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Crea TM, Evans K, Hasson RG, Neville S, Werner K, Wanjiku E, Okumu N, Arnold GS, Velandria E, Bruni D. Inclusive education for children with disabilities in a refugee camp. DISASTERS 2023; 47:99-113. [PMID: 35293624 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Children in refugee camps, and particularly those with disabilities, face unique challenges in accessing education and are at high risk of being marginalised. Best practices suggest that main-streaming is the optimal strategy for serving students with disabilities. This study examines the extent to which mainstreaming in a refugee camp helps to promote children's prosocial behaviours, taking into account their emotional and behavioural problems. In Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, researchers collected data from the parents of children currently enrolled in special needs education centres (n=65) and from those formerly enrolled at these facilities who transitioned to mainstream classrooms (n=81). Children in mainstream schools functioned better in terms of prosocial behaviours, but this relationship disappeared when factoring in children's emotional and behavioural difficulties. In the context of a refugee camp, mainstreaming alone is not likely to help children's psychosocial and educational functioning, which requires dedicated supports, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, and a dual focus on disability-specific and disability-inclusive initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Crea
- Professor and Assistant Dean of Global Programs at the School of Social Work, Boston College, United States
| | - Kerri Evans
- Assistant Professor at the School of Social Work, University of Maryland Baltimore County, United States
| | - Robert G Hasson
- Assistant Professor at the Department of Social Work, Providence College, United States
| | - Sarah Neville
- Doctoral Candidate at the School of Social Work, Boston College, United States
| | - Kelsey Werner
- Director of Social & Community Based Systems Modeling at the School of Social Work, Boston College, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wanjiku
- Special Needs Coordinator at JRS (Jesuit Refugee Service) Kenya, Kakuma Refugee Camp, Turkana County, Kenya
| | - Nobert Okumu
- Programme Manager at JRS (Jesuit Refugee Service) Kenya, Kakuma Refugee Camp, Turkana County, Kenya
| | - Gregory St Arnold
- Education Specialist, Education in Emergencies, at the JRS (Jesuit Refugee Service) International Office, Italy
| | - Eric Velandria
- Senior Education Specialist at the JRS (Jesuit Refugee Service) International Office, Italy
| | - Daniela Bruni
- Education in Emergencies Specialist at the JRS (Jesuit Refugee Service) International Office, Italy
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Inclusive education in a refugee camp for children with disabilities: How are school setting and children's behavioral functioning related? Confl Health 2022; 16:53. [PMID: 36229821 PMCID: PMC9559164 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-022-00486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many refugee children face challenges accessing education, but refugee children with disabilities are especially vulnerable to exclusion from school environments as well as social settings. Mainstreaming is considered a best practice but may not always be feasible given the limited resources available in refugee camps. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which school setting (i.e., special needs vs. mainstream classrooms) is associated with changes in children's prosocial behaviors (i.e., social skills and ability to get along well with peers) and behavioral difficulties, accounting for disability status. In Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya, researchers collected two waves of data (approximately 2.5 years apart) for students enrolled in special needs schools (n = 78) and students who had transitioned from special needs schools into mainstream classrooms (n = 51). Children's average prosocial scores decreased between wave 1 and wave 2, but scores from children in special needs schools decreased at a lower rate indicating potential protective factors in these settings. While children's average total difficulties decreased over time, children's difficulties in special needs schools decreased at a faster rate, also indicating potential protective factors. Neither severity of disability nor gender significantly predicted change in prosocial or difficulties scores. In the context of a refugee camp, mainstreaming alone may not fully address the needs of children with disabilities. Specific factors seen in special education settings, such as individualized services, accessible accommodations, and infrastructure supports, must be considered as a means of creating inclusive educational environments.
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Uchitel J, Alden E, Bhutta ZA, Goldhagen J, Narayan AP, Raman S, Spencer N, Wertlieb D, Wettach J, Woolfenden S, Mikati MA. The Rights of Children for Optimal Development and Nurturing Care. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0487. [PMID: 31771960 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of children are subjected to abuse, neglect, and displacement, and millions more are at risk for not achieving their developmental potential. Although there is a global movement to change this, driven by children's rights, progress is slow and impeded by political considerations. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, a global comprehensive commitment to children's rights ratified by all countries in the world except the United States (because of concerns about impingement on sovereignty and parental authority), has a special General Comment on "Implementing Child Rights in Early Childhood." More recently, the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund have launched the Nurturing Care Framework for Early Childhood Development (ECD), which calls for public policies that promote nurturing care interventions and addresses 5 interrelated components that are necessary for optimal ECD. This move is also complemented by the Human Capital Project of the World Bank, providing a focus on the need for investments in child health and nutrition and their long-term benefits. In this article, we outline children's rights under international law, the underlying scientific evidence supporting attention to ECD, and the philosophy of nurturing care that ensures that children's rights are respected, protected, and fulfilled. We also provide pediatricians anywhere with the policy and rights-based frameworks that are essential for them to care for and advocate for children and families to ensure optimal developmental, health, and socioemotional outcomes. These recommendations do not necessarily reflect American Academy of Pediatrics policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Errol Alden
- International Pediatric Association and Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Goldhagen
- Division of Community and Societal Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Shanti Raman
- International Pediatrics Association Standing Committee, International Society of Social Pediatrics and Child Health, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Community Pediatric, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nick Spencer
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Wertlieb
- Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, School of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Wettach
- Duke Children's Law Clinic, School of Law, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Sue Woolfenden
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and .,Early Childhood Development Standing Advisory Group, International Pediatrics Association, St Louis, Missouri
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Wertlieb D. Nurturing care framework for inclusive early childhood development: opportunities and challenges. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:1275-1280. [PMID: 30977124 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nurturing care framework (NCF) for early childhood development (ECD) launched at the 2018 World Health Assembly opens a range of opportunities and challenges for child neurodisability professionals. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities frame these pathways for collaboration and progress. This overview of the NCF and its contexts in inclusive ECD identifies avenues for innovation and collaboration in harmony with the field's clinical, scientific, and advocacy agendas. One avenue involves enhancing the alignment between health systems and human rights. A second avenue involves neurodisability professionals engaging with nurturing care as leaders, partners, and implementers. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Participation and leadership by neurodisability professionals can enhance quality and impact. A rights-based framework that includes young children with disabilities and their families is widely encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wertlieb
- Partnership for Early Childhood Development & Disability Rights, Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study & Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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