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Sharma E, Ravi GS, Kumar K, Thennarasu K, Heron J, Hickman M, Vaidya N, Holla B, Rangaswamy M, Mehta UM, Krishna M, Chakrabarti A, Basu D, Nanjayya SB, Singh RL, Lourembam R, Kumaran K, Kuriyan R, Kurpad SS, Kartik K, Kalyanram K, Desrivieres S, Barker G, Orfanos DP, Toledano M, Purushottam M, Bharath RD, Murthy P, Jain S, Schumann G, Benegal V. Growth trajectories for executive and social cognitive abilities in an Indian population sample: Impact of demographic and psychosocial determinants. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 82:103475. [PMID: 36736106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive abilities are markers of brain development and psychopathology. Abilities, across executive, and social domains need better characterization over development, including factors that influence developmental change. This study is based on the cVEDA [Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions] study, an Indian population based developmental cohort. Verbal working memory, visuo-spatial working memory, response inhibition, set-shifting, and social cognition (faux pas recognition and emotion recognition) were cross-sectionally assessed in > 8000 individuals over the ages 6-23 years. There was adequate representation across sex, urban-rural background, psychosocial risk (psychopathology, childhood adversity and wealth index, i.e. socio-economic status). Quantile regression was used to model developmental change. Age-based trajectories were generated, along with examination of the impact of determinants (sex, childhood adversity, and wealth index). Development in both executive and social cognitive abilities continued into adulthood. Maturation and stabilization occurred in increasing order of complexity, from working memory to inhibitory control to cognitive flexibility. Age related change was more pronounced for low quantiles in response inhibition (β∼4 versus =2 for higher quantiles), but for higher quantiles in set-shifting (β > -1 versus -0.25 for lower quantiles). Wealth index had the largest influence on developmental change across cognitive abilities. Sex differences were prominent in response inhibition, set-shifting and emotion recognition. Childhood adversity had a negative influence on cognitive development. These findings add to the limited literature on patterns and determinants of cognitive development. They have implications for understanding developmental vulnerabilities in young persons, and the need for providing conducive socio-economic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | - G S Ravi
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Keshav Kumar
- Department of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kandavel Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madhavi Rangaswamy
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Debashish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Roshan Lourembam
- Department of Psychology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom & Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysuru, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kamakshi Kartik
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, India
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mireille Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gunter Schumann
- PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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Robinson JL, McBreairty LE, Ryan RA, Randunu R, Walsh CJ, Martin GM, Brunton JA, Bertolo RF. Effects of supplemental creatine and guanidinoacetic acid on spatial memory and the brain of weaned Yucatan miniature pigs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226806. [PMID: 31905208 PMCID: PMC6944358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of creatine as a potential cognitive enhancement supplement for humans prompted an investigation as to whether supplemental creatine could enhance spatial memory in young swine. We assessed memory performance and brain concentrations of creatine and its precursor guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in 14-16-week-old male Yucatan miniature pigs supplemented for 2 weeks with either 200 mg/kg∙d creatine (+Cr; n = 7) or equimolar GAA (157 mg/kg∙d) (+GAA; n = 8) compared to controls (n = 14). Spatial memory tests had pigs explore distinct sets of objects for 5 min. Objects were spatially controlled, and we assessed exploration times of previously viewed objects relative to novel objects in familiar or novel locations. There was no effect of either supplementation on memory performance, but pigs successfully identified novel objects after 10 (p < 0.01) and 20 min (p < 0.01) retention intervals. Moreover, pigs recognized spatial transfers after 65 min (p < 0.05). Regression analyses identified associations between the ability to identify novel objects in memory tests and concentrations of creatine and GAA in cerebellum, and GAA in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). The concentration of creatine in brain regions was not influenced by creatine supplementation, but GAA supplementation increased GAA concentration in cerebellum (p < 0.05), and the prefrontal cortex of +GAA pigs had more creatine/g and less GAA/g compared to +Cr pigs (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase activity and maximal reaction velocity were also higher with GAA supplementation in prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there appears to be a relationship between memory performance and guanidino compounds in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, but the effects were unrelated to dietary supplementation. The cerebellum is identified as a target site for GAA accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Laura E. McBreairty
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Rebecca A. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Raniru Randunu
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Carolyn J. Walsh
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gerard M. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Janet A. Brunton
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert F. Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Grootens-Wiegers P, Hein IM, van den Broek JM, de Vries MC. Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:120. [PMID: 28482854 PMCID: PMC5422908 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various international laws and guidelines stress the importance of respecting the developing autonomy of children and involving minors in decision-making regarding treatment and research participation. However, no universal agreement exists as to at what age minors should be deemed decision-making competent. Minors of the same age may show different levels of maturity. In addition, patients deemed rational conversation-partners as a child can suddenly become noncompliant as an adolescent. Age, context and development all play a role in decision-making competence. In this article we adopt a perspective on competence that specifically focuses on the impact of brain development on the child’s decision-making process. Main body We believe that the discussion on decision-making competence of minors can greatly benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. We adopted such an approach in order to contribute to the understanding on how to deal with children in decision-making situations. Evidence emerging from neuroscience research concerning the developing brain structures in minors is combined with insights from various other fields, such as psychology, decision-making science and ethics. Four capacities have been described that are required for (medical) decision-making: (1) communicating a choice; (2) understanding; (3) reasoning; and (4) appreciation. Each capacity is related to a number of specific skills and abilities that need to be sufficiently developed to support the capacity. Based on this approach it can be concluded that at the age of 12 children can have the capacity to be decision-making competent. However, this age coincides with the onset of adolescence. Early development of the brain’s reward system combined with late development of the control system diminishes decision-making competence in adolescents in specific contexts. We conclude that even adolescents possessing capacities required for decision-making, may need support of facilitating environmental factors. Conclusion This paper intends to offer insight in neuroscientific mechanisms underlying the medical decision-making capacities in minors and to stimulate practices for optimal involvement of minors. Developing minors become increasingly capable of decision-making, but the neurobiological development in adolescence affects competence in specific contexts. Adequate support should be offered in order to create a context in which minors can make competently make decisions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0869-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella Grootens-Wiegers
- Science Communication and Society, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Irma M Hein
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and de Bascule, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M van den Broek
- Science Communication and Society, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C de Vries
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Law, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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