Factors of development of children's sports schools in rural areas

The article presents an analysis of the external and internal environment of children's sports schools in rural areas in the form of a SWOT matrix. Children's sports schools in rural areas are distinguished by a huge set of sports disciplines, many their own facilities and a low pricing policy. Among the most significant disadvantages are the lack of active promotion of schools and a small percentage of paid services compared to budget ones. To improve the situation of children's sports schools in rural areas, it is proposed to create a promotion program that will help increase the number of students and affect the growth of the organization's income.

National Differences in Personality: Iceland and England

577 men and 567 women were given the 101-item version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, translated into Icelandic. Although some items were inappropriate for use in Iceland, a viable scoring key was suggested and all reliabilities, except perhaps for Psychoticism, were satisfactory. Indices of factor comparison showed very clearly identical factors in both countries. Icelandic and British subjects were compared on the personality factors, using reduced scales comprising only items both scoring keys shared; Icelandic subjects scored lower on all factors, although not always at a statistically significant level.

Relationship of neuroticism and laboratory pain in healthy children: does anxiety sensitivity play a role?

Both neuroticism, a higher-order, stable personality trait, and anxiety sensitivity (AS), a lower-order pain-related construct, have been associated with pain, although no research exists examining the relationship of both these constructs to acute pain in children. In the current study, 99 healthy children (53 girls) completed self-report measures of neuroticism and AS before undergoing pain tasks involving cold and pressure pain. We hypothesized that both neuroticism and AS would be correlated with acute pain responses, but that AS would at least partially mediate the relationship between neuroticism and pain responses. Results indicated significant correlations between neuroticism, AS, and anticipatory anxiety, pain intensity and pain bother. Mediational models revealed that AS partially mediated relationships between neuroticism and pain intensity/bother, and fully mediated relationships between neuroticism and anticipatory anxiety. These data suggest that, at least in children, neuroticism may be best understood as a vulnerability factor for elevated pain responses, especially when coupled with a fear of bodily sensations.

Neurocognitive elements of antisocial behavior: Relevance of an orbitofrontal cortex account

This paper reviews the role of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions in antisocial behaviors and the adequacy of a strict OFC account of antisocial disorders where there is no evidence of lesion. Neurocognitive accounts of antisocial behaviors are extended beyond the OFC. Several methodological shortcomings specific to this neuroscience approach to antisocial behavior are identified. A developmental approach is advocated to chart the developmental sequences of impaired brain development and of the various comorbid states typically seen in antisocial disorders.

Cross-cultural cross-validation of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire among Zimbabwean school children

For 568 boys and 698 girls (ages 8 to 17 years), Neuroticism scores were reliable and factorially valid for both sexes but reliability and validity for Extraversion were modest and, while reliable, 45% of Lie scale items did not load on their factor of origin. Also, Psychoticism scores were unreliable and factorially invalid. Careful item analyses must be undertaken and the construct of psychoticism verified.

Personality attributes of children with conduct disorders: the discriminant power of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Referring agencies' anecdotal reports on 684 youngsters were scrutinized for information on (1) physical/verbal violence, (2) violation of property rights, (3) investigation of police or courts, or suspensions from school, and (4) referral to a social/legal agency for follow-up care. Some 330 children with a mean age of 11.14 yr. ( SD = 2.21) met all four criteria and formed the conduct disordered group. The control group was formed by default and comprised 354 children whose mean age was 10.2 yr. ( SD = 2.03). All youngsters were given the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire which was scored for Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie. Group mean scores for conduct disordered children, when compared with controls, were significantly higher on Psychoticism and Neuroticism, somewhat higher on Extraversion but significantly lower on the Lie scale. An item-by-item comparison of both groups provided a list of characteristics claimed by conduct disordered children but not by control youngsters. It was concluded that the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire identified children in need of outpatient services.

Sex differences in neuroticism: a quantitative synthesis of published research

The personality trait of neuroticism is thought to be an important risk factor for depression. To ascertain the possible role of neuroticism in producing sex differences in depression, a meta-analysis was carried out on published studies reporting sex- and age-specific norms for neuroticism inventories. A general sex difference was found, with females having higher scores. However, the sex difference was greater in young and middle-aged adults than in children or the very elderly. This age trend in sex differences for neuroticism is similar in form to that previously reported for depression, except that the sex difference for depression completely disappeared in the very young and very old, but the sex difference in neuroticism did not.

CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON OF PERSONALITY: GREEK CHILDREN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN

The Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was completed by 1117 boys and 1199 girls in Greece. Factor comparisons indicated that the dimensions of Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Social Desirability were identical in Greece and in England. Some item changes were required for the scoring key but reliabilities of all factors were satisfactory except Psychoticism which was somewhat weak. Greek norms indicated that boys scored higher than girls on Psychoticism and Extraversion but lower on Neuroticism. Direct cross-cultural comparisons revealed that Greek children scored lower on Psychoticism and Neuroticism than English children, but considerably higher on Social Desirability.