-022-00338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Takamura JC, Browne C, Jeung R, Yellow Horse AJ, Kwok D, Howard D. Asian American Elders: Caught in the Crosshairs of a Syndemic of Racism, Misogyny, and Ageism During Coronavirus Disease 2019. PUBLIC POLICY & AGING REPORT 2022; 32:87-93. [PMID: 35996677 PMCID: PMC9384670 DOI: 10.1093/ppar/prac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colette Browne
- Thompson School of Social Work, University of Hawai’i – Manoa , Honolulu, Hawai’i , USA
| | - Russell Jeung
- Asian American Studies Department, San Francisco State University , San Francisco, California , USA
- Stop AAPI Hate
| | - Aggie J Yellow Horse
- Asian Pacific American Studies Department, School of Social Transformation, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona , USA
| | - Daphne Kwok
- BA, Office of Diversity Equity & Inclusion, Asian American & Pacific Islander Audience Strategy, AARP , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Devany Howard
- School of Social Work, Columbia University , New York, New York , USA
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11
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Choi NY, Kim YH, Evans CA. An Examination of the Psychology of Working Theory with Employed Asian American Women. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00110000221116885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Guided by the psychology of working theory (PWT) and an intersectional approach, the present study investigated how social class and gendered racial microaggression were associated with decent work through experiences of work volition in a sample of 262 self-identified employed Asian American women. Overall, most of the hypothesized direct paths were significant, with social class positively relating to work volition, gendered racial microaggression negatively related to decent work, and work volition positively related to decent work. Support for indirect effects was mixed. Work volition was found to significantly mediate the relation between social class to decent work, but not significantly mediate between gendered racial microaggression to decent work. Overall, results suggest the need for further investigation and refinement of the PWT to gain a better understanding of Asian American women's experience regarding accessibility to decent work. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young Hwa Kim
- Department of Elementary Education, Seoul National University of Education, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Evaluating the Thematic Nature of Microaggression among Racial and Ethnic Minority Surgeons. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 235:210-216. [PMID: 35839395 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well documented that surgeons who identify as racial and ethnic minorities experience discrimination while navigating the surgical environment. There is evidence to suggest that the most prevalent form of discrimination experienced is microaggressions. This study sought to identify common microaggressions experienced in the surgical workplace by racial and ethnic minority surgeons with the use of a validated scale. METHODS A one-time, deidentified survey was administered to surgeons who identified as a racial and ethnic minority via email. The survey included demographic questions and a shortened version of the Racial Microaggressions Scale, a validated 32-item scale developed to measure microaggressions in everyday life. Subscale means were calculated and compared using sample t-tests along with an analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 185 surgeons completed the survey with 166 included in the final analysis (97 male-identifying, 67 female-identifying). Significantly different microaggression experiences between race and ethnicity were found on the environmental (p < 0.001), foreigner/not belonging (p ≤ 0.001), low achieving/undesirable (p < 0.001), criminality (p < 0.001), and invisibility (p < 0.001) subscales with higher scores denoting more frequent experiences. Black and African American surgeons scored higher than Asian and Asian American and Hispanic and Latino surgeons on the low achieving/undesirable subscale (1.7 vs 0.9 and 1.2, respectively) and the invisibility subscale (1.5 vs 0.8 and 0.8, respectively). In addition, Asian and Asian American and Hispanic and Latino surgeons scored significantly higher on the foreigner/not belonging subscale compared with Black and African American surgeons (1.6 and 1.6 vs 0.9, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that surgeons who identified as a racial and ethnic minority experience microaggressions in various ways. Understanding the specific experience of racial and ethnic minority surgeons is important as the surgical workplace strives to create more inclusive environments by acknowledging the lived experience of its diverse workforce.
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Chavez-Dueñas NY, Adames HY, Perez-Chavez JG. Anti-Colonial Futures: Indigenous Latinx Women Healing from the Wounds of Racial-Gendered Colonialism. WOMEN & THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02703149.2022.2097593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Y. Chavez-Dueñas
- Department of Counseling Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Immigration, Critical Race, And Cultural Equity (IC-RACE) Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hector Y. Adames
- Department of Counseling Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Immigration, Critical Race, And Cultural Equity (IC-RACE) Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica G. Perez-Chavez
- Immigration, Critical Race, And Cultural Equity (IC-RACE) Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wong CYE, Kirby TA, Rink F, Ryan MK. Intersectional Invisibility in Women's Diversity Interventions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:791572. [PMID: 35693520 PMCID: PMC9176663 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.791572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diversity interventions for women are ineffective. One reason for this may be that the field that diversity interventions are usually based on, the social sciences, often do not consider intra-group differences among women. Specifically, differences by racialization may be excluded from such diversity interventions. The present research examines whether racially marginalized women have different diversity interventions needs than White women, and whether organizations are less likely to represent those needs (i.e., intersectional invisibility). Across an open-ended coding (n = 293) and a ranking study (n = 489), Black women noted a need to incorporate intersectional differences, Asian women prioritized methods to address challenges to their authority, and White women indicated a need to address agency perceptions. Improving work-life balance and networks was a shared concern among participants, though we theorized different racially gendered reasons for why these intervention needs are relevant to each group. In Study 3 (n = 92 organizations), we analyzed organizations’ websites using word count and textual analysis. Organizations— including the Education, Science, and Research sector— most readily advocated for women through enhancing agency. They were also less likely to mention dealing with perceptions of excessive agency or addressing intersectional considerations. The organizations broadly mentioned other marginalized groups besides women, but rarely did they do so intersectionality. Taken together, our findings demonstrate different intervention priorities across differently racialized groups. We found evidence of intersectional invisibility where organizations were more likely to address agency-enhancing intervention needs while failing to include other intervention needs relevant for Black women and Asian women. We discuss the implications of these findings for organizations, in general, as well as potential implications for the field of academic social sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuk Yan E Wong
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Teri A Kirby
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Floor Rink
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michelle K Ryan
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Global Institute for Women's Leadership, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Natarajan M, Wilkins-Yel KG, Sista A, Anantharaman A, Seils N. Decolonizing Purity Culture: Gendered Racism and White Idealization in Evangelical Christianity. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843221091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purity culture is a phenomenon promulgated by evangelical Christianity that teaches strict adherence to sexual abstinence prior to heterosexual marriage. Extant research illuminated the ways these teachings have harmed women by normalizing the oppression of their bodies, restricting sexual agency, teaching a shame response to pleasure, and perpetuating rape culture. Notably, these studies have centered white women’s experiences, and to date, there is a dearth of literature examining how these teachings uniquely impact Women of Color. There remains a paucity of research about the ways in which purity culture has perpetuated colonial and Eurocentric values that have systematically oppressed Women of Color. Framed by critical race feminism and intersectionality, we examined the lived experiences of nine Women of Color impacted by evangelical purity culture, revealing the nuanced ways in which gendered racism and white idealization influenced participants’ alliance to and embodiment of their intersecting racialized and gendered identities. With the insights gleaned from this study, we encourage readers to (a) raise their consciousness about the insidious mechanisms through which purity culture and the religious right operate and (b) actively dismantle forms of internalized oppression through radical acts of healing, and systematically through disrupting the perpetuation of purity culture rhetoric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Natarajan
- Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerrie G. Wilkins-Yel
- Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anushka Sista
- Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aashika Anantharaman
- Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie Seils
- Department of Public Policy and Public Affairs, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Cheng HL. Body shame among Asian American college women: the roles of sexual objectification, internalized racism, and ethnic identity strength. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2022.2065664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Lan Cheng
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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17
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King J, Iwamoto D. Not All the Same: Examining Asian American Women’s Self-Objectification Processes Using a Latent Class and Cultural-Specific Approach. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843221081525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past research has shown that Asian American women are subject to distinct forms of sexism and racism that can influence culture-specific appearance evaluations. However, no studies have examined within-group differences in self-objectification processes. To address this gap, we used latent class analysis. Our study had three aims: (a) identify subgroups (e.g., latent classes) of Asian American women ( N = 554) based upon their general and group-specific self-objectification processes, (b) examine the racial objectification predictors (e.g., general racism, gendered racial microaggressions, and racial identity) of latent class membership, and (c) examine the relation between the classes and disordered eating and depression. Results of the latent class analysis yielded four classes: (a) High Self-Objectification class (37.2%), (b) Moderate Self-Objectification class (40.1%), (c) Body Conscious class (7.3%), and (d) Appearance Acceptance class (15.5%). The High Self-Objectification class reported significantly higher rates of disordered eating and depression. Women were more likely to be in the High Self-Objectification class if they experienced higher levels of gendered racial microaggressions and racial dissonance. Results can advance the literature by demonstrating significant within-group variability in self-objectification processes among Asian American Women and offer valuable clinical implications for targeting high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer King
- Department of Psychology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Derek Iwamoto
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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Ahn LH, Yang N, An M. COVID-19 Racism, Internalized Racism, and Psychological Outcomes among East Asians/East Asian Americans. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00110000211070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the psychological effects of racism on East Asians and East Asian Americans (EAEAAs) living in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic using a mixed-methods approach. First, using an autoregressive cross-lagged panel analysis, we investigated the relations between COVID-19 racism, internalized racism, psychological distress, and social isolation among EAEAAs. We then examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on EAEAAs using consensual qualitative research-modified. Quantitative findings showed that COVID-19 racism at Time 1 was associated with greater subsequent psychological distress, and COVID-19 racism at Time 2 was associated with greater levels of subsequent psychological distress and social isolation at Time 3, suggesting that COVID-19 racism predicted psychological distress and social isolation over time. Qualitative findings highlighted the prevalence of racism towards EAEAAs and the associated negative consequences. Findings demonstrate that EAEAAs living in the United States are at great risk due to the detrimental effects of racism during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia HaRim Ahn
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - NaYeon Yang
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mira An
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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19
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Yoo HC, Gabriel AK, Okazaki S. Advancing Research Within Asian American Psychology Using Asian Critical Race Theory and an Asian Americanist Perspective. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00221678211062721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research within Asian American psychology continually grows to include a range of topics that expand on the heterogeneity, hybridity, and multiplicity of the Asian American psychological experience. Still, research focused on distinct racialization and psychological processes of Asians in America is limited. To advance scientific knowledge on the study of race and racism in the lives of Asian Americans, we draw on Asian critical race theory and an Asian Americanist perspective that emphasizes the unique history of oppression, resilience, and resistance among Asian Americans. First, we discuss the rationale and significance of applying Asian critical race theory to Asian American psychology. Second, we review the racialized history of Asians in America, including the dissemination of essentialist stereotypes (e.g., perpetual foreigner, model minority, and sexual deviants) and the political formation of an Asian American racial identity beginning in the late 1960s. We emphasize that this history is inextricably linked to how race and racism is understood and studied today in Asian American psychology. Finally, we discuss the implications of Asian critical race theory and an Asian Americanist perspective to research within Asian American psychology and conclude with suggestions for future research to advance current theory and methodology.
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20
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Nadal KL, King R, Sissoko DG, Floyd N, Hines D. The legacies of systemic and internalized oppression: Experiences of microaggressions, imposter phenomenon, and stereotype threat on historically marginalized groups. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Racial Stereotypes and Asian American Youth Paradox. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:2374-2393. [PMID: 34686950 PMCID: PMC9074757 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Asian Americans are simultaneously stereotyped as a perpetual foreigner and a model minority. This cross-sectional study of 308 Filipino American youth (mean age 18 years; 47% emerging adult; 72% U.S.-born; 57% female) and 340 Korean American youth (mean age 18 years; 39% emerging adult; 59% U.S.-born; 49% female) is the first to investigate both the direct and interactive effects of these seemingly opposite stereotypes on internalizing and externalizing outcomes, and how these relations differ by ethnicity, age group (adolescence vs. emerging adulthood), and nativity (foreign-born vs. U.S.-born). The results confirm that the perpetual foreigner stereotype predicts more internalizing problems, whereas aspects of the model minority stereotype (i.e., achievement orientation and unrestricted mobility) had different effects by ethnicity. Those who deeply internalize the model minority stereotype were found to be particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, the interactive effects of these stereotypes were more prominent during emerging adulthood than in adolescence, regardless of ethnicity. These nuanced and complex mechanisms need to be thoroughly understood in order to develop appropriate and effective public health or school interventions that can support Asian American young people in dealing with the harmful effects of racial stereotypes.
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22
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Rudes G, Fantuzzi C. The Association Between Racism and Suicidality Among Young Minority Groups: A Systematic Review. J Transcult Nurs 2021; 33:228-238. [PMID: 34551644 DOI: 10.1177/10436596211046983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization states that suicide is the second leading cause of death among youngs, and racism has been proven to have detrimental effects on both physical and mental health. These two plagues represent a public health priority, especially for susceptible minorities. METHOD This systematic review analyzed 23 studies from multiple database searches, to understand the relationship between racism and suicidality in young minority groups. RESULTS The review demonstrated the correlation between racism and suicidality with the consequent development of mental disorders. There is strong evidence that the main suicide risk factor is acculturation, interpreted as the assimilation of the dominant culture with the loss of values from one's cultural background. DISCUSSION Health care professionals should not underestimate the risk of suicidality associated with racism. Prevention is crucial and it should be implemented from a young age, in schools, through a joint intervention with children and their families, aiming toward integration without acculturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Rudes
- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Pediatric Institute, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Fantuzzi
- School of Nursing, University of Trieste, Italy.,Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Trieste, Italy
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23
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Singh RS, Bhambhani Y, Skinta MD, Torres-Harding SR. Measurement of Intersectional Microaggressions: Conceptual Barriers and Recommendations. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:956-971. [PMID: 34498531 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621991855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since Crenshaw coined the term "intersectionality" in 1989, researchers of bias have struggled with how to capture the complexity and intricacies of intersectional identities and microaggressions experienced by individuals holding these identities within the quantitative framework that dominates psychology. Although scholarship has grown in the exploration of experiences such as racialized sexual harassment, or sexual racism within queer and trans communities, there is no strong consensus on how this might be measured systematically in ways that allow for inferences regarding the experiences of populations of interest. With an emphasis on the experiences of queer and trans people of color, this article explores intersectional identities through three main points: First, we define what is meant by intersectionality and the real-world experiences that are important for advancing an understanding of microaggressions; second, we review the existing measures and their ability to capture the breadth and depth of the lived experience of those with intersectional identities; and third, we propose a framework for the development of a more accurate and comprehensive measure of microaggressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sonia Singh
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Yash Bhambhani
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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24
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Williams MT, Skinta MD, Martin-Willett R. After Pierce and Sue: A Revised Racial Microaggressions Taxonomy. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:991-1007. [PMID: 34498518 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621994247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Harvard psychiatrist Chester Pierce's conception of "subtle and stunning" daily racial offenses, or microaggressions, remains salient even 50 years after it was introduced. Microaggressions were defined further by Sue and colleagues in 2007, and this construct has found growing utility as the deleterious effects of microaggressions on the health of people of color continues to mount. Many studies seek to frame microaggressions in terms of a taxonomic analysis of offender behavior to inform the assessment of and interventions for the reduction of racial microaggressions. This article proposes an expansion and refinement of Sue et al.'s taxonomy to better inform such efforts. We conducted a review of published articles that focused on qualitative and quantitative findings of microaggressions taxonomies (N = 32). Sixteen categories of racial microaggressions were identified, largely consistent with the original taxonomy of Sue et al. but expanded in several notable ways. Building on our prior research, other researchers supported such new categories as tokenism, connecting via stereotypes, exoticization and eroticization, and avoidance and distancing. The least studied categories included the denial of individual racism from Sue et al., and newer categories included reverse-racism hostility, connecting via stereotypes, and environmental attacks. A unified language of microaggressions may improve understanding and measurement of this important construct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renée Martin-Willett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder
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25
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Spanierman LB, Clark DA, Kim Y. Reviewing Racial Microaggressions Research: Documenting Targets' Experiences, Harmful Sequelae, and Resistance Strategies. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:1037-1059. [PMID: 34498519 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211019944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the theoretical and empirical literature on racial microaggressions from 2007 to 2020 (N = 138 articles). First, we refine racial microaggressions theory and update the definition to address mischaracterizations in the literature and clarify the term (i.e., "micro" refers to microlevel interactions rather than degree of harm). Next, we used four superordinate categories (i.e., pathologizing differences, denigrating and pigeonholing, excluding or rendering invisible, and perpetuating color-blind racial attitudes) in which to situate racial microaggression themes from the extant literature. Moreover, we consolidated and renamed existing themes to privilege targets' perspectives (e.g., facing assumptions of inferior status and enduring exoticization). We then synthesized qualitative and quantitative research that shows harmful sequelae of racial microaggressions (i.e., psychological and physiological symptoms). Extending prior research on coping with gendered racial microaggressions, we describe empirical findings on collective, resistance, and self-protective strategies to mitigate the harmful impact of racial microaggressions. We conclude with directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Anthony Clark
- Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication, Arizona State University
| | - Yeeun Kim
- Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University
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26
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Farber R, Wedell E, Herchenroeder L, Dickter CL, Pearson MR, Bravo AJ. Microaggressions and Psychological Health Among College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model of Rumination and Social Structure Beliefs. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 8:245-255. [PMID: 32514783 PMCID: PMC7722011 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Racial microaggressions are common experiences for students of color on college campuses. Given prior research connecting microaggressions to negative mental health outcomes, it is important to better understand the social context and process through which microaggressions are associated with poorer mental health. In addition, we put forth a psycho-sociological approach to microaggressions, integrating an attention to both individual psychology and broader social structure. Specifically, the present study investigated whether the indirect association of school/workplace microaggressions and internalizing symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) through problem-focused thoughts (a subset of ruminative thinking) differed as a function of horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism among a racially diverse sample of non-White college students (n = 549) from two universities in the USA. As hypothesized, problem-focused thoughts mediated the associations between school/workplace microaggressions and all three negative mental health symptoms. Furthermore, the indirect effect of school/workplace microaggressions on psychological health through problem-focused thoughts was stronger in students with high levels of vertical individualism (i.e., autonomous but recognize/accept inequality among individuals), compared to students with low or average levels. Our findings suggest that students of color who endorse vertical individualism are at a relatively greater risk of negative mental health outcomes related to school/workplace microaggressions via problem-focused thoughts. Future research is needed to examine additional factors that may buffer or strengthen the pathways between microaggressions and negative mental health in students of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Farber
- Department of Sociology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Emma Wedell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Luke Herchenroeder
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Dickter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew R Pearson
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Adrian J Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA.
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27
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Williams MT, Skinta MD, Kanter JW, Martin-Willett R, Mier-Chairez J, Debreaux M, Rosen DC. A qualitative study of microaggressions against African Americans on predominantly White campuses. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:111. [PMID: 33097084 PMCID: PMC7583193 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pierce’s (The Black seventies: an extending horizon book, 1970) conception of “subtle and stunning” daily racial offenses, or microaggressions, remains salient even 50 years after it was introduced. Microaggressions were defined further by Sue and colleagues (Am Psychol 62:271, 2007), and this construct has found growing utility as the deleterious effects of microaggressions on the health of people of color continues to mount. Microaggressions are common on campuses and contribute to negative social, academic, and mental health outcomes. Method This paper explores how Black college students’ experiences correspond to or differ from the microaggression types originally proposed by Sue et al. (Am Psychol 62:271, 2007). Themes were identified from focus group data of students of color (N = 36) from predominately White institutions (PWIs) of higher learning (N = 3) using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results We identified 15 categories of racial microaggressions, largely consistent with the original taxonomy of Sue et al. but expanded in several notable ways. New categories in our data and observed by other researchers, included categories termed Connecting via Stereotypes, Exoticization and Eroticization, and Avoidance and Distancing. Lesser studied categories identified included Sue et al.’s Denial of Individual Racism, and new categories termed Reverse Racism Hostility, Connecting via Stereotypes, and Environmental Attacks. Discussion While previous literature has either embraced the taxonomy developed by Sue and colleagues or proposed a novel taxonomy, this study synthesized the Sue framework in concert with our own focus group findings and the contributions of other researchers. Improving our understanding of microaggressions as they impact people of color may better allow for improved understanding and measurement of this important construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | | | | | - Renée Martin-Willett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | | | - Marlena Debreaux
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Daniel C Rosen
- Department of Counseling & Health Psychology, Bastyr University, Kenmore, USA
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28
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Gartner RE, Sterzing PR, Fisher CM, Woodford MR, Kinney MK, Victor BG. A Scoping Review of Measures Assessing Gender Microaggressions Against Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684320920834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While considerable knowledge exists about blatant gender discrimination and violence targeting women, less is known about gender microaggressions. To understand gender microaggressions’ frequency, prevalence, and effects, researchers need robust quantitative measures. To advance gender microaggressions scholarship and support researchers’ efforts to identify high-quality measures, we conducted a psychometric scoping review. We identified 24 original, quantitative, multi-item measures designed to assess gender microaggressions or related constructs. Included measures needed at least one item assessing gender microaggressions and be used with adult women in the United States. Results indicated an increase in the number of measures including gender microaggressions’ items in recent years, with a major expansion in the number of named gender microaggressions’ measures. We found limited reporting of demographic information. Psychometric testing and characteristics varied across measures. While most ( n = 20) reported internal consistency reliability, only two-thirds ( n = 16) reported undergoing validity testing. When examining microaggressions named measures ( n = 10), we found inconsistent adherence to microaggressions’ theoretical and conceptual foundations. Substantial work remains to develop a “gold standard” measure that does not conflate subtle and blatant acts, assesses the full thematic range of gender microaggressions, and is psychometrically valid across different social contexts and diverse groups of women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R. Sterzing
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Michael R. Woodford
- Lyle S. Hallman Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | | | - Bryan G. Victor
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
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29
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Gendered Racial Microaggressions, Feminism, and Asian American Women’s Eating Pathology: An Intersectional Investigation. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Kim YH, Choi NY. Career Decision Self-Efficacy of Asian American Students: The Role of Curiosity and Ethnic Identity. THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cdq.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwa Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland
- Now at Counseling and Psychological Services, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Na-Yeun Choi
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University
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31
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Flores LY, Martinez LD, McGillen GG, Milord J. Something Old and Something New: Future Directions in Vocational Research With People of Color in the United States. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1069072718822461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vocational psychology scholarship has largely overlooked the work experiences of people of color. In this article, we present evidence that vocational research that addresses the work issues of people of color has been neglected in the key outlets for vocational research among vocational psychologists. We outline seven directions for research inquiry with people of color, namely using culturally sensitive research methods, increasing research on the effectiveness of career interventions, integrating interdisciplinary perspectives, merging psychological and educational science with vocational development, using intersectional approaches, examining collective mobility strategies and structural reforms, and assessing the impact of environmental disasters on long-term educational and work outcomes.
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