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Van Overwalle F, Siebler F. A Connectionist Model of Attitude Formation and Change. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 9:231-74. [PMID: 16083362 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses a recurrent connectionist network, simulating empirical phenomena usually explained by current dual-process approaches of attitudes, thereby focusing on the processing mechanisms that may underlie both central and peripheral routes of persuasion. Major findings in attitude formation and change involving both processing modes are reviewed and modeled from a connectionist perspective. We use an autoassociative network architecture with a linear activation update and the delta learning algorithm for adjusting the connection weights. The network is applied to well-known experiments involving deliberative attitude formation, as well as the use of heuristics of length, consensus, expertise, and mood. All these empirical phenomena are successfully reproduced in the simulations. Moreover, the proposed model is shown to be consistent with algebraic models of attitude formation (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The discussion centers on how the proposed network model may be used to unite and formalize current ideas and hypotheses on the processes underlying attitude acquisition and how it can be deployed to develop novel hypotheses in the attitude domain.
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Sappington AA. Behavior of Biased and Non-Biased Whites towards Blacks in a Simulated Interaction. Psychol Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to determine differences between biased and non-biased whites in their behavior towards blacks in a simulated interaction situation. Behaviors involving various levels of interaction, i.e., description, choice of a hypothetical interaction partner and actual verbal exchanges, were examined. The biased and non-biased whites differed and these differences became more apparent as actual interaction was more closely approximated. Although no openly anti-black remarks occurred, biased whites talked less to blacks than to whites, expressed more negative affect as reflected in non-immediacy of their remarks to blacks, and chose black partners less often. Biased whites described blacks as favorably as did non-biased whites. Possible explanations were discussed.
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Krosnick JA, Betz AL, Jussim LJ, Lynn AR. Subliminal Conditioning of Attitudes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167292182006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of the literature on attitude formation assumes that attitudes are the products of deductive integration of an individual's beliefs about an object's attributes. Two studies demonstrate that attitudes can develop without deduction from such beliefs and, indeed, without individuals' being aware of the antecedents of those attitudes. Subjects viewed nine slides of a target person going about normal daily activities; immediately preceding the presentation of each photograph was a subliminal exposure of an affect-arousing photograph. Half the subjects in each study were subliminally exposed to positive-affect-arousing photos and half to negative-affect-arousing photos. The subliminal photographs affected attitudes toward the target person and shaped beliefs about the target person's personality traits. Presumably because relevant objective data were available, the subliminal photographs apparently had less impact on judgments of the target person's physical attractiveness. These findings demonstrate conditioning of attitudes without awareness of their antecedents.
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Carlson M, Marcus-Newhall A, Miller N. Evidence for a General Construct of Aggression. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167289153008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Three analyses of published research were undertaken to assess whether diverse laboratory response measures that are intended to measure aggression reflect a common underlying construct. It was found that (a) alternative measures of physical aggression directed by the same subjects against the same target tend to intercorrelate positively within studies, (b) across studies, the correlations between effect-size estimates of physical and written aggression emitted by the same subjects are positive, and (c) physical and written aggressive responses are similarly influenced by theoretically relevant antecedent factors (e.g., personal attack and frustration). The consistent overall pattern of results supports the notion that aggression, defined as intent to harm, is a viable construct that possesses some degree of generality.
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Lavine H, Burgess D, Snyder M, Transue J, Sullivan JL, Haney B, Wagner SH. Threat, Authoritarianism, and Voting: An Investigation of Personality and Persuasion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167299025003006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined whether the influence of persuasive messages emphasizing reward versus threat was moderated by authoritarianism. Five days before the 1996 presidential election, participants (N = 86) received either a reward-related message (emphasizing the positive benefits of voting) or a threatrelated message (emphasizing the negative consequences of failing to vote) recommending that they vote in the election. We found that high authoritarians perceived the threat message as stronger in argument quality than the reward message, and low authoritarians perceived the reward message as stronger in argument quality than the threat message. In turn, subjective perceptions of message quality exerted a direct influence on participants’ postmessage attitudes toward voting in the election. Finally, behavioral intentions mediated the influence of voting attitudes on actual voting behavior. Discussion focuses on the implications of the message frame and authoritarianism.
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Burns GL, Staats AW. Rule-governed behavior: Unifying radical and paradigmatic behaviorism. Anal Verbal Behav 2012; 9:127-43. [PMID: 22477636 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonalities and differences between Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior and the paradigmatic behaviorism (PB) approach are described as a means of introducing the latter to behavior analysis. The focus is on treating the topic of rule-governed behavior-a topic of current interest in behavior analysis in addressing the challenge of cognitive psychology-within the PB framework. Dealing behaviorally with traditional psychology interests is considered important in PB, and this article aims to advance toward that goal. PB has presented a framework that deals with not only the behavioral description of language but also with language function as well as language acquisition. This includes a treatment of the manner in which verbal stimuli generally can control motor behavior. This framework includes analyses in addition to those present in the behavior analytic framework, along with empirical developments, and these can be used to enhance a behavioral understanding of important parts of verbal behavior and the effects of verbal stimuli on behavior, including rule-governed phenomena. Our purpose is to use the particular topic of rule-governed behavior to argue that a more explicit interaction between radical and paradigmatic behaviorism would advance behaviorism and also enable it to have a stronger impact upon psychology and the scientific community.
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Staats AW. Psychological behaviorism and behaviorizing psychology. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2012; 17:93-114. [PMID: 22478175 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paradigmatic or psychological behaviorism (PB), in a four-decade history of development, has been shaped by its goal, the establishment of a behaviorism that can also serve as the approach in psychology (Watson's original goal). In the process, PB has become a new generation of behaviorism with abundant heuristic avenues for development in theory, philosophy, methodology, and research. Psychology has resources, purview and problem areas, and nascent developments of many kinds, gathered in chaotic diversity, needing unification (and other things) that cognitivism cannot provide. Behaviorism can, within PB's multilevel framework for connecting and advancing both psychology and behaviorism.
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McCann SJH, Stewin LL. Environmental Threat and Parapsychological Contributions to the Psychological Literature. The Journal of Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1984.9713485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Driscoll JM. Aggressiveness and Frequency-of-Aggressive-Use Ratings for Pejorative Epithets by Americans. The Journal of Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1981.9922733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Berkowitz L. On the consideration of automatic as well as controlled psychological processes in aggression. Aggress Behav 2008; 34:117-29. [PMID: 18183563 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Without slighting the important role played by controlled psychological processes in human aggression, this paper recommends that considerable systematic attention should also be given to the operation of automatic processes in bringing about this behavior. The concepts of automaticity and impulsivity are discussed briefly and it is proposed that many impulsive actions, particularly antisocial ones, are due to failures of restraint after they were initiated involuntarily. A number of experiments are reviewed in which situational stimuli automatically instigated or heightened aggressive inclinations. These have to do with associations in hostility displacement, reactions to stigmatized persons, and association in aggressive reactions to media violence. The last-mentioned studies deal especially with factors affecting the selection of the target for aggression. In discussing these findings it is suggested that after the crucial situational features had automatically initiated the sequence of determinants, the aggression displayed could have been due either to a hostile appraisal of the target or the activation of aggression-related bodily reactions as well as hostile ideas. It is also hypothesized that in at least one of the studies, an experienced negative affect might have instigated the aggression independently of any appraisals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Berkowitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Miller N, Pedersen WC, Earleywine M, Pollock VE. Artificial a theoretical model of triggered displaced aggression. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2003; 7:57-97. [PMID: 12584058 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0701_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A tit-for-tat matching rule (Axelrod, 1984) describes much interpersonal behavior. Yet, in daily life a retaliatory aggressive response to a trivially mild provocation often inappropriately exceeds that expected from the matching rule. The concept of triggered displaced aggression can explain these exceptions to the matching principle. Building from the Cognitive Neoassociationistic model of aggressive behavior (Berkowitz, 1989, 1990, 1993), we developed a theoretical framework of social and personality factors that moderate and mediate the disjunctively escalated retaliation that can result from triggered displaced aggression. Major explanatory factors in our analysis of such effects are as follows: (a) aspects of the Time 1 provocation and the immediate situation in which it occurred; (b) characteristics of initial provocations and personality factors of the actor that produce the ruminative thought that will temporally extend the effects of a Time 1 provocation, allowing them to interact with a delayed Time 2 minor triggering event; and (c) actions and attributes of the target of displaced aggression that augment these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA.
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Bettencourt BA, Kernahan C. A meta-analysis of aggression in the presence of violent cues: Effects of gender differences and aversive provocation. Aggress Behav 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1997)23:6<447::aid-ab4>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cacioppo JT, Marshall-Goodell BS, Tassinary LG, Petty RE. Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: Classical conditioning is more effective when prior knowledge about the attitude stimulus is low than high. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1031(92)90053-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schwarz N, Bless H, Bohner G. Mood and Persuasion: Affective States Influence the Processing of Persuasive Communications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Staats AW, Eifert GH. The paradigmatic behaviorism theory of emotions: Basis for unification. Clin Psychol Rev 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90096-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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McCann SJH, Stewin LL. Threat, Authoritarianism, and the Power of U.S. Presidents. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1987.9712652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Tryon WW, Briones RG. Higher-order semantic counterconditioning of Filipino women's evaluations of heterosexual behaviors. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1985; 16:125-31. [PMID: 4044862 DOI: 10.1016/0005-7916(85)90047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if semantic counterconditioning could modify semantic differential ratings regarding premarital sexual behaviors, in Filipino women whose culture exerts great control over such matters. A total of 303 unmarried, predominantly middle class, English speaking, Roman Catholic Filipino women aged 15-21 years volunteered to be subjects. Significant changes in the semantic differential ratings were obtained in four of the five CS (conditioned stimuli) phrases for subjects receiving semantic counterconditioning. Lesser changes in the semantic differential ratings for the same phrases were obtained from subjects in the Pseudo Conditioning and Repetition Control groups.
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Paradigmatic Behaviorism: Unified Theory for Social-Personality Psychology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Modification of Adult Aggression: A Critical Review of Theory, Research, and Practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-535612-1.50012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Effects of class, race, sex, and educational status on patterns of aggression of lower-class youth. J Youth Adolesc 1976; 5:59-71. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01537084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1975] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sales SM, Friend KE. Success and failure as determinants of level of authoritarianism. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 1973; 18:163-72. [PMID: 4714443 DOI: 10.1002/bs.3830180304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lange A, Van De Nes A. Frustration and instrumentality of aggression. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2420030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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The Power of Liking: Consequences of Interpersonal Attitudes Derived from a Liberalized View of Secondary Reinforcement. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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