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Luyat M, Dumez K, Noël M, Altintas E, Campion C, Lafargue G, Guerraz M. The tool effect is lower in older adults with or without cognitive impairments than in young adults. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:670-677. [PMID: 37768359 PMCID: PMC10858130 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Grabbing a phone from a table or stepping over an obstacle on the ground are daily activities that require the brain to take account of both object and the body's parameters. Research has shown that a person's estimated maximum reach is temporarily overestimated after using a tool, even when the tool is no longer in hand. This tool effect reflects the high plasticity of the perceptual-motor system (e.g., body schema updating)-at least in young individuals. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the tool effect is smaller in older adults. Forty-four young adults, 37 older adults without cognitive impairment and 30 older adults with cognitive impairment took part in the experiment. The task consisted in visually estimating the ability to reach (using the index finger) a target positioned at different locations on a table, both before and after using a rake. We observed a strong after-effect of tool use in the young adults only. Conversely, a tool effect was similarly absent in the older adults without and with cognitive impairment. Moreover, even before the tool was used, the maximum reach was overestimated in each of the three groups, although the overestimation was greatest in the two groups of older adults. In summary, we showed that the tool effect, observed in young adults, was absent in older adults; this finding suggests that with advancing age, the perceptual-motor system is less able to adapt to novel sensorimotor contexts. This lack of adaptation might explain (at least in part) the overestimation of motor skills often reported in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Luyat
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie : Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Kévin Dumez
- Clinique du Val de Lys (Groupe Ramsay), 167 rue Nationale, 59200, Tourcoing, France
| | - Myriam Noël
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie : Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Emin Altintas
- Univ. Lille, ULR 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie : Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Unité de gériatrie, 59200, Tourcoing, France
| | - Cédric Campion
- Centre hospitalier de Lens, Unité de gériatrie, 99 route de la Bassée, 62300, Lens, France
| | - Gilles Lafargue
- Univ. Reims, Laboratoire C2S EA 6291, Departement de Psychologie, 51000, Reims, France
| | - Michel Guerraz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000, Grenoble, France
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2
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Bosco A, Sanz Diez P, Filippini M, De Vitis M, Fattori P. A focus on the multiple interfaces between action and perception and their neural correlates. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108722. [PMID: 37931747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Successful behaviour relies on the appropriate interplay between action and perception. The well-established dorsal and ventral stream theories depicted two distinct functional pathways for the processes of action and perception, respectively. In physiological conditions, the two pathways closely cooperate in order to produce successful adaptive behaviour. As the coupling between perception and action exists, this requires an interface that is responsible for a common reading of the two functions. Several studies have proposed different types of perception and action interfaces, suggesting their role in the creation of the shared interaction channel. In the present review, we describe three possible perception and action interfaces: i) the motor code, including common coding approaches, ii) attention, and iii) object affordance; we highlight their potential neural correlates. From this overview, a recurrent neural substrate that underlies all these interface functions appears to be crucial: the parieto-frontal circuit. This network is involved in the mirror mechanism which underlies the perception and action interfaces identified as common coding and motor code theories. The same network is also involved in the spotlight of attention and in the encoding of potential action towards objects; these are manifested in the perception and action interfaces for common attention and object affordance, respectively. Within this framework, most studies were dedicated to the description of the role of the inferior parietal lobule; growing evidence, however, suggests that the superior parietal lobule also plays a crucial role in the interplay between action and perception. The present review proposes a novel model that is inclusive of the superior parietal regions and their relative contribution to the different action and perception interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Via Galliera 3 Bologna, 40121, Bologna, Italy.
| | - P Sanz Diez
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430, Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M Filippini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Via Galliera 3 Bologna, 40121, Bologna, Italy
| | - M De Vitis
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Via Galliera 3 Bologna, 40121, Bologna, Italy
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Jahanian Najafabadi A, Küster D, Putze F, Godde B. Tool-use training in augmented reality: plasticity of forearm body schema does not predict sense of ownership or agency in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2023:10.1007/s00221-023-06645-2. [PMID: 37306753 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In young adults (YA) who practised controlling a virtual tool in augmented reality (AR), the emergence of a sense of body ownership over the tool was associated with the integration of the virtual tool into the body schema (BS). Agency emerged independent of BS plasticity. Here we aimed to replicate these findings in older adults (OA). Although they are still able to learn new motor tasks, brain plasticity and learning capacity are reduced in OA. We predicted that OA would be able to gain control over the virtual tool indicated by the emergence of agency but would show less BS plasticity as compared to YA. Still, an association between BS plasticity and body ownership was expected. OA were trained in AR to control a virtual gripper to enclose and touch a virtual object. In the visuo-tactile (VT) but not the vision-only (V) condition, vibro-tactile feedback was applied through a CyberTouch II glove when the tool touched the object. BS plasticity was assessed with a tactile distance judgement task where participants judged distances between two tactile stimuli applied to their right forearm. Participants further rated their perceived ownership and agency after training. As expected, agency emerged during the use of the tool. However, results did not indicate any changes in the BS of the forearm after virtual tool-use training. Also, an association between BS plasticity and the emergence of body ownership could not be confirmed for OA. Similar to YA, the practice effect was stronger in the visuo-tactile feedback condition compared with the vision-only condition. We conclude that a sense of agency may strongly relate to improvement in tool-use in OA independent of alterations in the BS, while ownership did not emerge due to a lack of BS plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jahanian Najafabadi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
- School of Business, Social and Decision Sciences, Constructor University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Dennis Küster
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Felix Putze
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ben Godde
- School of Business, Social and Decision Sciences, Constructor University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
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4
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MacIntyre E, Braithwaite FA, Mouatt B, Wilson D, Stanton TR. Does who I am and what I feel determine what I see (or say)? A meta-analytic systematic review exploring the influence of real and perceived bodily state on spatial perception of the external environment. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13383. [PMID: 35646484 PMCID: PMC9135041 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bodily state is theorised to play a role in perceptual scaling of the environment, whereby low bodily capacity shifts visuospatial perception, with distances appearing farther and hills steeper, and the opposite seen for high bodily capacity. This may play a protective role, where perceptual scaling discourages engaging with the environment when capacity is low. Methodology Our protocol was pre-registered via Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/6zya5/) with all amendments to the protocol tracked. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the role of bodily state/capacity on spatial perception measures of the environment. Databases (Medline, PsychINFO, Scopus, Embase, and Emcare) and grey literature were searched systematically, inclusive to 26/8/21. All studies were assessed using a customised Risk of Bias form. Standard mean differences and 95% CIs were calculated via meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Results A total of 8,034 studies were identified from the systematic search. Of these, 68 experiments (3,195 participants) met eligibility and were included in the review. These were grouped into the following categories: fatigue; pain; age; embodiment; body size/body paty size; glucose levels; fitness; and interoception, and interoceptive accuracy. We found low level evidence (limited studies, high risk of bias) for the effect of bodily state on spatial perception. There was consistent evidence that both glucose manipulations and age influence spatial perception of distances and hills in a hypothesised direction (lower capacity associated with increased distance and hill steepness). Mixed evidence exists for the influence of external loads, embodiment, body/body-part size manipulations, pain, and interoceptive accuracy. Evidence for fitness and/or fatigue influencing spatial perception was conflicting; notably, methodological flaws with fitness and fatigue paradigms and heterogenous spatial perception measures may underlie null/conflicting results. Conclusion We found limited evidence for bodily state influencing spatial perception of the environment. That all studies had high risk of bias makes conclusions about reported effects reflecting actual perceptual shifts (vs merely reflecting experimental demands or error due to inadequate study design) pre-emptive. Rigorous evaluation is needed to determine whether reported effects reflect more than bias (e.g., experimental demands, inadequate blinding). Future work using reliable measures of spatial perception, comprehensive evaluation of relevant confounders, and methodologically robust (and experimentally confirmed) bodily state experimental paradigms is warranted.
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5
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Yang TX, Su XM, Allen RJ, Ye Z, Jia LX. Improving older adults' ability to follow instructions: benefits of actions at encoding and retrieval in working memory. Memory 2022; 30:610-620. [PMID: 35139752 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2035768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to follow instructions is critical for learning new skills and may support successful aging. Recent evidence indicates a close link between following instructions and working memory, and that action-based processing at encoding and retrieval can improve this ability. In this study, we examined the ability to follow instructions and the benefits of action-based processing in young and older adults. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with spoken or silent demonstrated instructions, then recalled them by oral repetition or physical enactment. Older adults produced fewer correct responses in all conditions. Both age groups were better at recalling demonstrated than spoken instructions in the verbal but not the enacted recall condition. Older adults also benefited from enacted recall relative to verbal recall, but to a smaller extent than younger adults. In Experiment 2, the additional benefit of dual modalities (spoken instructions with simultaneous demonstration) relative to single modality presentation (spoken instructions, or silent demonstration) was examined. Both age groups showed superior performance in dual modality conditions relative to spoken instructions when using verbal recall. These findings suggest that although following instruction ability appears to decline with age, older adults can still benefit from action at encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiao Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Su
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zheng Ye
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Xia Jia
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Witt JK. Tool Use Affects Spatial Perception. Top Cogn Sci 2021; 13:666-683. [PMID: 34291888 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tools do not just expand our capabilities. They change what we can do, and in doing so, they change who we are. Serena is Serena because of what she can do with a tennis racket. Tiger is Tiger because of what he can do with a golf club. In changing what we can do, tools also change the very way we perceive the spatial layout of the world. Objects beyond arm's reach appear closer when we wield a tool that can expand out to the object. Catchable objects seem to move faster when we wield a tool that is less effective for catching the object. These examples illustrate how the basic processes of spatial vision are impacted by tool use.
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7
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Age-related differences in functional tool-use are due to changes in movement quality and not simply motor slowing. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1617-1626. [PMID: 33760958 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in fine motor control may impact tool-use and thereby limit functional independence. Most previous research has, however, focused on the effect of aging on gross motor tasks. Few studies have investigated the effects of aging on the strategy or quality of fine motor skills, especially in tool-use, which may better reflect how age impacts complex movement capability. Twenty-two young (ages 19-35) and 18 older adults (ages 58-87) performed a timed upper extremity task using a tool to acquire and transport objects to different locations. Overall task performance was divided into two phases based on 3-D position of the tool: a gross motor phase (object transport) and a fine motor phase (object acquisition). Overall, older adults took longer to complete the task. A linear model indicated that this was due to the duration of the fine motor phase more so than the gross motor phase. To identify age-related differences in the quality of the fine motor phase, we fit three-dimensional ellipsoids to individual data and the calculated the ellipsoid volume. Results demonstrated a significant volume-by-age interaction, whereby increased ellipsoid volume (space the tool occupied) related to increased mean dwell time for the older adult group only; younger adults did not demonstrate this relationship. Additionally, older adults with longer movement times during the fine motor phase also had lower cognitive scores. No age-related differences were observed for the gross motor phase, suggesting that age-related declines in tool-use may be due to changes in fine motor control and cognitive status.
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8
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Motor simulation in tool-use effect on distance estimation: A replication of Witt and Proffitt (2008). Psychon Bull Rev 2020; 27:301-306. [PMID: 31965482 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-019-01686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Witt and Proffit (Human Perception and Performance, 34 (6), 1479-1492, 2008) hypothesized that when people intend to reach a target, they run a motor simulation allowing them to anticipate potential reaching constraints and outcomes, which in turn affects spatial perception. They reported that participants estimated targets to be closer to them when they intended to use a reach-extending tool, but only when they did not perform a concurrent motor task. The authors concluded that the concurrent motor task prevented the simulation of tool-use and its effect on perception. Reported here is a replication that extends their work through an additional control group and a larger sample size. Our results failed to support either the role of motor simulation in the tool-use effect on distance estimation or the tool-use effect itself. Moreover, a reanalysis of Witt and Proffitt's data suggested that they should have been more nuanced in their own conclusions. Further replications are needed in order to elucidate the existence, nature, boundary conditions, and underlying mechanisms of the action constraint effects on space perception.
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9
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Galigani M, Castellani N, Donno B, Franza M, Zuber C, Allet L, Garbarini F, Bassolino M. Effect of tool-use observation on metric body representation and peripersonal space. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107622. [PMID: 32905815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, we constantly act and interact with objects and with others' people through our body. To properly perform actions, the representations of the dimension of body-parts (metric body representation, BR) and of the space surrounding the body (peripersonal space, PPS) need to be constantly updated. Previous evidence has shown that BR and PPS representation are highly flexible, being modulated by sensorimotor experiences, such as the active use of tools to reach objects in the far space. In this study, we investigate whether the observation of another person using a tool to interact with objects located in the far space is sufficient to influence the plasticity of BR and PPS representation in a similar way to active tool-use. With this aim, two groups of young healthy participants were asked to perform 20 min trainings based on the active use of a tool to retrieve far cubes (active tool-use) and on the first-person observation of an experimenter doing the same tool-use training (observational tool-use). Behavioural tasks adapted from literature were used to evaluate the effects of the active and observational tool-use on BR (body-landmarks localization task-group 1), and PPS (audio-tactile interaction task - group 2). Results show that after active tool-use, participants perceived the length of their arm as longer than at baseline, while no significant differences appear after observation. Similarly, significant modifications in PPS representation, with comparable multisensory facilitation on tactile responses due to near and far sounds, were seen only after active tool-use, while this did not occur after observation. Together these results suggest that a mere observational training could not be sufficient to significantly modulate BR or PPS. The dissociation found in the active and observational tool-use points out differences between action execution and action observation, by suggesting a fundamental role of the motor planning, the motor intention, and the related sensorimotor feedback in driving BR and PPS plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galigani
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - N Castellani
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - B Donno
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - M Franza
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva and Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland
| | - C Zuber
- University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - L Allet
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Garbarini
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Bassolino
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva and Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland.
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Molto L, Nalborczyk L, Palluel-Germain R, Morgado N. Action Effects on Visual Perception of Distances: A Multilevel Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:488-504. [PMID: 32271656 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619900336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that action constraints influence visual perception of distances. For instance, the greater the effort to cover a distance, the longer people perceive this distance to be. The present multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis (37 studies with 1,035 total participants) supported the existence of a small action-constraint effect on distance estimation, Hedges's g = 0.29, 95% credible interval = [0.16, 0.47]. This effect varied slightly according to the action-constraint category (effort, weight, tool use) but not according to participants' motor intention. Some authors have argued that such effects reflect experimental demand biases rather than genuine perceptual effects. Our meta-analysis did not allow us to dismiss this possibility, but it also did not support it. We provide field-specific conventions for interpreting action-constraint effect sizes and the minimum sample sizes required to detect them with various levels of power. We encourage researchers to help us update this meta-analysis by directly uploading their published or unpublished data to our online repository ( https://osf.io/bc3wn/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Molto
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Ladislas Nalborczyk
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes.,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University
| | - Richard Palluel-Germain
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Nicolas Morgado
- Laboratoire sur les Interactions Cognition-Action-Émotion (LICAÉ), Université Paris Nanterre
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11
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Altered updating of bodily and spatial representations after tool-use in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2020; 161:1609-1628. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Yang Z, Shi J, Xiao Y, Yuan X, Wang D, Li H, Xu W. Influences of Experience and Visual Cues of Virtual Arm on Distance Perception. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669519901134. [PMID: 32030118 PMCID: PMC6978829 DOI: 10.1177/2041669519901134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Egocentric distance perception refers to the perception of distance from a target to a perceiver, which is an important component of visual space perception. It is important to activities in virtual environments and influenced by several factors, such as action capacities and visual cues. However, few studies have investigated such aspects. Hence, Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the effect of using experience and visual cues, respectively, of virtual arms on egocentric distance perception in near and far spaces at equal, prolonged, and shortened lengths of a virtual arm. Results revealed that using experience and visual cues of the virtual arm had a significant effect on egocentric distance perception when the length of virtual arm was equal to the real arm and prolonged but not when shortened. The egocentric distance perception on the conditions of having using experience and virtual arm was most precise. The findings provide implications for the design and implementation of virtual body self-representation in virtual environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinlei Shi
- Department of Psychology,
Zhejiang
Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Yi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors
Engineering, China Astronauts Research and Training Center, Beijing,
China
| | | | | | - Hongting Li
- Department of Psychology,
Zhejiang
Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Weidan Xu
- Hangzhou College of Commerce,
Zhejiang
Gongshang University, Hangzhou,
China
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13
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Witt JK. Action's influence on spatial perception: resolution and a mystery. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 32:153-157. [PMID: 31605917 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the impression that perception of spatial layout including distance, slant, and size is objective and geometrically accurate, spatial perception is influenced by a perceiver's ability to act. Hills appear steeper when the perceiver is fatigued, and balls appear faster when they are harder to block. The same environment looks different when the perceiver is better able to act than when actions are constrained. Claims of action's influence on spatial perception have been met with much controversy, and spurred many experiments designed to explore alternative explanations. In at least one case, these alternative explanations have failed to account for action's effect, thereby leading to the conclusion that the potential for action can truly influence spatial perception. The mystery remains, however, as to how action exerts its influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Witt
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, United States.
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14
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Marra A, Naro A, Chillura A, Bramanti A, Maresca G, De Luca R, Manuli A, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Evaluating Peripersonal Space through the Functional Transcranial Doppler: Are We Paving the Way for Early Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia Conversion? J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:133-143. [PMID: 29439353 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who may develop dementia (MDC) is challenging. The study of peripersonal space (PPS) by using functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD) could be used for this purpose. OBJECTIVE To identify changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during motor tasks targeting PPS, which can predict MDC. METHODS We evaluated the changes in CBF in 22 patients with MCI and 23 with dementia [Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD)] during a motor task (passive mobilization, motor imagery, and movement observation) in which the hand of the subject moved forward and backward the face. RESULTS CBF increased when the hand approached the face and decreased when the hand moved from the face in the healthy controls (HCs). CBF changed were detectable only in patients with MCI but not in those with the AD and those who were MDC after 8-month follow-up. On the other hand, the patients with VaD presented a paradoxical response to the motor task (i.e., a decrease of CBF rather than an increase, as observed in HCs and MCI). Therefore, we found a modulation of PPS-related CBF only in HCs and patients with stable MCI (at the 8-month follow-up). CONCLUSIONS fTCD may allow preliminarily differentiating and following-up the patients with MCI and MDC, thus allowing the physician to plan beforehand more individualized cognitive rehabilitative training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marra
- IRCCS centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
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Scarpina F, Cau N, Cimolin V, Galli M, Priano L, Mauro A. Defective Tool Embodiment in Body Representation of Individuals Affected by Parkinson's Disease: A Preliminary Study. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2489. [PMID: 30666219 PMCID: PMC6330277 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When efficiently used for action, tools become part of the body, with effect on the spatial-temporal movement parameters and body size perception. Until now, no previous investigation has been reported about tool embodiment in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is a neurological disease characterized by several sensory and motor symptoms affecting body and action. We enrolled 14 individuals affected by PD and 18 healthy individuals as controls. We studied the spatial-temporal parameters on self-paced free pointing movement task, via an optoelectronic system, before and after a short training in which a 27-cm long rod was used to point toward a far target. Moreover, we investigated changes in estimation of arm length through the Tactile Estimation Task. After the tool-use training, controls showed changes in spatial-temporal parameters: they were slower to perform movements and reported a higher value of deceleration than the baseline. However, such a difference did not emerge in the PD individuals. In the Tactile Discrimination Task, no difference emerged before and after the tool-use training in both groups. Our results were suggestive of possible difficulties of the tool embodiment process in PD. We discussed our results in relation to aberrant multisensory integration as well as in terms of the effect of PD sensory and motor symptoms on body schema plasticity. The present study points at a novel way to conceive PD sensory motor signs and symptoms in terms of their effect on individuals’ body representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Divisione di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Nicola Cau
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Cimolin
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Tosinvest Sanità Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Priano
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Divisione di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Divisione di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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16
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Wermelinger S, Gampe A, Daum MM. The dynamics of the interrelation of perception and action across the life span. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 83:116-131. [PMID: 30083839 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful social interaction relies on the interaction partners' perception, anticipation and understanding of their respective actions. The perception of a particular action and the capability to produce this action share a common representational ground. So far, no study has explored the interrelation between action perception and production across the life span using the same tasks and the same measurement techniques. This study was designed to fill this gap. Participants between 3 and 80 years (N = 214) observed two multistep actions of different familiarities and then reproduced the according actions. Using eye tracking, we measured participants' action perception via their prediction of action goals during observation. To capture subtler perceptual processes, we additionally analysed the dynamics and recurrent patterns within participants' gaze behaviour. Action production was assessed via the accuracy of the participants' reproduction of the observed actions. No age-related differences were found for the perception of the familiar action, where participants of all ages could rely on previous experience. In the unfamiliar action, where participants had less experience, action goals were predicted more frequently with increasing age. The recurrence in participants' gaze behaviour was related to both, age and action production: gaze behaviour was more recurrent (i.e. less flexible) in very young and very old participants, and lower levels of recurrence (i.e. greater flexibility) were related to higher scores in action production across participants. Incorporating a life-span perspective, this study illustrates the dynamic nature of developmental differences in the associations of action production with action perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wermelinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 21, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Gampe
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 21, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz M Daum
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 21, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Multhaup KS, Munger MP, Smith KC. Boundary Extension Is Sensitive to Hand Position in Young and Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018; 73:622-629. [PMID: 26988866 PMCID: PMC6018955 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Based on preliminary reports, we expected an age-related increase in boundary extension (BE), a phenomenon in which people falsely remember seeing more of a scene than was presented. Given recent data suggesting hand-centered attentional frames in young adults contrasted with body-centered attentional frames in older adults, we predicted hand-position effects on BE in young adults only. Method Participants (59 young, 60 older adults) viewed photographs of complex scenes (e.g., a market) and answered yes/no questions about each. Half answered with key presses while their hands were framing the computer monitor; half while their hands were on a lapdesk. At test, participants indicated whether photographs were the same as, or at a closer or wider angle than at study. Results Both age groups demonstrated BE. When study-test angles were the same, participants rated test pictures as closer than at study. When study-test angles differed, older adults showed less BE than young adults. For both same- and different-angle conditions, there was a main effect of hand position (less BE when hands framed the monitor than when on participants' laps). Discussion The data confirm older adults show BE but show no age-related increase. Surprisingly, both young and older adults showed hand-centered attention.
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Kuehn E, Perez-Lopez MB, Diersch N, Döhler J, Wolbers T, Riemer M. Embodiment in the aging mind. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 86:207-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Costello MC, Bloesch EK. Are Older Adults Less Embodied? A Review of Age Effects through the Lens of Embodied Cognition. Front Psychol 2017; 8:267. [PMID: 28289397 PMCID: PMC5326803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodied cognition is a theoretical framework which posits that cognitive function is intimately intertwined with the body and physical actions. Although the field of psychology is increasingly accepting embodied cognition as a viable theory, it has rarely been employed in the gerontological literature. However, embodied cognition would appear to have explanatory power for aging research given that older adults typically manifest concurrent physical and mental changes, and that research has indicated a correlative relationship between such changes. The current paper reviews age-related changes in sensory processing, mental representation, and the action-perception relationship, exploring how each can be understood through the lens of embodied cognition. Compared to younger adults, older adults exhibit across all three domains an increased tendency to favor visual processing over bodily factors, leading to the conclusion that older adults are less embodied than young adults. We explore the significance of this finding in light of existing theoretical models of aging and argue that embodied cognition can benefit gerontological research by identifying further factors that can explain the cause of age-related declines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily K Bloesch
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant MI, USA
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20
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Action potential influences spatial perception: Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception. Psychon Bull Rev 2016; 24:999-1021. [PMID: 27882456 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The action-specific account of spatial perception asserts that a perceiver's ability to perform an action, such as hitting a softball or walking up a hill, impacts the visual perception of the target object. Although much evidence is consistent with this claim, the evidence has been challenged as to whether perception is truly impacted, as opposed to the responses themselves. These challenges have recently been organized as six pitfalls that provide a framework with which to evaluate the empirical evidence. Four case studies of action-specific effects are offered as evidence that meets the framework's high bar, and thus that demonstrates genuine perceptual effects. That action influences spatial perception is evidence that perceptual and action-related processes are intricately and bidirectionally linked.
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21
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Dissociating perception from judgment in the action-specific effect of blocking ease on perceived speed. Atten Percept Psychophys 2016; 79:283-297. [PMID: 27743265 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-016-1222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The action-specific approach to perception claims that a person's ability to act directly influences perceptual processes related to spatial vision. For example, a person's ability to block a moving ball impacts perceptual judgments of the ball's speed. However, an alternative explanation is that action rather than perception influences judgments. Here, we explore this distinction directly. Our method produces two distinct effects, one that is clearly a judgment-based effect and is based on the outcome of the trial (trial-outcome effect) and one that is under debate as to whether or not it is perceptual and is based on the ease with which the ball can be blocked (paddle-size effect). We explored whether these two effects would produce convergence or dissociations across various populations and manipulations. A dissociation is evidence for two separate underlying processes, whereas if the two effects did not dissociate, this would be consistent with claims that both effects were judgment-based. In Experiment 1, we examined whether older and younger adults would show a dissociation between the two effects given some precedent for older adults to show greater susceptibility to nonperceptual factors in their judgments. In Experiment 2, we used a cover story to excuse poor performance and examined its effects on both types of effects. Both experiments revealed dissociations, suggesting that while one effect is judgment-based, the other effect is not. Coupled with prior research, we conclude that the action-specific effect of ease to block a ball on estimated ball speed is perceptual.
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Witt JK, Linkenauger SA, Wickens C. Action-specific effects in perception and their potential applications. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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